19-201-0806
RETROFITTING AND
REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES
MODULE 3
ROLL NO: 15-28
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NAMES OF STUDENTS
15.ANN MARIYA DAVID 22.ARFAAN S
16.ANSHUMAN VERMA 23.ARPITA DWIVEDI
17.ANUPAMA N 24.ASRA SHABEER
18.ANZILA A N 25.ASWIN JAYARAJ
19.APARNA DEV T V 26.ASWIN PADMAKUMAR
20.ARAVIND BOSE 27..ASWIN S BHASKAR
21.ARDHRA PM 28.ATHIRA SURESH
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2. STEEL BRACINGS 3. INFILL WALLS
● Highly advantageous because of its ability ● Effective and economical way to improve
to accommodate openings. strength and reduce the drifting of existing
● Provision for high strength and stiffness. frames.
● Openings for natural light can be made ● By proper selection of the infill masonry
easily. strength along with prevention of its
● The system add much less weight to the premature separation from the columns, a
existing structure. more desirable failure mode can be
achieved.
● With proper anchorage, it should be
possible to force failure in the masonry and
prevent a premature shear/flexure column
failure.
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1. Explain any three conventional methods of global
retrofitting of RC structures.
The global retrofitting techniques are those techniques that enhances the seismic resistance of the structure as a whole.
1. SHEAR WALLS
● A structural member used to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall.
● Important in high rise building subjected to lateral wind and seismic forces.As they
provide adequate strength and stiffness to control lateral displacements.
● They are flanged or plane in section while core walls consists of channel sections.
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2. Explain the method of seismic base isolation.
● It is a system that may be defined as a flexible or sliding interface positioned between a
structure and its foundation, for the purpose of decoupling the horizontal motions of the
ground from the horizontal motions of the structure, thereby reducing earthquake
damage to the structure and its contents.
● Passive control system: Does not require any external force or energy for its activation.
● Base isolators decouples provide a separation between components of structure and the
ground
● Can be performed in both new as well as existing structures
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Principle:
● The response of a structure or a building is modified such that the ground below is
capable of moving without transmitting minimal or no motion to the structure
above.
● In an earthquake the ground moves and it is this ground movement which causes
most of the damage to structures.
● Base isolation deflects and dissipates the seismic energy, lowering the natural
frequency of the structure. That way, the base isolation minimizes the displacement
of the structure and protects its structural integrity.
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Basic elements:
● A vertical-load carrying device that provides lateral flexibility
● A damper or energy dissipater so that the relative deflections
across the flexible mounting can be limited to a practical
design level
● A means of providing rigidity under low (service) load
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Types:
1) Elastomeric Bearing system
2) Sliding System
● Consists of a layer either made of natural or
synthetic rubber sandwiched between the ● Uses sliding elements between foundation
mild steel plates. This together acts as a and base
single unit. ● The sliding displacements are controlled by
● The steel plates help the rubber layer to laminated rubber bearings, HT springs or by
prevent bulging during the earthquake action. sliding curved surface
It is the component that provides vertical load ● These mechanisms provide a restoring force
capacity and stiffness to the unit. to return the structure to the equilibrium
● When the unit is subjected to movements that position
result in vertical deformation, it is granted as
horizontal movements by the bearings.
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3.EXPLAIN ANY THREE LOCAL RETROFITTING
METHODS IN RC STRUCTURE
LOCAL RETROFIT METHODS
1. Jacketing of beams
2. Jacketing of columns
3. Jacketing of beam-column joints
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Beam jacketing
● It gives continuity to the columns and increases the strength and stiffness of
the structure.
● While jacketing, avoid the creation of a strong beam-weak column system.
● In retrofitted structure, there could be change of mode of failure and
redistribution of forces as a result of jacketing of column
● The most common ways of jacketing are one-sided jackets or 3- and 4-sided
jackets
● The beam should be jacketed through its whole length. •
● The reinforcement has also been added to increase beam flexural capacity
moderately
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Jacketing of columns
● Concrete is added with longitudinal and transverse reinforcement
around the existing columns.
