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154 views30 pagesPolarization Notes Unit - 2 PDF
Uploaded by
Ish SrivastavaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
© ©
Polaser gerbe qlee The phenomenon § Ta
$a uibrotimn 4 Lage wane
te a Rak cwlas cUrechon tu 4 plane perpenditudar
to Yeo direchon 4 oe hy Uphe do
joo ekecme and So Beld = unclooh ura ig
Om, git angles de Seach oper ands ote Ake
perben ciatay to the direchon §) profagahin §
Fremalal.. sehussentahens,
eae da) oak eat
HHH
The 70 tt
che che et te eo semrigl at
plane i Pro paber ( 464 OU.) a wa %
hoAaontat chive diion pesebendi'culor
aber (dete) .
b plane 4 Sb iho. ge
r ati Pane poland Uf
oe po lataged ak Cucprabons aA
(Miorehena parallel fo jp blane 4 papes)
plane 4 paper)
Te eee 4 poltauyed Siglt iy pufproaintid
2 pretd wockva wbrating du Hho
Veukcal obi seochons wv es plane. 4 fa paper
(Uurguic’) 0% elect'c Hebd ecto 8? \u' bo
if, fhe — horzenatal olinection perpencli cuter
to plone 9 —~ paper (dots): Hexg He us brathone
owe = eowhictel to oor one plane -
Metha ad i poicy, blane polata ed light 3-
The metho da 4, producing plane polasusecl oy
Li polaaised Wet ane
We Reflecken (2 Refrackon (a) Double Tefrzehsn:
Polassyatuod bet, aeflecson j
Mallun digcoveud Harn lave un (ob » He
qpand Hot Light refiedted from Ha sSuaipee
§ gree (oan ex Hur penliclen polanuged o* ® Me
Combet polau'yed and the degree 4
polasets acto. ends on +o ! sa Mlinae
6 oe i, 4 ore Une nee
The Feoled 9 do completly polasyed Jura
pautoulay angie eni cdence = called Plauiatng
OS Brewater'o onvile c &) a
Polasers! angle fos a gree pats 3 Pan
tp a amale Enel Oonce, A ties
sottected vide 5s completely plane polasa ged
Brewptes analyxed He prob 4 polaahin
ie and te cies eo
UO foe @ parbeutar angle gf Cnestlance cabled ,
ey ae , the Seaffectad agit bb
completed plane — polauzed
The vesachve tree f Hee madsen to
vot tp the nt eo polasaly'’ @
(a0 +
So N= tan Cp = ey
Woe Can usetr eg © a,
> aint
cy, @)
&ep L
Free ene ne Y SGM = sinty +3)
Singers 819%
from eg” (2) and G)
Ship _— stintp
tp Sin
Cortp = Sint
ae Sin ($0 - tp)
=> 2 3o.- lp
at He pela fue
ott
to cath
Twn B+ tp = 90"
4 tnovdlence , fhe eclid and
rap Uparrponfoecntr
OW + & @)
,;
Rotary actuon. bee ohereees
A wos 4 un olasuized Unpolaseiyed
ur ty ast Ge en a
Q numbes 4 para |leb
ffiteo plates wl He
He = 4, tnitdence
4s count fo +e polaniping aiagie B tp:
The Gs Ligh oo compe polasulsed BBV
ul brak ¢ obi cular
au 4 plane pexpen io
plane 4 om Ernciclence (dots). The cted
abs ates a seseles 4 echonn and ox fea chin
walt ae as ner dn the
plane pasall to tHe plane 4 (neidence.
(euros) ond tHe Greg beam dy said
to be plane polane yea
Polat sation “¢ double_v/"achtn 3
wah upe JJ mang
Flt Lous benny
Oran m4 Jovy]
The phenomenon exhibited Sy Loe Se
tu wid “an Pnciclont beam ts sblit © =
wavto she ae beam uy Called double
“wefpachon . ” Tun prep wag — oliseoved :
= Bemus Base tro litnus - One eae Ake Coleire,
quash, tour mebons ett: exhibit Hibs
gue worl ft exluibit bive fring ence -
Wwhow a CalerTe Crydtel, ue laced on &
es Ram ink “moss | foo
a mark ao seer elie) pea. j
fra crystal from absve- 9 the Hak do
ateted about fro rechon 4, Enetebent eam,
one yoa Emages romain petatonary £o-2
(oscte O e) wbilr tte other volves
yeund the preot one Crm,
(mage) «
The cled that oe Hho [aug 4
. wy sitled oa ~ (0-14).
