ST.
MARY’S COLLEGE OF MARINDUQUE
Boac, Marinduque
Integrated Basic Education Department
S. Y. 2020 – 2021
Subject Disaster Readiness and Risk Quarter 2 Module # 1
Reduction
Level Grade 11- STEM Duration 2 weeks Day 1- 10
Topic: Hydrometeorological Hazards
Distinguish and differentiate among and between different
hydrometeorological hazards.
Interpret and explain different hydrometeorological maps.
Use available tools for monitoring hydrometeorological hazards.
Recognize signs of impending hydrometeorological hazards.
Apply appropriate measures/ interventions before, during, and after hydrometeorological
hazards.
Types of hydrometeorological hazards
Hydrometeorological hazards are dangers associated with the natural processes or
phenomena involved in the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower
atmosphere. The energy and water release from one area to another causes impacts by challenging
to communities living within the vicinity of occurrence.
Typhoon
Typhoons or bagyo, in Filipino, are intense circulating winds with heavy rain over tropical
waters and land. Typhoons are actually tropical cyclones whose winds have reached more than 118
kilometers per hour, which is why it is described as “intense”.
The increase in temperature and humidity can induce the traded winds in the atmosphere to
spirals it moves from a higher pressure to slower pressure area. The energy of the swirling movement
can strengthen as it moves westward. Depending on the speed of the wind, tropical cyclones are
recently classified as follows:
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Tropical depression (TD) :up to 61 kph
Tropical storm (TS) :62 to 88 kph
Severe tropical storm (STS) :89 to 117 kph
Typhoon (TY) :118 to 220 kph
Super typhoon (STY) :Exceeding 220 kph
In some cases, winds do not develop and just naturally dissipate before reaching land. But if
typhoons make a landfall, the usually lose their energy. The large mass of land, especially terrains
characterized by mountains and slopes, breaks up the pressure of the cyclone. Typhoons also
weaken when they enter a cooler and drier environment because they come from warm, moist tropical
air.
PAGASA Public Storm Warning Signal System
PSWS No. 1: The first signal indicates that the area affected should expect intermittent rains within at
least 36 hours. Winds of 30 kph to 60 kph should be expected, although it is unlikely that they will
cause significant damage. As a precaution, classes in all public and private pre-schools are
automatically suspended.
PSWS No. 2: The second warning signal is raised in areas that will experience winds of 60 kph to 100
kph within at least 24 hours. Light to moderate damage is expected. Some trees may be uprooted and
roofs blown away. People traveling by air and sea are cautioned, and disaster preparedness agencies
should be alerting their respective communities. Classes from pre-school to high school are
suspended.
PSWS No. 3: When the third warning signal is raised, people are advised to seek shelter inside strong
buildings, evacuate low-lying areas, and stay away from coasts and riverbanks as moderate to heavy
damage is expected. Winds of 100 kph to 185 kph are expected within at least 18 hours. The winds
could topple trees and destroy crops and houses made of light materials. Widespread disruption of
electrical power and communication services is also expected. Classes at all levels are automatically
suspended.
PSWS No. 4: The fourth storm warning signal indicates that a very intense typhoon with winds of
more than 185 kph may be expected within at least 12 hours. The typhoon is potentially very
destructive. Large trees are expected to be uprooted and residential and institutional buildings could
be severely damaged. Travels and outdoor activities should be cancelled.
PSWS No. 5: This recently added storm warning signal is raised when a super typhoon will affect an
area. Very powerful winds of more than 220 kph may be expected in at least 12 hours. This typhoon is
"extremely destructive or catastrophic" to the community as almost total damage to structures is
expected. Most residential and institutional buildings may be severely damaged, and only a few crops
and trees will be left standing. Evacuation to safer shelters should be completed early as it may
already be too late if it hasn't begun. The disaster coordinating councils concerned and other disaster
response organizations should be fully responding to emergencies by this time or completely ready to
immediately respond to the calamity.
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Thunderstorm
Thunderstorm, a violent short-lived weather disturbance that is almost always associated
with lightning, thunder, dense clouds, heavy rain or hail, and strong gusty winds. Thunderstorms arise
when layers of warm, moist air rise in a large, swift updraft to cooler regions of the atmosphere. There
the moisture contained in the updraft condenses to form towering cumulonimbus clouds and,
eventually, precipitation. Columns of cooled air then sink earthward, striking the ground with strong
downdrafts and horizontal winds. At the same time, electrical charges accumulate on cloud particles
(water droplets and ice). Lightning discharges occur when the accumulated electric charge becomes
sufficiently large. Lightning heats the air it passes through so intensely and quickly that shock
waves are produced; these shock waves are heard as claps and rolls of thunder. On occasion, severe
thunderstorms are accompanied by swirling vortices of air that become concentrated and powerful
enough to form tornadoes.