● Improves axial and shear strength of columns while the flexural
strength of column and strength of the beam-column joints are
same
● It improves the lateral load capacity of ductility
● Advantage-Improves the lateral load capacity of the building in a
distributed way - avoiding the concentration of stiffness unlike
the case of shear wall.
● No major changes in the original geometry of the building
● The jacketing of columns is generally carried out by two
methods:
● (i) reinforced concrete jacketing (ii) steel jacketing.
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3. Beam-column joint jacketing
● A joint may be defined as the part of the column that is located
through the depth of the beams and which intersect that
column.
● This critical region should have enough confinement and shear
capacity.
● Due to lack of space in the joint region it is difficult enough to
provide an adequate confinement
● Jacketing beam-column joint has been effective in
rehabilitating the joint as it increases the strength
● It is very important to have a very strong column as compared
to the beam to avoid driving of the column or joint into
significant inelastic behaviour.
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Q5. EXPLAIN WITH NEAT SKETCHES THE TWO POPULAR NON CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES OF GLOBAL
LEVEL RETROFITTING IN RC BUILDINGS.
Base isolation
● Preventing interaction between two systems
● To isolate vibration machineries from their surroundings use of bearings
● located at the basement level between the foundation and the superstructure
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The system has the following goals:
● The fundamental frequency of the ● Energy has to be dissipated to
structure has to be changed and reduce the damaging effect on the
moved away.
structure.
● The dominant frequencies of
seismic excitations typical of the ● Minor lateral loads (i.e. wind loads)
area. This implies increasing the have to be accounted for rigidity or
flexibility at the base of the structure energy dissipation under those loads
(in the horizontal direction) which have to be provided for.
will avoid resonance and reduce
floors acceleration.
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TYPES OF BASE ISOLATION TECHNIQUES
1. Roller and Ball Bearings
2. Sliding Bearing
3. Springs
4. Elastomeric Rubber bearings
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1. ROLLER AND 2. SLIDING
BALL BEARINGS BEARING
It includes a sliding mechanism with a
This type of isolation technique is predefined coefficient of friction. The
mainly implemented to resist service mechanism results in reduction of the
movements and damping. As the name forces and acceleration that are
transferred to the structure.
suggests, use of cylindrical rollers and
balls is done for the isolation.
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3. SPRINGS 4. ELASTOMERIC
RUBBER BEARINGS
This is the most widely used base isolator. The
The springs isolation mechanism is not bearing structure consists of horizontal layers
very popular in structural engineering as of neoprene or natural rubber sandwiched
it facilitates the movement in both between mild steel plates, moulded as one
vertical and horizontal directions. This unit. Steel plates are responsible for
increases service deflections. preventing rubber layers from bulging.
Any type of movement in vertical deformation
is resisted and is granted in the horizontal
direction by these bearings. These types of
bearings have wide application in large span
bridges and buildings.
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APPLICATIONS
● Though the technology is still ● LA city hall (height 138m) in Los
developing it has already been used Angeles is the tallest base isolated
in interminable number of building in the world.
structures. ● It has found numerous
● It was firstly implemented in applications in modern times such
New-Zealand in 1974 and was first as retrofitting it in residential
enforced in India in 2001 after buildings, buildings of historical
Gujarat earthquake. importance, monuments, bridges,
etc.
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Advantages ● Simplification of seismic analysis as
● Apart from protecting structures from compared to the conventional
seismic activities, base isolation also structures by allowing reduction in
protects them from GSA blast loads as structural elements.
the ability to move reduces the overall ● In case of large unexpected seismic
impact of the blast on the structures.
activities, damage is only
● Base isolated structures are
concentrated in isolation system,
predictable, hence reliability of them
where elements can be easily
is very high as compared to
substituted.
conventional structural components.
● Base isolation can also be retrofitted
● Need of strengthening measures such
as frames, bracing and shear walls in to suitable existing structures.
cut down by reducing the earthquake Moreover, the building can remain
forces transmitted to the building. serviceable throughout the
construction. 26
CONSTRAINTS
● Provide enough accommodation for the building foundation throughout its
lifecycle
● Both direction vibrations , ie, horizontal and vertical need to counted
● Large vertical forces
● Structures with high overturning moment
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Disadvantage
● There are much differences in ● Becomes less efficient for high
field behaviours in different rise buildings.
places ● Unlike other retrofitting base
● Base isolation can’t be done on isolation cannot be applied
every structure, for example: it is partially to the structure.
not suitable for structures ● Implementation is efficient
resting on soft soils. manner is difficult and often
requires highly skilled labours
and engineers.