The refracted tot cloes \ not 6b
the [dur § il ty cableof er a
md Leal
Bot. tho refracted ee? pe SS
Spe poe he ~ @ @
pesrbendi' outa s . Fo each -othey.
/ . . lousks opescties 3-
grcbirany seq L024) Joe pia SS
Ww. Obers hg Lomo a sefrachon Canellb aso)
(@ Refrachve (rdex remains congtant 406 on:
“ay? 4 incidence -
. Figel oo fovels cust the Same Speed
Wu all irechon-
Ww ta Oe Plane paorized «
Baba oneirany (e-nea ney hee cpleemng Properties:
Ww Does mot ts luwox 4 vefoaehion -
& Retsa chve Ender” Vabiits with Ho ba ies 3
Cnci dence
OD: The f= pow, with cLifferont Speeda th
different clive chon:
ay .
v Sa ase lame polasared .
oph'c axto®- The 0- amd E-ray renee
usits +e kame xpee ato a < pasheutar °
direchon Crarde tho tryotar~ and Hus
direchon dy Cellid “Ebs Axis" Tamme each
ne mioev6hovcate, wepathrr Alo eppre QuLs
double earner wu not ee
\ ciara tneh way Oo ee
i ogame op
ben 4 wns ouiat ogee i
Tloseo Ake too
D Negative coyotes , €4 “
b ofits Capes 4 spe THE
r crygial | o
Le ET ase ct
a oe
_ ualoe fy te The vefrathve thot ps om a
db 5 thaw rachue neler
TSre| Ay op
6a 5 we
_t Tp = Ne
D. Veloabee Tha teomefront 4 Omang (PREY
” j Bet " ee vy (eftp Sold A) +
mporele wa thus
Wo> Ve PS
posi fe ae yale - QD vwabeal § oO © 4 ete ss
} nen “4 a a
(B- The chue tnder ef O- a, less
thon that — fos See 28 i .
sa he epic Qin no=Ne + .
co) The wave foort 4 O- (6 phoret cal) cli'es
outside that 4, a = Cellip oid) «
Me Nate: Heer 9 double double yep ots
o oe e Hag env Cavk point om a
nt act @ Q p Sow 4
digpurban ce and Sends but esecondasey:
toa ‘
how duc & re Smke ? —
point
Ta tw © hinee 08
ie
w
tpg to Hee
wy wae te lese aes cove Capo nal
eae se joawel BOE oH MOE
heed wn alt di'rechono1 and a Aave.
hore’ cal ame front”
(2. Exea ove’ of wav efeont coseesponel to
E- — Areivel an Ai} erent aspects
du ae divechons . Tey ove eltipiore!
eh ae
8 coy tal
( Posinve)
0
® Tike henge and etl! sotd a
. ha
foudk ‘each other at pelnty uve Je 7
ofits aale (1) A He Op en aa
poe and E- rd
kame, ayd | wf oo. —
Ww J ve capi a
Mies ea Hn cbhoxe Ts hese te
Es convert feavel Slower Hoan tHe wa
women’ °
ee pastii coy debe qunscte 1 the eltipsold
“iat ite ae i Ts wzhews Haat
“fravel Slower
dha teeny eS anny sone
han Ha Ordinane Sonor mie} felon Le =
6 Plone polasiged Upat 3 - a to unbrahione ), He
enelic tacr Wight au fee radium ce
mw plane 7 Unoas and pespendlt cuter
- ch direcho n 4 wave prpagahon thon
it bo called ogee plone polaried
Lage
Otel eee EI
lox wanes ase compared poo plane,
equal ampUtude bam a phove
Hon He abs vw pad
womet 4
olf} exeonce 5, 30°,
to be Gecula [Link] -
Bb Eeppodty . polasu ded gle Fiyie® plane
polarteed- voaved 4 ai pexent amplitude haces
a phase ob fhexence 4 90° os Y Hie retahve
phae as otter Haan ae steae fe Light
Uy gud. to be ellippealty polasee ged *
rem
ebLipnably pol mth ©
Nicol Pxtgme- Gt 0 an Chbeal clumce weed to
: produce plane pojasuised Light
= ie amalay ae dks Gt wa cleaned by
Waitin Nicol tn 1828: Jt worke on the
Pinuple 4 deuble sefea chon + Ot us made
calcite, crpteh uit ib th, tHasece Himes
sh ueldte; Ot we caf. daxoraly umtaime
pasts and of dived br a “cemenr cated
Canada balear -
Ubon beam 9,
Urbolasiped sight
dy tndlent on
a Nicole pram,
double rofrach on
Ocouns ait oe
and bie plane
abt , “ beebenchtular tp each other Tie
chive Caden te mecliium t
a ec and for EH uy [48 and
che chve Enolox 4 carada batloam Cm) fo
hr A he poe ‘cahshies re cond'nen for
toTat ~ Crteonal Schonirigoe cae 4 aefora chive
Groat Ai leronce ee Nez Md ~ ko 0-784
do eliminated TE stele VE aap aubued.
