[Link].

NURSING

EDUCATIONAL METHODS


MEDIA FOLDER
 AV-AIDS FILE

HALL TICKET :
NAME OF THE STUDENT:

SIGNATURE OF THE INTERNAL SIGNATURE OF THE EXTERNAL

 INDEX
[Link] CONTENT PAGE NO
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PURPOSES&CHARECTERSTICS OFAV AIDS
3. COMMUNICATION PROCESS
4. CONE OF LEARNING EXPERIENCE
5. LETTERING TECHINQUE & SPACING
6. COLOURING
7. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS AND SYMBOLS
8. CLASSIFICATION OF AV AIDS
9. PROJECTED AV AIDS
10. NON PROJECTED AV AIDS
11. CHARTS
12. FLASH CARDS
13. POSTERS
14. GRAPHS
15. MAPS
16. CARTOONS
17. NEWS PAPERS
18. THREE DIMENSIONAL AIDS
19. DISPLAY BOARDS
20. AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
21. ACTIVITY AIDS
22. ADMINISTRATION AV AIDS
23. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
TO
AV AIDS

AUDIO VISUAL AIDS

INTRODUCTION
Audio visual material must be seen in their relationship to teaching as a whole and to
the learning process as a whole, until the teacher understands the relationship between audio
visual material and teaching learning process.
Audio visual materials are produced, distributed and used as planned components of
educational programs. It helps the process of learning that is motivation, classification and
stimulation. A.V. aids are multi sensory materials which motivate and stimulate the
individual. It makes dynamic learning experience more concrete realistic and clarity. It
provides significant gains in thinking and reasoning.
Audio visual aids are sensitive tools used in teaching and as avenues for learning.
These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quicken
learning facilities for clear understanding.

DEFINITIONS
1. Kinder S. James: Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the
learning experience more concrete, more realistic and more dynamic.
2. According to Burton: Audio visual aids are those sensory objects or images which
initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning.
3. According to Carter V. Good: Audio visual aids are those aids which help in
completing the triangular process of learning that is motivation, classification and
stimulation.
4. According to Good’s dictionary of education: Audio visual aids are anything by
means of which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of
hearing or sense of sight.
5. According to Edger Dale: Audio visual aids are those devices by the use of which
communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training
situations is helped. These are also as multi sensory materials.
6. According to McKown and Roberts: Audio visual aids are supplementary devices
which can the teacher, through the utilization of more than one sensory channel is able
to clarify, establish and correlate concepts, interpretations and appreciations.
7. According to KP. Neeraja: An audio visual aid is an instructional device in which the
message can be heard as well as seen.
PURPOSES
 To supplement and enrich teachers own teaching to make teaching-learning
more concrete
 To serve an instructional role in itself.
 To create interest among the group
 To make teaching as an effective process

ADVANTAGES:
1. A.V. aids helps in effective perceptual and conceptual learning
2. A.V. aids helpful in capturing and sustaining attention of students
3. A.V. aids arouse interests and motivate students to learn
4. A.V. aids is helpful in new learning
5. A.V. aids helps in saving energy and time of both the teacher’s and student’s A.V. aids
provides near realistic experience
6. A.V. aids can meet individual demands
7. A.V. aids is useful in for education of masses

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD TEACHING AIDS

Teaching aids should be
 Meaningful
 Purposeful
 Accurate in every aspect
 Simple and cheap
 Improvised
 Large in size
 Up to date
 Easily portable
 Motivates the learners
ACCORDING TO INTELLECTUAL LEVEL OF STUDENTS SOURCES OF A.V.
AIDS
 Government
 Educational institutions
 Professional organizations
 Non-governmental organizations
 Voluntary organizations (National and international)
 Commercial producers of educational material
 Commercial advertisement
 In nursing organizations like TNAI, INC. etc.
 A.V. material should be carefully located to eliminate duplication, easy
accessibility and convenient use
 A.V. material should be available whenever and wherever they needed for
effective utilization as an integral part of curriculum
 Budget appropriations should be made regularly for A.V. education
programs
 Periodic evaluation to be done to access the function of, utilization and
expenditure of the program.
COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
 COMMUNICATION
DEFINITION
Communication is transfer of information from the sender to the receiver. So that it is
understand in its right context.
OR
Communication is the process of initiating, transmitting and receiving information.
OR
Communication is the process of exchange of ideas or feelings from one person to another
person or interchange of information.

PURPOSE
 To share ideas, values, thoughts of the person with others
 For social life
 It should be expressed in terms of human behavior
 To establish inter personal relationship
 It helps to change of attitude of persons, groups
 It helps to achieve desired results

ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 Sender
 Message
 Receiver
 Feed back
  Noise

MESSAGE
SENDER ENCODING DECODING RECEIVER
MEDIA

NOISE

FEEDBACK RESPONSE
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

I. One way communication

II. Two way communication
III. Inter personal communication
IV. Serial communication
V. Mechanical communication
VI. Physiological communication
VII. Psychic communication
VIII. Verbal communication
IX. Non verbal communication
X. Formal communication
XI. Informal communication
I. ONE WAY COMMUNICATION

II. TWO WAY COMMUNICATION

iii. INTER PERSONAL COMMUNICATION

It is process in which the communication engage in face to face interaction
Eg: Interview, group discussions
IV. SERIAL COMMUNICATION
Person to person the message will be passed like a chain; sender pass the message to one
person then the receiver passes the information to other.
Seder-------Message-------Receiver-------Message--------Receiver
SENDER

SERIAL TRANSMISSION

= DEAD END
 = RECEIVER

V. MECHAINICAL COMMUNICATION
By using the mechanical devices the communication will be sent.
Eg: Internet and websites

VI. PHYSIOLOGICAL COMMUNICATION

If a stimulus received by the body, immediately the brain receives the information and
transmits to the receptive organ through the neurons where it has to be passed.