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DISPLACEMENT DEPENDENT DAMPING SYSTEMS
Basic components:
● Primary frame
● Damper device
● Supporting member
1 = Primary frame; 2 = Damper device; 3 = Supporting
members
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Possible configurations
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Types of damper devices (FEMA 273)
● Displacement-dependent devices
(metallic dampers, friction dampers)
● Velocity-dependent devices (fluid
viscous dampers, solid visco-elastic
dampers, etc.)
● Other types (shape-memory alloys,
self-centering devices, etc.)
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Expected benefits of application of DS
In new structures:
● Added damping (viscous
dampers) 1. Enhanced performance (reduced
damage)
2. Less stringent detailing for
● Added stiffness and damping ductility (economy)
(visco-elastic, metallic, friction)
In existing structures:
1. Alternative to shear walls
● As a result, enhanced control (speed-up retrofit)
of the interstorey drifts 2. Correction of irregularities
3. Supression of torsional response
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Advantages of displacement-dependent
damper devices
● Relatively cheap
● Easy maintenance
● Durability
● Well-defined and predictable response, so that the supporting members
can be safely designed according to the capacity design rules
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Drawbacks of displacement-dependent damper devices
● Nonlinear response which complicates the analysis/design
● Relatively stiff and thus not very efficient in weak quakes
● Relatively small number of working cycles and potential low-cycle
fatigue problems (metallic dampers only)
● Possible variation of the coefficient of friction with time and
degradation of contact surfaces (friction dampers only)
● React to static displacements due to temperature effects and
long-term deformations (shrinkage, creep)
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● It is implemented to the system as a ● It is implemented to individual
whole. members of the system.
● Example: ● Example:
❖ Repair of cracks in a wall;
Adding new element to the building like
❖ Jacketing of beams or columns.
❖ Shear wall;
❖ Infill wall;
❖ Column.
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6.Differentiate between global and local retrofitting of RC structures.
GLOBAL LOCAL
RETROFITTING RETROFITTING
● Also known as structural ● Also known as member
level retrofitting. retrofitting.
● Applied when the entire ● Applied to upgrade the
strength of the members,
structural lateral load resisting
which are seismically
system is deemed to be
deficient.
deficient. ● More cost effective as
● Less cost effective as compared to the structural
compared to local retrofitting. level retrofit.
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● May result in change in the ● Does not lead to any change in
geometry of the building. design or geometry of the
● Global approach methods: building.
1. Adding shear wall ● Local approach methods:
2. Adding infill wall 1. Jacketing of beams
3. Adding bracing Conventional 2. Jacketing of columns
4. Adding wing wall methods 3. Jacketing of beam-columns joint
5. Wall thickening 4. Strengthening of individual
6. Mass reduction footings
7. Base isolation
8. Mass dampers
Non-
conventional
methods
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Q7. How a column can be retrofitted in an RC structure?
Explain three methods of column jacketing?
A column can be retrofitted in an RC (reinforced concrete) structure
through various methods. Some of the commonly used methods for
retrofitting columns in an RC structure are:
● Jacketing: This method involves the addition of an external
layer of reinforced concrete around the existing column. The
new layer is typically made of high-strength concrete, and is Jacketing
designed to provide additional strength and support to the
original column.
● Steel bracing: Steel bracing can be added to an existing
column to provide additional strength and support. The braces
are typically bolted or welded to the column, and are designed
to resist lateral and/or vertical loads
● Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Wrapping: This method
involves wrapping the existing column with FRP sheets or
Steel Bracing
fabric, which are designed to increase the strength and ductility
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of the column.
● Concrete jacketing with steel plates: This method is similar to
jacketing, but includes the addition of steel plates on the outer
surface of the jacketing.
● Concrete injection: This method involves injecting a
high-strength grout into the existing column, which can increase
Concrete injection
the strength and stiffness of the column.