de plane polariged = errexea cut to the Nicole
pasm (ds) He Se) @ O
Tera _ntaeding platen
The plane polasi zed Gott pleantd
predluce of q| Nicol
paso ib Encialent novmally ele
om 4 clout acrethrs ese
Pla atin Yo ots susepaces st
Cut parallel ao pra
Ath, «
is j
The tne dent Uptr i.
z
Split into hoo Cytol ares
de ©- wy and €-
An colette hb a pee tad, €- rere)
prowok spores thaw aoa Ponce afer
rq Otek calles te plat, a
ei =
phase AYferance “Se ute be Enprocluced
betwen E-ay etn oe e
lt Yee wlbrabinc 4 He dneletont plane polenyed
u moke an gle & witty Hw oph'c axis, —
a ds the amplitude 4, hrdctont UW bsaben,
tho amplitude 4 cae along Pe wull be
a= hoe —O
ond Lao amplitude 4 a pling, po Unbl be
b= fdine —@ ®
Tue bode ways erng 4 from fhe. ous
“Com be reproaenite “4 HOD cimpl ©
hasmonic — utbrasiong di fest ampli tude
Aifferonce bo Hom -
Fad
bite te phaoe
a BS —O-Qi Al Step == 3)
qe bin we —1{4
aie sinwt —-O
6
sq ea 29" (5)
he
‘ ye ee
a = win we eS \-@ woe
Os he Z :
Cawt = \- OA»
Or Se aes =
Se i ete ©
from 29" (8) we Pme
Hs Sin (werd)
“ i Slo Ch TB) =
He Sinot B+ @GoewinS [sina er er -
a —@ Sina j
ie) © ad 6 an & we awe:
Zi. Ras + (eee Sie
a b ne ® =
ov ose aa awa
a z cae oe ! ee inf
os tha above, equah'en:
Gre Cae
ae he
oo Yois- Bhar Sie - OF siks
a Ab s
« oe
pee 2e) _ SXF co, Sahin
Salar a
e:
4d
+ a BF GBs sin —©
Sees
Ths bo He ane equation oom AE
We hs, dinuss Le
Thins. 3 esuahon & be comes
ete = do 4=.
qe wD os Gastar: 1G a
ae br (de) i
e5"(B bepnenint o Clecle 4 yedius a. —
Fie emascgendt aye ulpreabens: fro? the costal
b os polase’ ged
CQ ups fen_woaye. Plate =
A plate 9 cloubly ae Ce es
ov caletre) whose +Hulcknee, to auch
a to precluce Qa phase ol fexance. 9 x
0d pad CL fescence 4 Ay behocen, tho
ovdina and — extra arse , bo
Coktud "oud tes Wave puts. "f
lot ad bette tHrteknos, dh He Guster
Loome lai’ and Ne Ond he be +e
thive En dli'ceg d feu meollum for
the oe and apres ways»
Pao foc nor mal
bho ai and Oeil
patty differonce = din-Ne) tor He
negabve Ciyotat
oot aiflecnce — Alne-no) for VE) tp tal
pay aivYerence fos & quarter Wane polar
to junk to Aly
Cnerolonce , the padbreliffexonce : Oe =. :
te for naegepne! ree
dshng Ne) aly tix OF
ee MM ect
;
a=
& CN e-he)
A quartes wane plat ae on
At erence 4 ag blo bate and © “¢t
AG > SF k pelaaioe
2 ea
Se
Note: [Link] eam piel trated! to porcine
Amd debect Chreutas pelasazed and eltebricel,
polasu: ut , it the, plane polascey ed J
op ives Noose ieee quarctes Were Platz
it, abe Ueteous eg an q le Jac
wlth the Spt ano , thon gent *
: bb ae polarized » hor angles
OHer Haw usr ~ at dy as ina poles ged. ii rte Hae
a pit 4 oloubly ae cryfo fel (quark
ov calecre) whose Pefenching faces axe
Cut paxattel the clive Ron 4, ephie
ax and whose Huckno to much, Go ft?