VII. PSYCHIC COMMUNICATION

 The person perceives and predicts the information in advance is called a psychic
communication.

[Link] COMMUNICATION
Interact with the other and exchange of ideas will take place and information can be passed
through language.

IX. NON VERBAL

COMMUNICATION
Through gestures, body
movements, postures and facial
expressions etc. the ideas of the
processes will be communicated.
X. FORMAL COMMUNICATON
Officially organized channel of communication delayed communication.

XI. INFORMAL COMMUNICATION

Communication is very faster
Eg: Friends groups

KINDS OF COMMUNICATION
There are main four kinds of communications all illustrated
1. Speaking-Listening
The sender speaks and the receiver listens
Eg: Listening to a lecture
Listening to talk
Listening to a tape

2. Visualizing-Picture observing
The sender uses visual symbols and receiver observes
Eg: Diagrams

3. Speaking-Listening, Visualizing-Observing
The sender combines speaking and visual symbols while the receiver listens
Eg: An educational T.V. programme

4. Writing-Reading
The sender uses written words and symbols while the receiver reads and feels those.
Eg: Hand out on a give topic
Silent reading from text book
 CONE OF

LEARNING

EXPERIENCE
CONE OF LEARNING EXPERIENCE
1
LETTERING

TECHNIQUE
 LETTERING TECHNIQUE
There are over hundred lettering techniques and aids in the markets today. Each is designed
to assist the producer to make chart, graphs, maps and posters, transparencies etc. But only
few of them are most effective. One can do with little practice to produce professional
lettering. While lettering, the following points are to be observed.

 Legible- So that the letter can be read easily

 Visible- So that the letter can be seen and perceived easily

 Simple- Should be plain, straight forward and ordinary

 Spacing- To be appropriate

SPACING: It should appear to have equal or uniform distance letters. Spacing should be eye
measurement, not mechanical? Badly spaced letters make words difficult to read. Good
spacing is the result of diligent practice.

LAYOUT: The arrangement and form given to letters, contribute a great deal to preparation
of visual materials
 Timing
 Running commentary
 Emphasizing main points
 Directions
 Discussion
 Prompt practice

DESIGN: It should be brief, simple, and meaningful and attract the minds of readers.

COLOUR: Limit the number of colors and make sure that you’re lettering standout well
from the back ground. Black and yellow are the combination with most contracts.
TECHNIQUE OF LETTERING
 1. Rule of 8’ for formulating principle of legibility
Distance Size
64’ 2’
32’ 1’
16’ ½’
8’ ¼’

2. Contrast
High contrast-Black and white
Medium contrast-Blue and red

3. Spacing
Mechanical spacing
Optical spacing

4. Style
Formal style
Informal style
Decorative style
Principles
1. Follow the rule of 8’ lettering
2. Letter end in order
3. Too much order gives monotony
4. Headings are better with bold letters
5. Space letters evenly
6. Colour should be pleasing for contract and determination
SPACING
 SPACING

RULES HAVE 8’ IN LETTERING

View distance Size of the letter

8 feet ¼ inch
16 feet ½ inch
32 feet 1 inch
64 feet 2 inch
ABCDEFG
ABCDEFG
ABCDEFG
Abcdefg
abcdef
 COLOURING

COLOURS
USE OF COLOURS
COLOUR is an important element in preparing the instructional materials.

Synonyms of colour are chrome, glue, shape lint and tinge. It has universal appeal and
irritable charm.

LIST OF COLOURS:
 To contrast parts, differentiate, discriminate
 To emphasize points
 To show relationships
 To get realistic effect
 To attract attention
 To create interest
 To achieve harmony
 To increasing carrier power of message

TYPES OF COLOURS:
Warm colors: Stand out, attract attention and appear to advance.
Eg: Red, Orange, and Yellow

Cool colors: Appear to recede and make better back ground.

Eg: pale blue, Green, Violet
COLOUR AND MOODS

Colour can produce certain feelings and moods

The following chart shows the association usually credited to certain colours.
Though this may vary according to cultural factors.

RED Exciting, arousing, stimulating

ORANGE Healing, adds warmth, lively

YELLOW Joy, gaiety, bright and cheerful

GREEN Restful, neutral, relaxing, soothing

PURPLE Richness, royalty, and elegance

BLUE Cooling, serene, refreshing

WHITE Purity, spirituality, immaculateness

BLACK Darkness, gloom, death

COLOUR AND VISIBILITY

COLOUR contrast will have an effect on visibility using black as back ground. Visibility is
reported as follows.

PURPLE is least visible

YELLOW has 12 times visibility of purple

ORANGE has 9 times visibility of purple

GREEN has 7 times visibility of purple

RED has 5 times visibility of purple

BLUE has 3times visibility of purple

COLOUR HARMONY

MONOCHROMATIC HARMONY

COMPLEMENTORY HARMONY
 ANALOGOUS HARMONY

COLOUR AND HARMONY

MONCHROMATIC-involves use of various shades

Eg: Deep, light blue and various shades of blue

COMPLEMENTORY HARMONY- involves use of combination of contrast colours like

red and green
This provides a visual shock. Combined effect may be harsh but could be made effective is
used sparingly

ANALOGOUS HARMONY- involves use of neighboring colours on spectrum

Eg: Red, orange, yellow or green, blue, indigo, violet

HINT OF USING COLOURS:

Keep colour scheme simple
Achieve harmony in colour scheme
Use minimum number of colours
Use colour to emphasize the instructional message
Consider colour and back ground together to increase the carrying power of message
Use colour for grouping or categorizing information visually
Use colour to enhance the quality of material used for teaching