Flood
A flood is the presence of excessive water on a supposedly dry land. it can be caused by
continuous heavy rain or poor drainage. Usually, low- lying areas are prone to flooding because they
receive all the water coming from higher elevations.
Flash flood
A flash flood is a rapid flow of water on saturated soil or dry soil or any foundation that has
poor absorption capability. This usually takes place in slopes such as mountains, volcanoes, and
waterways where the peak of maximum force takes place downstream. Flash floods are usually
caused by extensive rainfall but can also induced by man- made structures such as water overflows
from a damn
Storm Surge
A storm surge is an abnormal rise is an abnormal rise in coastal waters due to a massive force
from the sea or from the air above the sea. Storm surges can be caused by a strong typhoon or a sea
quake.
Tornado and Whirlpool
A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is contact with the air and the land. Its
rotational movement is so violent that it can pick up objects from the ground and sling them away at
far places.
Temperature Changes in Global Climate Systems
El Nino
During El Nino, trade winds weaken. Warm water is pushed back east, toward the west coast
of the Americas.
El Nino can affect our weather significantly. The warmer waters cause the Pacific jet stream to
move south of its neutral position. With this shift, areas in the northern U.S. and Canada are dryer and
warmer than usual. But in the U.S. Gulf Coast and Southeast, these periods are wetter than usual and
have increased flooding.
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El Nino also has a strong effect on marine life off the Pacific coast. During normal conditions,
upwelling brings water from the depths to the surface; this water is cold and nutrient rich. During El
Nino, upwelling weakens or stops altogether. Without the nutrients from the deep, there are fewer
phytoplankton off the coast. This affects fish that eat phytoplankton and, in turn, affects everything that
eats fish. The warmer waters can also bring tropical species, like yellowtail and albacore tuna, into
areas that are normally too cold.
La Nina
These cold waters in the Pacific push the jet stream northward. This tends to lead to drought in
the southern U.S. and heavy rains and flooding in the Pacific Northwest and Canada. During a La
Nina year, winter temperatures are warmer than normal in the South and cooler than normal in the
North. La Nina can also lead to a more severe hurricane season.
During La Nina, waters off the Pacific coast are colder and contain more nutrients than usual.
This environment supports more marine life and attracts more cold-water species, like squid and
salmon, to places like the California coast.
What Are the Signs of Hydrometeorological Hazard?
Increased ocean Swell Cloud Formation Darkening Sky
Barometric Pressure Drop Lightning Wind
Heavy Rainfall Continuous storms, typhoons and rain
Wind Speed Distant Thunder
Muddy Water Water carry twigs, logs and other debris
Appropriate Measures BEFORE, DURING, and AFTER Hydrometeorological Hazards
Before
Have emergency kits and survival packs prepared. These should contain medicine, cash,
important documents, whistles, and extra clothes.
Store food and clean water enough for three days. That’s two gallons of water per person per
day.
Prepare candles, flashlights and extra batteries in case the power goes out.
Listen to the radio or watch TV for news updates.
If your house is in a flood prone area, listen to weather updates and research on the tides.
Have emergency kits and survival packs prepared. These should contain medicine, cash,
important documents, whistles, extra clothes, etc.
Store food and clean water enough for three days. That’s two gallons of water per person per
day.
Prepare candles, flashlights and extra batteries in case the power goes out.
Store items higher up and off of the floors.
Have an agreed upon safe place or landmark with family members in case you have to
evacuate your home.
During
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Stay indoors and listen to the news for weather updates and flood warnings.
If you need to evacuate, stay calm. Close the windows, turn off the main electricity switch and
bring your survival kit.
Stay indoors and listen to the news for weather updates and flood warnings.
Disconnect appliances in your house or turn off the main electrical switch.
If you need to evacuate, stay calm. Close the windows, turn off the main electricity switch and
bring your survival kit. Head to higher ground.
Avoid going into floodwater, keep children away from it especially. If you can put them on a
floating device, better.
After
Return home only after authorities have deemed the area safe.
Check your surroundings for damaged electrical cables and fallen posts. Report these to the
authorities.
Return home only after authorities have deemed the area safe.
Check your surroundings for damaged electrical cables and fallen posts. Report these to the
authorities.
Do not turn on electricity switches unless you are sure it is dry and safe to do so.
A. Book
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
B. Link
https://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/08/PAGASA-typhoon-public-storm-warning-
system-rainfall-advisories.html#:~:text=To%20help%20citizens%20prepare
%20for,PSWS%20No.
https://janeceegavan.wordpress.com/2018/01/25/hydro-meteorological-hazard/
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html
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ACTIVITY SHEETS
Name: _________________________________ Date: _____________________
Grade and Section: ______________________ Teacher: __________________
ESSAY WRITING:
1. Explain why the Philippines is prone to typhoons based on geography and
meteorology.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. How do typhoons form?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. What is the difference between a storm surge and tsunami?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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