prcluce 2 Phage, okt ffexance Ne 7 ites
pat, differance 4 dh, blo tHe Onan
and caer in called ais ware
plat-
fos holt CO Onna plat
eS, A bn) Spe (eve) crgshel
2 (Ao -"e)
A Ne) tak
A= a for &
: & (he-ho) a
° A Phar 4uet
The ploe Ae tfexon = ER x Ch.
eo, Soheal ao" seal ache af
The Te peje 4 a GCubstence ey urtue
Wdwely 3h wptnteg tee plane 4 poleuzahen
Hae yee tight Cheidenr on ft 1 called
efofeal aa ard auct daastances ase Called SD) ®
Thera a0 two taper 4 ofneally achive
Substances -
WW Reeporetatory ex ght handed Subssanca
axe thoce Which, rofai +ta plane %
polaxigation ua +o clockwise clirechow
an Boon from Ho emergent ode.
“i- Gre supa:
[eave - roTatory 08 Loft handed Substances
wee fixe ube rotati Hae plane 4,
polua'sabon dy, He anhtlockwise crechon
OA geen foom tee emg atenet stele .€9) Fruit
Ste
pange [J=-- -]]
ewiaaa|
Pome. Polasded poteted
u 4 plone polarised ut
bb ? es: oo
ackve tance .
Sper fe winbion 3- The ante 4, gotahen
prvclueced a an Sprcally
aahve Substance Asbends on =
O- — Thickneos 4 a Solid Substance oF eo
4 a golubm - =
(2) longi 4 @ Soli'd Subslance Oo Conentahty
1 @ Slublen .
o- tembes ative
wD banal q Ugh waa
dn che. am opp’ achve luh'on, Hu
angie 4 ~ station produced (8) ob atrect
bro bosfenal t? O +te ee eae
ond (2 contention § tte cltion © ; pri
Hwy — Semb and ae a
Prom dw eame ; $ es
we Ox Le
@ = SLc
wbow ¢ = & called We ecip'e potahon,
os eect we la te bower Q tte Meluhen
ark rove ie
&o we am that “ Tle epeupe iis
power 4 an ehh actiue oluhen , al
a the angle § -wotahen 4 the fas
polar pakiow roduced tho woluel'on uni
Dong and unit pote, at o lig _
lemnp esatiue and 4ov o grow woawatength 4 Sat ® w%
Lau vend, half Shade _plecinetie
"A ao de a Wbinie cit ke
eutpe: ere power of
ee am ali achue Xoluhon-:
Gono hrschon +.
Lowe mS Q nh
ark! pees
aa i ob ae
Shes Ach ve substence
tube oT placed betoeeh
fo mfcol poigma =, Caled polasu ger and Aa
er Poe oO al ghade cence
Qa & “ blaced behdoeen ~ polasuzer and +e
tube - Gt hao two semicloculas platiz ene
made 4 4 and {ro Ofer maocle 4 ghee
A telescope dy wed to Chserve bo uf
. tha, an S do a Cloeublar
set | fel ptt bra eae igi
ei, eects ae [ataitrrngl
tube 2 piled wd Ho
Wo skung 3!) a
os dichiled Darel cat (eat rent ais bubbler).
Jt conaoto 4 a ‘ oy
Ue from o Source b made. to on He
polaxt yer (u). frome Ni
bo plane. pelasuzed «Ths Déghce falls on
ro. haty Shade OS9La: ment
QD. Tha plone 4 vbraben 9 Uiglee pacol ng
Hovougl quasi, do potntid ~ whi Ho
plone 9° uibeation 4, Uptt pacal Hacorg hy
afco wemaing unaltered: en great 4
wikis. Nene ha teloocope wl
powo oo clisKnet Elluminated Rating halves.