Colour
WHEEL
COLOUR COMBINATIONS
 SYMBOLS
POLICE INSPECTOR STETHOSCOPE

DOCTOR NURSE
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS

FACIAL

EXPRESSIONS
CLASSIFICATION

OF

A.V. AIDS
 CLASSIFICATION OF A.V. AIDS:

A.V.
aids

Non
Projecte Audio
projecte Activity
d A.V. visual
d aids
aids aids
[Link]

Print
Graphic Display
3D aids materia
aids boards
l

I. CLASSIFICATION OF A.V. AIDS:

i. Audio aids: Audio materials are those which can be heard
Eg: Radio, tape recorder, walkman, I-pod
ii. Visual aids: Those are helpful to visualize the things
Eg: Graphic aids, 3D aids, display boards and print material
iii. Audio visual aids: These aids can be heard and seen simultaneously
Eg: Projected aids, T.V, films

II. CLASSIFICATION OF A.V. AIDS:

i. Simlple A.V. aids: It includes graphic aids, display boards, 3D aids, print
material etc.
ii. Sophisticated A.V. aids: Includes audio-visual aids
Principle to be followed for the effective use of A.V. aids:
 Audio-visual material should function as an integral part of the educational program
 A.V. aids should be centralized under specialized direction and leadership in
educational programs
 An advisory committee consisting of representative from all areas of curriculum
should be appointed to assist in selection and coordination of A.V. aids.
 An educational program should be flexible
 1

PROJECTED

A.V. AIDS
 PROJECTED A.V. AIDS

OVER HEAD PROJECTOR

The Over head projector is most used in all A.V. aids. It projects transparencies with brilliant
screen images suitable to use in a lighted room. The teacher can write or draw diagrams on
the transparency while teaches; these are projected simultaneously on the screen by the OHP.

DURING THE PRESENTATION

 Keep the screen above the heads of the participants

 Keep the screen in full view of participants

 Make sure you are not blocking any ones view when presenting

 Darken the room appropriately by blocking out sunshine and dimming near by

 Turn the screen off between slides if you are going to talk for more than two

 Talk to the audience, not to the screen

PURPOSES
 To develop concepts and sequences in a subject matter area

 To make marginal notes on the transparencies for the use of the teacher that can carry
without exposing them to class

 To test students performances while other classmates observe

 To show relationships by means of transparent overlays in contrasting colour

 To give the illustration of motion in the transparency.

ADVANTAGES:
It permits to teacher to stand in front of the class while using the projector, thus enabling her
to point out features appearing on the screen by pointing to the materials at the projector
itself and at the same time, to observe the students reactions to her discussion.
 OVER HEAD TRANSPERENCIES
Transparencies are popular instructional medium. They are simple to prepare and easy to
prepare and easy to operate with the Over head projector which is light weight. A 10*10
inches sheet with printed, written or drawn material is placed on the platform of the projector
and a large image is projected on a screen behind you. The projector is used from near to the
front of the room with the teacher standing or sitting beside, facing the student.

GUIDELINES FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE TRANSPARENCIES:

 Have one main idea an each transparency
 Include only related figures and diagrams
 Use simple lettering style in writing
 Use diagrams in proposition to its lettering
 Keep the message clear and simple
 Emphasize the key messages
 Use colour and lettering with discretion

ADVANTAGES:
 1. Permits face to face interaction with the students
2. Can be used in daylight conditions
3. Can present information in systematic developmental sequences
4. Requires limited planning and can be prepared in variety of inexpensive methods
5. Easily available

THE OPAQUE PROJECTOR

Opaque projector is the only projector on which you can project a variety of materials
Ex: Book pages, objects, coins, post cards or any other similar flat material that is non
transparent
The opaque projector will project and simultaneously enlarge, directly from the originals,
printed matter, all kinds of written or pictorial matter in any sequence derived by the teacher.
It requires a dark room as projector is large and not reality moveable.

ADVANTAGES:
1. Stimulates attention and arouses interest
2. Can project a wide range of materials like stamps, coins, specimen, when one copy is
available
3. Can be used for enlarging drawings, pictures and maps
4. Does not require any written or typed material, hand written material can be used
5. Helps students to retain knowledge for longer period
6. Review instructional problems
7. Test knowledge and ability
8. Simple operation
 SLIDE PROJECTOR
A Slide is a small piece of transparent material on which a single pictorial image or scene or
graphic image has been photographed or reproduced otherwise. Slides are a form of
projected media that are easy to prepare. They are still pictures on positive film which you
can process and mount individually yourself or send to a film laboratory. The standard size
of the slides is 2x2 any 35mm camera will make satisfactory slides.

TYPES OF SLIDES
1. Photogenic slides: 2” x 2”
3” x 4”
Black and white colored
2. Handmade slides: can be made with
a) Acetated sheet
b) Cellophane
c) Etched glass
d) Plain glass
e) Lumarith
Slides can be made from photographs and pictures by teachers and pupils taking photographs
and snapshot when they go on field trips for historical, geographical, literacy or scientific
excursions.

The arrangement of slides in proper sequence, according to the topic discussed, is an

important aspect of teaching with them.

ADVANTAGES:
1. Requires only filming, processing and mounting by self or laboratory
2. Results in colorful, realistic, reproduction original subject
3. Preparation with any 35mm camera for most uses
4. Easy to revise and up date
5. Easily handled, stored and re arranged for various uses
6. Can be combined with tape narration or can control time for discussion
7. May be adopted to group or individual use
 FILM STRIPS
Film strips are sequence of transparent still pictures with individual frames on 35mm film. A
tap recorded narration can be synchronized with film strip.
Each strip contains from 12-18 or more pictures. It is a fixed sequence of related stills on a
roll of 35mm film or 8mm film.