THE THREE METHODS OF COLUMN JACKETING
ARE :
FRP wrapping Jacketing
▪Reinforced Concrete Jacketing
▪Steel Jacketing
▪FRP Jacking
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Reinforced Concrete Jacketing
● Done to (i) increase the shear capacity of columns (ii) to improve the
columns flexural strength.
● Damaged regions of the existing members should be repaired prior to their
jacketing
● It is achieved by passing the new longitudinal reinforcement through holes
drilled in the slab and by placing new concrete in the beam column joints.
● Longitudinal reinforcement is concentrated in columns because
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STEEL JACKETING
● Strengthening of columns accomplished by
jacketing with steel plates.
● Steel jacketing helps to restore the strength,
ductility, and energy absorption capacity of
columns thus it seems to be effective in
retrofitting columns
● The steel jacketing reinforcement method is a
reinforcement method in which section steel
(usually angle steel) is wrapped around the four
corner of a member.NJWQM9e7XhM
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Fiber Reinforced Polymer( FRP)
● One of the most commonly used methods for retrofitting.
● widely used for its properties such as high strength to
weight ratio, stiffness, good impact properties, high
resistance to corrosion.
● To reduce the shrinkage hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer
(FRP), reinforced shrinkage compensating concrete is
used.
Limitations
● The presence of beams may require majority of new
longitudinal bars to be bundled into the corners of the
jacket
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Q8 According to you,which is more essential ,global retrofitting or local
retrofitting.Give two reasons
Local retrofitting is more essential than global retrofitting.
• It will upgrade the strength of the members, which are seismically deficient.
• It is more cost effective as compared to the structural level retrofit.
• Section enlargement consists in placing additional concrete around an existing
structural element to increase in seismic resistance
• This method is easy.
• Typical application include bridge deck,column wrapping ,and join
strengthening.
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9.List the classification of retrofitting strategies of RC buildings.
Conventional methods (based on
increasing the seismic resistance of existing
structure)
Structural Level Retrofit
Methods
Non-conventional methods (based on
reduction of seismic demands)
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Conventional methods
● ADDING NEW SHEAR WALLS
➢ To increase the lateral strength.
➢ The added elements can be either cast in place or precast concrete.
➢ New elements preferably be placed at the exterior of the building.
➢ Not preferred in the interior to avoid interior moulding.
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ADDING STEEL BRACINGS
➢ Effective solution when large openings are required
➢ Higher strength and stiffness can be proved
➢ Opening of natural light can be made easily.
➢ Amount of work is less since foundation cost may be minimized
➢ The bracing system adds much less weight to the existing structure.
➢ Most of the retrofitting work can be performed with prefabricated elements
and disturbance to the occupants may be minimized
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ADDING INFILL WALLS
➢ It is an effective and economical method for improving strength and reducing drift of
existing frames.
➢ But relatively strong masonry infill may result in a failure of the columns of existing
frame.
➢ By proper selection of the infill masonry strength along with prevention of its
premature separation from the columns, a more desirable failure mode can be
achieved.
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Non-conventional methods
● Seismic base isolation
Isolation of superstructure from the foundation is known as Base isolation.It
is the most powerful tool for passive structural vibration control technique.
➢ Better protection against earthquake due to the decreasing of shears.
➢ Superstructure will need no reinforcement.
➢ Foundation system will not need any reinforcement to resist the overturning
moments, which are much smaller than those of initial design.
➢ Least interrupting the building activities, since the work is carried out in the
basement with no loss of income during rehabilitation programme.
.
➢ Least temporary work is required
● Elastomeric Base Isolation Systems
● Sliding Base Isolation Systems
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● Supplemental damping devices
Seismic Dampers are used in place of structural elements, like diagonal
braces, for controlling seismic damage in structures. It partly absorbs the seismic
energy and reduces the motion of buildings.
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Local retrofit methods
● Jacketing of beams
● Jacketing of columns
● Jacketing of beam-column joints
● Strengthening individual footings
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QUESTION NO:10
What is local level retrofitting as applied to RCC buildings?
Illustrate with sketches, three different cases of jacketing in an
RC structure.
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LOCAL LEVEL RETROFITTING
● Local level retrofitting is a process of upgrading or strengthening existing buildings
in a specific locality to improve their performance during earthquakes or other
natural disasters.