2 te prtnet pat sechon 4 Qnaly yar N, 4
made
Tue, beam eme
mena oF pavallel torte Hea plang
4 ul braben , Unb eee Heverg hy
Gust, ond gm gees wo that boty phe.
hollv a) holt hase. plat abpear °
bogie The ae 6, da tircular
scale aHathad 40 Nz », ue noted
Ww Noo He tbe bo filed ut th op cally
Aoki ewuselwbonss aaknaiey concenfraben (C2).
The colubon vo ta eg eo planes 4 utbsahow
% bo He abunes
tho fame
Rodis will be afenent a NS
soteted inh! t2u pe eg hwe
tha ame. brightness and tHe veadirg = : ® ey
Gr w noted: A-O,= © ves He le
A cotahon, The tena te 4, +o tube Le
dn moaauod + specbe wee Power
bo collcelatid ee
ens
a
Neitz
— Maluy law 2— Rees nema > -agnlad, “dite
= comp letet plane po (axuzed
Dight dy bredent “on the analyser ,
Yoo Oitenolty © TQ the Light” frag td
= Ho an al uy alsecly pr@porhonal
to He eee 4 phe Cosine 4 ane
beho een Hae tetrKS mission axed 4
Ho ana tonee and +he polasee zea
be: T acevo
os ToS To co
ou too Nitols Dove parallel palenigpeg: ehizathive
do fat the iets 4 femenited” Ugae
ds morumum + 1 dat ee Xl
veut etter Nicol be turned YY (nlerae
uy 3... eee one - Joust 4 tp mo! mY Mm
Value ? @) rea
pI By Aaland, Hn jrangmitted Crterty
a
a a= Tp COB
Noo —e to the gene conatih'on
T= fee) Bor 3 (St
Y eee:
do
ED) See auee nO:
q
Ge = 3ly
Corte 2B
i te
Y 4 ue : more aun
Unite wae. ge To:
Ou Calcd at, re +Hricknesy 4, a calerte
blecte which would Convert plane polasdzed
Ligh into Oreuta vty polauaed Upht -
The poinci pad weqenreBve tndemies Gree
Mo ~ Mees Mea VHeG ; He
ae 4 ligt usid A= b8Goh
i” To convert a plane pe laseuzed Light
fnto Cleewhas po larecxed Lahde the thickness
4 fie plates Ct) uct be, suck Hat @ oe
tit produces a patty diteronce bl coat and
o-re4 Spunk to Ny So
(Mo “Ne)t = Ny
‘a
UCne-he)
10
te Bagge Xie ™ _ B66x 16 /m
(Qu: Uhow ee falls on the susfece
4 wars at angle 6 s3° , He eced
/ do und to be cemplete plane
wii Pind Title), tolaaee nt
chve Cnoler water -
» fe tho 7 Di Be coe
fuse polasazed angle 4 incielonce
a7 lo Leal to “psig ae &p
So ot Cp = G0" agers B reg tesla aw)
a S065. = Sis
So)
har
@ p= Tentp
Ti ten(53) = 1337
and we Knoo Gur ia chue Grdicet 3 gtsre ond
ee ane = 15y and 133 ech
ith uull be es =! +2 bo
(asey's'
se fox Qa oe from Fe
he oy thal fora: beam tneielent
to water ¢
4
a He Brewogteslo (ao
tan fp =
atte in der 4 tho fecond
i ia He pot
4 = p> 33 = (LSB
a 2 faileny = ten(eisa)= We”
jor ffs wates
n= ert eae ne
6
Up = fon n = Yor8
Go tp wy tasger fre
m wate 40 Alton ©. .
Ge Pane bo luutyed ight (dz Sxtolm) do Creldere
m 4 Aig plat, cut parallel to the opi
aus » lesat thickness 4 tho plate for
hace a aa and 0- et combine to fom
Plane pe [aeped tea 2 emasgence © Wha
Nps 183s Yee. | Sa)
sol” ay Hin is ; cigs plecti = meot act
“ao hy coca. Thus ay Se be Ho
veg utved