PRINCIPLES
1. Preview film strips before using them and selected carefully to meet the needs of the
topic to be taught.
2. Show again any part of the film strip needing more specific study
3. Use film strip to stimulate emotions, build attitudes and to point up problems
4. It should be introduced appropriately and its relationship to the topic of the study
brought out
5. Use a pointer to direct attention, to specific details on the screen

TYPES OF FILM STRIP

Discussion filmstrip: It is continues strip of film consisting of individual frames arranged in
sequence usually with explanatory titles.
Sound slide film: It is similar to films strip but instead of explanatory titles or spoken
discussion recorded explanation is audible, which is synchronized with the pictures.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Compact, easily handled and always in proper sequence
2. Can be supplemented with recordings
3. Inexpensive when quantity reproduction is required
4. Useful for group or individual study at projection rate are controlled by instructor or
user
5. Projected with simple light weight equipment

NON PROJECTED A.V. AIDS

GRAPHIC AIDS
 NON PROJECTED A.V. AIDS
GRAPHIC AIDS
It is a combination of graphic and pictorial material designed for the orderly and logical
visualizing of relationship between key facts and ideas.
Eg: Comparisons, relative amounts developments, processes, classification or organization. It
includes charts.

CHARTS
Introduction: These visual symbols used for summarizing, comparing, contrasting or
performing other services in explaining subject matter. A chart is a combination of pictorial,
graphic, numerical or vertical material which presents a clear summery.
DEFINITION: Chart is defined as a visual aid which depicts pictorial and written key
information in systematic way to summarize, compare.
Eg: Anatomical charts and figure, diagrams etc.
PURPOSES
  To visualize an item, it is otherwise difficult to explain only in words
 To highlight important points
 To provide outline for materials covered in presentation
 To show continuity in process
 For creating problems and stimulating thinking
 For showing development of structure
TYPES OF CHARTS
 Narrative chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the events in the
process or development of a significant issue to its point of resolution or we can show
an improvement over a period of years.
 Cause and effective chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing the
relationship between rights and responsibilities or between a complex of conditions
and change or conflict

 Chain chart: Arrangement of facts and ideas for expressing transitions or cycles.

 The evolution chart: Facts and ideas for expressing changes in specific items from
beginning data and its projections in to future.
 Strip chart: It enables speaker to present the information step by step.
It increases the interest and imagination of the audience. The information on the chart is
covered with thin paper strips to which it has been applied either by wax, tape or sticky
substance or pins. As the speaker wishes to visually reinforce a point with words or
symbols, he removes the appropriate strip or paper. It produces interest. It increases
learning and aids recall.

 Pull chart: It consists of written messages which are hidden by strips of thick paper.
The message can be shown to the viewer, one after another by pulling out the
concealing strips
 Flow chart: Diagrams used to show organizational elements or administrative or
functional relationship. In this chart lines, rectangles, circles are connected by lines
showing the directional flow.

 Tabulation chart: It shows the schedule of an activity or of an individual.

Ex: Time table of a class. These are very valuable aid in the teaching situation where
breakdown of a fact or a statement is to be listed. Also it is a useful aid for showing
points of comparison, distinction and contrasts between two or more things. While
making the table charts the following points must be kept in the mind.

 The chart should be 50 x 75cms or more in size

 The chart should be captioned in bold letters
 The vertical columns should be filled in short phases rather than complete sentences
 Write different contrasting features with different color pens or marker pens
 Flip chart: A set of charts related of specific topic have been tagged together and
hang on a supporting stand. The individual charts will carry a series of related
materials or messages in sequence. The silent points of specific topic will be
presented.
  Pie chart: A circle will be drawn and divisions will be made in to different sections,
each section will be coded differently and code key will be given at right corner of the
chart as legend. The circumference is divided in to suitable sections. It is relevant for
showing the component parts of the total.

FLASH CARDS
DEFINITION: Flash cards are set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes that are flashed
one by one in a logical sequence.
Flash cards can be self made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart of drawing
paper, plain paper using colours or ink on them for drawing.
PURPOSES
 To teach students
 To give health education
 Useful for small group
 Used in group discussions

PRINCIPLES
 The message can be brief, simple line drawing or photographs, cartoons and the
content will be written in few lines at the back of the each card.
 10” x 12” or 22” x 28” is commonly used size
 10-12 cards for one talk can be used. It should not be less than 3 and more than 20
 Prepare a picture for each idea which will give visual impact to the idea.
 Adapted to local condition, use plenty of colour
 The height of writing on the flash card is to approximately 5cms for better
visualization

USING THE FLASH CARDS

For class room instruction, the flash card is to be properly used. The following steps are used
while displaying flash cards.
 Give brief introduction about the lesson to students
 Give instructions to students about their actions while you flash cards
 Flash the card in front of the class by holding it high with your hands so that all the
students can see it.
 Let the student respond as per instructions already given
 Review the lesson by selectively using flash cards.

Advantages
1. Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics.
2. It can be used to apply information already gained by students to new situations
 3. It can be used to review a topic
4. Can be used for drill and practice in elementary classes
5. To develop the cognitive abilities of recognition and recall of students
6. It can work as a useful supplementary aid and can be effectively used with other
material.

