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Types of Flow

Unsteady flow occurs when the total head producing flow is variable, causing the discharge to change over time. This document discusses calculating the time it takes for the water level to change in tanks where the inflow and outflow rates are unequal, causing the head to rise or fall. The volume change is integrated over time to determine how long it will take for the level to change between two points, using formulas that depend on factors like cross-sectional area and flow through orifices, weirs, or between connected tanks.

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Percival Archer
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102 views15 pages

Types of Flow

Unsteady flow occurs when the total head producing flow is variable, causing the discharge to change over time. This document discusses calculating the time it takes for the water level to change in tanks where the inflow and outflow rates are unequal, causing the head to rise or fall. The volume change is integrated over time to determine how long it will take for the level to change between two points, using formulas that depend on factors like cross-sectional area and flow through orifices, weirs, or between connected tanks.

Uploaded by

Percival Archer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Unsteady Flow

• The flow through orifice, weirs, or tubes is


said to be steady only if the total head
producing flow, H, is constant. The amount of
fluid being discharged for a time I can
therefore be computed using the formula.
Unsteady Flow
• Where Q is the discharge, which is constant or
steady. In some conditions however, the head
over an orifice, tube or weir may vary as the
fluid flows out and thus causing the flow to be
unsteady.
Unsteady Flow
• Consider the tank shown in the figure to be
supplied with a fluid (inflow) and
simultaneously discharging through an outlet
(either an orifice, tube, weir or pipe).
Obviously, if Qin > Qout the head will rise and if
Qout > Qin, the head will fall. Suppose we are
required to compute the time to lower the
level from li to ha (assuming Qout > Qin), the
amount of fluid which is lost in the tank will
be
Unsteady Flow
• where dV is the differential volume lost over a
differential time dt. If the head over the outlet
is h, then the level will drop dh, thus dV = As
dh , where As is the surface area in the
reservoir at any instant and may be constant
or variable, then
• When there is no inflow (Qin = 0), the formula
becomes:
• Interchanging the limits to change the sign of
the integrand:

• Note: If As is variable, it must be expressed in


terms of h.
Unsteady Flow
• If the outflow is through and orifices or tube, .

• If the flow is through any other openings, use


the corresponding formula for discharge.
• For tanks with constant cross-sectional area
and the outflow is through an orifice or tube
(with no inflow), the time for the head to
change from H1, to H2 is:
Unsteady Flow
• For tanks with constant cross-sectional area
and the outflow is through an orifice or tube
(with no inflow), the time for the head to
change from H1, to H2 is:
Unsteady Flow
• If liquid flows through a submerged orifice or
tube connecting two tanks as shown, the time
for the head to change from H1, to H2 is:
Unsteady Flow
• where As1 and As2 is the water surface areas in
the tanks at any time, and H is the difference
in water surfaces in the two tanks at any time.
If As1 and/or As2 will vary, it must be expressed
in terms of H.
• If As1 and As2 are constant, i.e. the two tanks
have uniform cross-sectional area, the formula
becomes:

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