● to improve the building's ability to withstand lateral forces during an earthquake.
● This can be done by:
➢ Adding new reinforced concrete walls or columns
➢ Strengthening existing columns or beams with additional steel reinforcement
➢ Improving the connections between different structural elements
➢ Improving the quality of the building's foundation or soil
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➢ upgrading the building's non-structural elements
➢ implementing other measures to reduce the overall vulnerability of the
building to natural hazards.
● local level retrofitting of RCC buildings is an important strategy for improving the
resilience of existing buildings and reducing the risk of damage or collapse during
natural disasters.
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3 Different cases of jacketing in an RC structure
● JACKETING OF COLUMNS
● JACKETING OF BEAMS
● JACKETING OF BEAM –COLUMN JOINT
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1. JACKETING OF COLUMNS
METHODS
● Reinforced Concrete Jacketing
● Steel Jacketing
● Fibre Reinforced Polymer Jacketing
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A).Reinforced Concrete Jacketing
● Done to
(i) increase the shear capacity of columns
(ii) to improve the columns flexural strength.
● Damaged regions of the existing members should be
repaired prior to their jacketing.
● Achieved by passing new longitudinal reinforcement
through holes drilled in the slab and by placing new
concrete in the beam column joint
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B)STEEL JACKETING
● Strengthening of columns accomplished by
jacketing with steel plates.
● Remedy the deficiencies such as inadequate shear
strength and inadequate splices of longitudinal bars
at critical locations.
● Costly and its fire resistance
● Helps to restore the strength, ductility, and energy
absorption capacity of columns
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STEEL JACKETING FPR JACKETING
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C) FRP Jacketing
● One of the most commonly used methods for retrofitting.
● Properties such as high strength to weight ratio, stiffness,
good impact properties, high resistance to corrosion.
● To reduce the shrinkage hybrid fiber-reinforced polymer
(FRP), reinforced shrinkage compensating concrete is
used.
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BEAM JACKETING
● Gives continuity to the columns.
● Increases strength and stiffness of the
structure.
● Location of beam critical section and
participation of existing rft. should be taken
into account
● Flexural resistance plays an important role
in beam jacketing as careless computing
leads to creation of strong beam- weak
column system.
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BEAM –COLUMN JOINT JACKETING
● Joint-part of column located through the depth of the
beams and intersect that column
● Enough confinement and shear capacity
● Difficult to provide confinement-due to lack of space
● Test results- effective in rehabilitating the joints, with
improving strength, stiffness and energy dissipation of
existing joint
● Dissipation of energy-at beam ends
● Column should be very strong compared to the beam to
avoid driving of column or joint into inelastic behaviour
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Q.11 Point out the limitations associated with addition of
new shear wall
● Concentrated increase in lateral resistance.
● Increased overturning moment at foundation
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● Increase of dead load
● Functional disability
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● Possibilities of adequate attachment between new walls and existing
walls.
● Closing of formerly open spaces can have negative impact on interior
and exterior appearance.
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Typical shear wall formation
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Q 12. Point out the limitations associated with column jacketing technique
There are some disadvantages associated with the column jacketing
technique:
●In some cases the presence of beams may require majority of new longitudinal bars
to be bundled into the corners of the jacket.
●With the presence of the existing column it is difficult to provide cross ties for new
longitudinal bars which are not at the corners of the jackets.
●Jacketing is based mostly on engineering judgment as there is a dearth of guidelines.
●Moreover, using extra FRP layers and/or epoxy increases the installation time as
they require additional time to cure, which increases the installation/labour cost.
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Reinforced concrete jacketing
●Expensive,labour intensive and time consuming due to formwork
installation
●Change in cross sectional size leading to change in stiffness and
seismic demands
●Increase in ductility is small due to brittle nature of concrete
Steel jacketing
●Expensive and labour intensive
●Corrosion problems
●Drilling and bolting damages structure
●Bulky setup
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FRP jacketing
●Costly material
●Low efficiency due to debonding (30-35%)
●Poor properties on exposure to high temperature and
wet environment
●Increase in strength is relatively small.
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THANK YOU
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