Disadvantages
1. Cannot be used for large group
2. Prone to get spoiled soon
3. Preparation is time consuming

POSTERS
DEFINITION: Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with
attention capturing paintings

PURPOSES
 To provide general motivation
 To create an esthetic or atmospheric effect
 To communicate a more general idea
 To thrust the message for leading to action
 For the class room and community

PREPARATION AND RULES

 To do a special job
 To promote on point
 To promote local demonstration
 Planned for specified people
 Tell the message at single glance
 Use bold letters
 Use pleasing colours
 It should place, where people pass or gather

FEATURES OF A GOOD POSTER

 Brevity: Message should concise
 Simplicity: Message should be easily understandable
 Idea: Should base on single idea and it should be relevant
 Colour: Suitable colour and combination should be used to make poster attractive and
eye catching
 Display: While displaying one should be sure to find a place where there is adequate
light and where the larger population will see it.
ADVANTAGES:
1. It attracts attention
2. It conveys the message very quickly
3. It does not require a detailed study
4. Good poster leads to action with good motivation
5. It can stand alone and is self explanatory

Disadvantages
1. Poster does not always give enough information
2. When a poster is seen for longer time it may not attractive. So it should be dynamic.
GRAPHS
DEFINITION: Graphs are the visual teaching aids for presenting statistical data and
contrasting the trends or changes of certain attributes

METHOD OF PRESENTATION
 Before making the bar chart makes a rough sketch of it in a note book
 For drawing the bar graph use the chart paper of 50 x 72 cms size
 Use two different colour shades for the two contrasting groups
 The bars should be equal spaced
  Write the key to the bar graph in a box on the right hand side corner of the chart paper
 Numbers specifying the magnitude of the bars should be on the top on the bars

TYPES
Pie graph: Is called as circle diagram. The data are presented through the sections of
portions of circle.

 In determining the circumstance of a circle we have to take in to consideration a

quantity known as pie.
 The surface area of a circle is to cover 360 degrees
 The total frequencies of value us equated to 360 degrees and then the angles
corresponding to component parts are calculated

Bar graph: A graphic presentation, which extends to the scale horizontally along the length
of bars. Each bar must be of the same width, height of the bar over a period represents the
corresponding time of the variable. Graphs are available in two forms that is vertical and
horizontal.
Line graphs: To show the trends and relationships. Eg: Single line shows the relation and
the variation in the quantity. Quantitative data are plotted or when the data is continuous. The
concepts are represented with the help of lines drawn horizontally or vertically. The plotted
points are connected to one another, instead of the base thus producing the curve.
 Pictorial graph: It is an outstanding method of graphic representation. Pictures are used for
the expression of ideal; they are more attractive and easily understood. Vivid pictures will be
used to create rapid association with the graphic message; each visual symbol may be used to
indicate quantity.
 MAPS
DEFINITION: A map is graphic and representing the proportionately as a diagram, the
surface of the earth, world or parts thereof. It conveys the message by lines, symbols, words
and colours.

TYPES OF MAPS
Political map: These maps show political divisions of the world, a continent, a nation.

Physical maps: Shows the physical contour of a place, area and region

Relief maps: It shows the actual elevations and depression in a place, area and region.
Weather maps: Shows the amount of rains, temperature extremes, humidity in an area.

Population maps: Shows the distribution of population in various parts of region, country.

Picture or Tourist maps: Shows historical spots, monumental sites etc.

Railway maps: Shows the railway links between various points.

Air maps: Shows air routes between various points

Sea root maps: Shows the sea routes between various sea ports.
 CARTOONS
DEFINITION: A cartoon is humorous caricature which gives a subtle message. In a cartoon
the features of objects and people are exaggerated along with generally recognized symbols

PRINCIPLES
The quality of the drawing should be high primarily for visual effectives
The symbols used should be familiar and represent a concept or idea to which students can
react intellectually

ADVANTAGES
1. A cartoon can be effectively used to initiate certain lesson
2. It can be used for making a lesson lively and interesting
3. Fantasy
4. Satire
5. Exaggeration
 NEWS PAPERS
It can furnish health messages in local languages which can reach to the public early. The
information will be available in low cost, easy to read and understand simple language. The
people may learn to read and interpret the contents along with pictures to enhance easy
grasping.

COMIC STRIPS
DEFINITION: A comic strip is the graphic depiction in a series of pictures or sketches of
some character and events full of action.
USES
 Comic strips fire the imagination of children
 It boosts the courage of children and builds up the spirit of adventure
 It communicates detailed and vivid
 It stimulates reality and involvement

LIMITATIONS
 Comic strips misguide children by depicting characters with supernatural powers
divorced from the hard realities of life
 Comic strips hamper the development of language of children
 Classics brought out in the form of comics develop the tendency in children to ignore
or by pass the original work
 Comic can soon become an obsession with young children and they tend to avoid
serious studies.
 3DIMENSIONAL AIDS

3 DIMENSIONAL AIDS

MODELS
DEFINITION: A model is recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally
that is height, width and depth is felt as reality.
TYPES OF MODELS
1. Solid models: It is the replica of an original thing made with some suitable material
like clay, plaster of paris, wood, iron and etc. to show the external parts of the things.
Eg: Globe, clay models of human and animals

2. Cutaway and X-ray models: Are the replicas of the original things to show internal
parts of a thing. Cross sectional models are difficult to make in the class room or
institutions as they require expertise to construct them.
Eg: Cross sectional model of human body

3. Working models: These models are either actual working or their miniature replicas
for illustrating an operation.
Eg: A motor, a generator

4. Sand models: Made by using sand, clay, saw dust.

Eg: A tribal village, a forest area
ADVANTAGES:
1. Models heighten reality of things and make learning direct and meaningful as they are
three dimensional
2. Models illustrate the application side of certain principles and laws
3. Models explain the complex and intricate operations in a simplified way and thus
make comprehension easier
4. Models are lasting and ultimately work out to be cheaper teaching aids
5. Still models are easy to make with the help of discarded materials like empty boxes,
pins, clips, nails and clay
6. Models are to reasonable size and convenient to handle
7. Models involve the use of all the five senses and thus make learning effective.

LIMITATIONS
1. It requires expertise to make
2. Time consuming
3. Some of the models may be very expensive

OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS

DEFINITION: A collection of real things for instructional use refers to objects
A specimen is a sample of the real object or a material

USING OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS

 While using the specimen and objects as teaching aids, a teacher must keep the
following points in mind
 Plan your teaching with certain simple and direct observations of the object or
specimen being referred to
 Ask questions from the students to elicit more details of the features of the object or
specimen under observation
 Provide review and practice to make learning permanent

SOURCES OF OBJECTS AND SPECIMENS

 Local markets.
 Manufacturers and factories.
 Discarded material from the houses.
 Specimen found in the nature can be collected by student from field trips and nature
hunt.
 Plasters casts can be purchased.
 Wild flowers, leave shells, stones, butterflies moths, insects can also procured.
Mounting the objects and specimens: Objects and specimens should be mounted in
shallow boxes in an artistic way and the boxes should cover with cellophane paper. Also
label each other or specimen using self adhesive paper

Advantages of objects and specimens:

1. Collection of objects and specimens by students requires interaction with others
leading to development of social skills and values
2. Students when collect and display the objects and specimens derive satisfaction of
contributing the school and teacher something worthwhile.
3. Student’s power of observation and first hand experiences are enhanced by collection
of objects and specimens
4. Student’s personal collection of objects and specimens can be good source of doing
investigatory projects
5. Collection of objects and specimens become an interesting educational pursuit of the
teacher and student alike
6. It arouse some interest among students in learning
7. Objects and specimens involve all the five senses in the process of learning.
8. It heighten the reality in the class room
9. It makes teaching lively
 EXHIBITIONS

Many times in the school, a department of the school or a class put up their work for showing
it the people outside the school and such a show called exhibitions.
The pieces of work done by the students for an exhibition are exhibits.

REQUISITES OF EXHIBITION
 The exhibition should have a central theme with a few sub themes to focus attention to
a particular concept
 The exhibits should be clean and labeled properly
 The concepts of contrast in colour and size should be used for lying out the exhibitions
 The place and exhibits should be well lighted
 The exhibits should be so placed so the most visitors can see them
 To capture attention and interest to visitors, both motion and sound should be utilized
 The exhibition should have some exhibits with operative mechanism such as switches,
handles to be operated by the visitors to observe some happenings.
 The exhibition should include lot of demonstrations as they involve deeply the
students and the visitors
 The exhibition should be able to relate various subjects’ areas to provide integrated
learning.
ADVANTAGES:
1. Exhibitions inspire the student to learn by doing things themselves and they get a
sense of involvement
2. Exhibitions give students a sense of accomplishment and achievement
3. Exhibitions develop social skills of communication, cooperation and coordination
4. Exhibitions foster better school community relations and make community
5. Exhibitions couple information with pleasure
6. Exhibitions foster creativity among students

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Requires thorough preparation
2. Time consuming
3. Require funds or budget
 MUSEUMS

DEFINITION: A museum is a building displaying a collection of historical relics, antiques,

curiosities, works of arts, works of science, literature and other artifacts of general interest.
Museums can be useful both public education and specific class room instructions

SETTING UP SCHOOL MUSEUM

 School should have enough space
 Take the help of students, collect old and objects and articles
 Accept donations from various organizations who donates the articles
 Students can be guided to prepare the exhibits
 All the collected and prepared articles should be displayed and labeled.
 A detailed report should be maintained giving a brief description of each museum
pieces
 The museum rooms should be well lighted
 It should be cleaned and maintained timely
 DIORAMAS

DEFINITION: A diorama is a three dimensional arrangement of related objects, models and

cut outs to illustrate a central theme or concept
The objects and models are generally placed in a box or show case with a glass covering and
background printed with a shade or a scene.
Eg: A harvest scene, a planting scene etc.

MAKING A DIORAMA
Scene portions Segments Helpful hints
Irregular surface Plaster of Paris, card board pieces can
be used

Ground work Earth effect Sand and sifted soil on glue

Snow effect Plaster of Paris or cotton wool

Water effect Paraffin wax coloured with oil paint

Exterior Absorbent color paper or handmade

Dwelling paper to work as thatch for huts

Frame work Gravel on glue to work as rocks

Grass shrubs Green coloured saw dust, small dried

plants, coloured wood shavings
Accessories
Twigs with suitable branches, crepe
Trees, leaves paper cut like leaves and use
Armature Use four twisted aluminum wires
Figures Mould Use plastic clay or water clay
Clothing Use leftover bits of cloth or old rags
ADVANTAGES:
1. Provide a good opportunity to learn
2. It gives the appearance of actual things which cannot be brought to the class room
3. Interesting and enhance creativity
4. Live things also can shown in diorama
5. Ex: Aquarium
6. Provides students to do project works

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Needs expatriation for the preparation
2. Require budget
3. Sometimes it may misguide the student if is not the replica of actual thing
 MOCKUP

It emphasizes the functional relationship between the device reality and its workability.
Certain element of the original reality is emphasized to make it more meaningful for the
purpose of instruction.
Eg: An article kidney to demonstrate dialysis
 MOULAGE

Mould can be made up of plastic material to stimulate some life in objects.

Eg: Body which shows evidence of trauma, infection, disease, surgical intervention
 PUPPETS
One of the old and popular arts in the Indian villages is puppetry. Puppetry is an education
cum entertaining aid in which puppets manipulated by the performer is a person is termed as
a characters in a story to be depicted.

DEFINITION: A puppet is a manipulative doll dressed as a character and the performer is a

person termed as a puppeteer. A good puppeteer has to blend his art with dramatization to
produce the desired effect. It is used as an effective teaching aid for languages and social
sciences

TYPES OF PUPPETS
TYPE DESCRIPTION
It consists of puppets with hinged body. Parts are
controlled by nine strings produce required
String or marionettes puppets
movements in the puppet. These are mainly done by
the qualified puppeteers
Stick puppets are the painted card board cut outs
attached by sticks. The action these puppets are
Stick puppets maintained by the teacher and students by hiding
behind a screen so that only puppets are visible to
the audience.
These are silhouettes of card board which produce
Shadow puppets shadows on a white screen. The motion of these
silhouettes is manipulated by the teacher and
student
Hand puppets are round balls painted as heads with
overflowing colourful costumes. These are worn on
Finger or hand puppets
fingers which operate their movements. These are
operated from below the stages.

SELECTION
In writing or selecting a puppet play, the age, background and the tastes of the students
should be taken in to consideration. A short puppet play is always preferable.

ADVANTAGES:
1. Creates interest
2. Gives the knowledge in a brief period
3. Effective method in teaching
4. Motivates students
5. Easy to carry and operate

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Needs group cooperation, coordination.
2. Required skills in preparation and supply
3. Skills needed in presentation
DISPLAY BOARDS
 DISPLAY BOARDS
A display board is the visual teaching aid in the form of flat surface on which the information
to be communicated can be arranged in an attractive fashion.

BLACK BOARD
Black board is also called as chalk board. It a slightly abrasive writing surface made by
wood, ply, hard board, cement, asbestos, slate, plastic etc. with black, green, bluish paint on
it. White chalk sticks are commonly used for writing on the black board. At some times
colour chalks also used.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD BLACK BOARD
The black board is the life of the class room. These days a large variety of chalk boards are
available like:
 Ground glass chalk boards

 Vitreous coated iron chalk boards

 Traditional wooden chalk boards

The recommended size of chalk board is 5mx6m. For an effective use of the chalk board, the
following characteristics of a board should be kept in mind:
 The surface of the chalkboard should be rough enough to hold the writing on the black
board

 The surface of the chalk board should be dull enough to eliminate glare which
hampers visibility of the writing on the board

 The writing should be easily removable with cloth or foam duster

  The chalk board should be mounted on an appropriate height within the reach of the
teacher and visibility of the students

DISPLAY BOARDS

A display board is the visual teaching aid in the form of flat surface on which the information
to be communicated can be arranged in an attractive manner. These days a large number of
display boards are available like:

1. Black board
2. Bulletin board
3. Flannel board
4. Magnetic board
 BLACK BOARD

DEFINITION: A black board or chalk board is slightly abrasive writing surface of wood,
plywood, hard board, cement, asbestos, slate, plastic etc. With black, green, bluish green
paint on it.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD CHALK BOARD

 The recommended size of chalk board is 5m x 6m for an effective use of chalk board
the following characteristics of a board should be kept in mind.

 The surface of the chalk board should be rough enough to hold writing on the board

 The surface of the chalk board should be dull enough to eliminate glare which
hampers visibility of the writing on the board

 The writing should be easily removable with a cloth or foam duster

 The chalk should be mounted on an appropriate height within the reach of the teacher
and visibility of students

 The chalk board is the life of the class room

USING THE BLACK BOARD

The following points should be kept in mind while using the black board effectively
  Write clearly in cursive hand writing the important points of the topic on the chalk
board. Avoid overcrowding of the information on the chalk board

 The size of the lettering should be large enough to be seen properly by the students at
the rear of the class. The recommended height of the letters on the chalk board is
between 6cms x 8cms

 Plan the chalk board work in advance in simple brief phrases and keywords

 The class room should be lighted properly and chalk board should be glare free

 Rub off the information already discussed in the class and noted by the students

 Use shading and underling for stressing the keywords and statements

 Use other supplementary teaching aids to emphasize and clarify the main concepts

 For rubbing of the writing on the chalk board while explaining a point to students. Use
a pointer to draw attention to the written material on the chalk board.

ADVANTAGES:
1. The chalk board is the convenient visual aid for the group teaching

2. Economical teaching as it can be used over and again

3. Accompanied by appropriate actions by the teacher and illustrations drawn on the

chalk board, it can capture student’s attention

4. It can work as a good visual aid for drill and revision

5. It can be used for drawing enlarged illustrations from the text books

6. The chalk board can be easily used for giving lesson notes to students

LIMITATIONS:
 It makes students heavily depends on the teacher

 It makes the lesson teacher paced

 It does not care for the individual needs of the students

 It makes the lesson a dull routine

  It makes the chalk powder to inhale by the teacher and students

BULLETIN BOARD

A bulletin board is the display board which shows the visual learning material on a specific
subject. It is usually in the form of a framed soft board or straw board or cork board with the
help of thumb tacks. Some types may be portable, folding boards. Generally it has a blue
blazer cloth to work as the back drop and their most recommended size is 1.5m x 2m.

PURPOSES
 To motivate the learner by having learning experience

 To display various subject teaching plans

 To give the correct initial information

 To supplements and correlates the instructions and save time

 To provide experience outside the student’s environment

PRINCIPLES OF USING BULLETIN BOARD
 Procure enough illustrative material from various sources on a given subject or topic

 Sort out the relevant material specific to the subject or topic

 Display the material on the bulletin board in an aesthetic manner keeping the colour
balance and harmony in view.

 On the top center of the bulletin board fix a title for the specific subject of the display
material

 Below the title fix a description about the specific subject or topic

 While teaching make references to the material displayed on it.

 Keep the interest of the students alive by involving them in collection of material for
the bulletin board

 The height of the bulletin board should be on meter above the ground

 The area where the bulletin boards are fixed or placed should be well lighted

 Student’s contributions should be encouraged and used

 Crowding of display materials should be avoided

 The appearance should be neat, orderly, attractive manner

 The students may be given responsibility for collection and display of appropriate
material

ADVANTAGES:
1. Bulletin boards work as a good supplement to normal class room teaching
 2. It arouses student’s interest in specific subjects

3. Bulletin board displays can be effectively used as follow up chalk board work

4. It add colour and liveliness to the class room as they have decorative value along with
the educational value

5. It can be used to introduce a topic and as well as to review it.

LIMITATIONS
It cannot be used for all inclusive teaching and they have to be used as supplementary aids
Sometimes the collection of relevant material for certain specific topics may be difficult.
FLANNEL BOARD
DEFINITION: A flannel board is a display board made of wood, card board or straw board
covered with coloured flannel or woolen cloth. Display materials like cut outs, pictures,
drawings, light objects backed with rough surfaces like sand paper strips, flannel strips etc.
will stick to the flannel board temporarily. Flannel board of 1.5m x 1.5m is most widely
used. It can be placed next to the chalk board on stand about one meter above the ground.

USING FLANNEL BOARD

 It can be used in a variety of ways. Some of the points to be kept in mind while using
flannel board are as follows

 Collect pictures, light objects, cut outs and back them with sand paper pieces

 Display material on the flannel board in a sequence to develop the lesson

 Change the pictures or cut outs as you talk to the students

 Use flannel board to create proper scenes and designs relevant to the lesson
Many good teachers and educators have used flannel board in the following teaching
situations
 For telling a story, the teacher adheres the picture on the flannel board along with
commentary or description

 For letter recognition and work formation during language teaching in primary classes

 For recognition and recall testing, appropriate pictures can be used for teaching
different subjects

 For teaching elementary lessons on numbers, a flannel board can be effectively used

 For playing interesting and educative. For example saw puzzles, a flannel board can be
quite useful

 For showing inter relationship between different parts or steps of a process, a flannel
board can be used effectively. For example nursing process

ADVANTAGES:
1. Flannel board displays hold the interest of students and grab the attention

2. The provision of sequential change of material on flannel board provides continuity in

lesson development

3. The quickness and ease with which the display material can be changed on a flannel
board without use of drawing pins or paste make it a most desirable and convenient
display board

4. It enables teachers to talk along with changing illustrations to develop a lesson.

 5. The changing of pictures on flannel board can increase enthusiasm and interest of the
teachers as well as students

LIMITATIONS
Useful for small groups and not for large group
Not useful for abstract learning
MAGNETIC BOARD

DEFINITION: A magnetic board is a framed iron sheet carrying porcelain coating in some
dark colour generally black or green

A magnetic board can be used in the following ways

1. To write with chalk sticks, glass marking pencils and crayons

2. To display pictures, cut outs and light objects with disc magnets or magnetic holders

A magnetic chalk board can combine the functions of chalk board and flannel
board both. The visual learning materials can be displayed easily and quickly with the
magnetic holders along with writing the key points on the magnetic board

USING THE MAGNETIC BOARD

 It works like chalk board and flannel board

 It adds the dimension of visual presentation to the usual functions of a chalk board

 While using the magnetic board, the points for using the flannel board and chalk board
are combined.
ADVANTAGES:
1. It gives an added advantage of movement of visual material by sliding it along the
surface of magnetic board which is not possible on the flannel board

2. It can be made portable

3. It can be easily constructed in a school by purchasing an iron sheet and applying the
black board paint on it.

4. The other uses are like both chalk board and flannel board

PEG BOARD

It can be used for combining flat and three dimensional materials. The latter being supported
by especially made hooks and cups. Displays can be also positioned at directed points by
pegs.
Peg boards are made of thermacol or wooden having 1/8” holes pouched in a regular pattern
of a part once the entire surface. Peg boards must be mounted 1/2” out from the mounting
surface.
AUDIO VISUAL AIDS
 AUDITORY AIDS
In purely auditory aids, sound recording and reproduction and transmission and reception
equipments some, which include radio receivers and recording equipments like disc, tape and
cassette players. These pieces of equipment be extremely useful for languages and social
studies lessons
RADIO
The most common form of public education and entertainment is radio receiver. These days
transistorized radio receivers are cheaply available, which can be run with dry batteries and
these are easily portable.

Using radio programs for classroom instruction

 The teaching procedure of a radio lesson should be in the following steps

 Procure and study in advance the nature and content of the radio lesson

 Prepare students for the radio lesson by informing them about the back ground of the
lesson
  Allow the students to listen to the radio lesson and you as a teacher note down the
important points covered by it

 Make use of the noted down points to be discuss the radio lesson with the students.

 Clarify and amplify the main points of the radio lesson using other a.v. aids

KINDS OF RADIOS

Kind of program Description

A talk is a sequential narration about a topic by a single
Talk speaker. A good radio talk is characterised by naturalness of
voice, pleasant tone punctuated by humorous incidents, human
interest stories and word pictures.
In a discussion a group of participants share their views in the
form of panels, interviews and debates. A numbers of voices
Discussion
make a discussion followed by a summery to review the major
points which emerge out of the discussion or debate.
It has various interesting sound effects to amplify emotions and
Dramatisation give the mental pictures the characters in a plot. Lessons on
stories or dance would make use of special sound effects.

ADVANTAGES:
1. Radio programs are good for mass education

2. There are effective for distance education

3. The dramatic effects can arouse positive emotions and reinforce positive attitudes

4. Through the radio programs, the effective and expert teachers can be made to reach
out to a large majority of students

5. It can be used for introducing a lesson as well as for reviewing a previous lesson

6. A good radio lesson can be recorded for use at an appropriate time.

DISADVANTAGES
1. It will have only auditory perception

2. Visual perception is not possible

3. It requires an instrument to be purchased