Binalonan, Pangasinan

MODULE 10: DANCE

Name: __________________________________________________________
Course and Year: ________________________

Introduction
This module deals with the definition, elements, kinds, and mediums of music. These details about dance will help the students to
understand and appreciate the art of dance and movements.

I. Objectives
At the end of the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Define what is music and its elements
2. Analyze and evaluate music in relation to their personal preferences
3. Perform a demonstration of showing appreciation to music and musical talent/skill

II. Lecture
DANCE:
 It is a form of art using rhythmic bodily movements expressing ideas and emotions and accompanied by music.
 As an art form, it may tell a story, set a mood, or express an emotion.
 It is a form of exercise; a number of people who want to physically fit and to lose weight turn into dancing.
 It is also a form of recreation; always a part of parties and other social activities.
 It is also a form of socialization, ballrooms and dance halls are venues where people socialize, meet new friends, and form new
associations.

ELEMENTS OF DANCE:
1. DANCER – it is the most important element of dance. Since he is the performer, there will not be a dance without him. He executes the
steps, follows the instructions of the choreographer, wears the costumes, and carries the props.
2. CHOREOGRAPHY – a choreographer is the dance director. He does the overall design of the dance, assigns the steps to be executed by
the dancer/s, selects the costumes and props that go with the dance, and determines the set designed for the dance.
3. DESIGN – is the planned organization or pattern of movements in time and space. It involves the movements and positioning of the
dancers, and the steps executed by them. An outstanding dance performance is always dependent on the design of the dance.
4. SUBJECT – is the message of the dance. It tells what the dance is about.
5. MOVEMENTS – these are classified into steps, gestures, and facial expressions.
 STEPS - are the dancers’ movements from one point on stage to another; these include leaps, turns, rolls and somersaults.
 GESTURES – are the movements of their heads, hands, feet and other body parts; these include swaying, head shaking, and foot
stomping, and clapping.
 FACIAL EXPRESSIONS – are the movements of their facial parts, as exemplified by the raising of eyebrows, pouting of lips, and
crumpling of forehead.
6. TECHNIQUES – the style or way of executing the movements. For example, the grind may be done singly or doubly or the twist may be
done quickly or slowly.
7. COSTUMES – are the things worn by the dancers during the performance. These include the headgear, the upper garments, the lower
garments, and the footwear.
 Hats, caps, fez, bonnets, helmets, crowns, turbans, and hoods are among the head gear.
 Blouses, kimono, kimono, baro’t saya, malong, patadyong, traje, gowns, Maria Clara dresses, skirts, bloomers, and the like are the
garments for female dancers.
 Shirts, camisa de chino, barong Tagalog, shorts, long pants, trousers, G-strings, and the like are for male dancers.
 Their footwear can be shoes, slippers, sandals, socks and stockings.
8. PROPERTIES - more commonly called props, properties are the things carried by the dancers as they perform. These include the glasses
with lighted candles (pandanggo sa ilaw), sombreros (pandaggo sa sambalilo), fans (fan dance), umbrellas (umbrella dance), sticks, pots,
spears and shield (singkil), towels, torches and so on.
9. SET DESIGN – is the setting or the background that indicates the place of action for the dancers. Vintas are placed as backdrop for
singkil, a vintage Spanish-inspired house for jota and nipa huts for tinikling.
10. OTHER THEATRICAL ELEMENTS – elements such as lighting effects, sound effects, visual effects, and the like form part of a dance
performance when the dance is performed as part of a musical play or when it is a theatrical dance.

KINDS OF DANCE:
Dances are classified in many ways.
 According to the number of performers, they are performed alone, by a pair, or by a group.
 Based on subject or content, there are war dances, courtship dance, harvest dance, ritual dance, etc.
  According to the nature of dance, they may be imitative (tinikling, itik-itik and maglalatik), interpretative, religious, and so forth.
 Based on purpose, they are grouped into folk or ethnic, social or ballroom, and spectacular or theatrical.
1. FOLK OR ETHNIC DANCES – are those performed by members of a tribe or ethnic group to conduct their day-today activities. Examples
are the Ifugao dance, Mangyan dance, Muslim dance, and so on.
2. SOCIAL OR BALLROOM DANCE - are those performed by pairs or groups in ballrooms or dance halls to socialize Examples are cha-cha-
cha, boogie, samba, mambo, salsa, tango, swing, waltz, fox trot, and other paired dances, as well as cotillion, rigodon de honor and other
group dances.
3. SPECTACULAR OR THEATRICAL DANCES – are those performed on stage as a spectacle to entertain the audience. Examples are
ballet, interpretative dances, and modern dances.

III. ACTIVITY/PRACTICE
ART HISTORY: With the given the names of selected dances, complete the table below by writing the dances’ respective artists, periods and
places of origin.

DANCE ARTIST PERIOD/YEAR PLACE OF ORIGIN

Break dancing
Charleston
Chicken Dance
Hip hop
Hustle
Limbo
Macarena
Tango
Twist
Waltz

IV. ASSESSMENT
ART CRITICISM: As a viewer or audience, which of the three dances is the most entertaining for you? Justify your answer.
 Binalonan, Pangasinan
MODULE 11: DRAMA
Name: __________________________________________________________
Course and Year: ________________________

Introduction
This module deals with the definition, elements, kinds, and mediums of drama These details about drama will help the
students to understand and appreciate the art of performing a drama.

I. Objectives
At the end of the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Understand the meaning, elements, types and history of drama
2. Compare two certain dramas and critique them based on its composition and personal preferences
3. Perform a short skit that shows skills or competencies needed in a drama

II. Lecture

Drama
 It is a form of art that depicts life's experiences through the reenactment of events that take place in the real world or happen
in the mind of the writer. More often than not, it mirrors life.
 Derived from the Greek word dram meaning to act or to do, drama is performed on stage or in front of the camera by actors
and actresses under the supervision of the director.
 Like music and dance, drama serves to inform and entertain.
 Unlike the other two performing arts, it serves to persuade because it can be used as propaganda.
 It still has other purposes: to help conserve a country's or society's legends, to execute its law, to explore its problems, to
demonstrate its codes, to ridicule its weaknesses? and to extend its knowledge,

Elements of Drama
The elements of play production vary from one medium to another. For instance, editing and cinematography do not apply to a stage
play. Besides editing and cinematography, lighting effects and visual effects do not apply a radio play. Generally, the elements of play
production are the literary elements direction, acting, editing, set design, production design, cinematography costume design, make-up,
properties, light or lighting effects, and sound effects

Literary Elements. The literary elements are those elements of drama as a literary art.

Direction. The director is the overall in charge of the dramatic performance, He instruct the actors and all the people involved
in the production from the production assistants to the cameramen, props men, effects men, designers, writers, editors,
cinematographers, and so on. He is always present from the preproduction stage to the post-production of the
play. The internationally acclaimed Lino Brocka epitomizes a good director.

Acting. The members of the cast perform the roles assigned to them by the director. They read the script, memorize their
lines, follow the instructions given by the director, and give justice to their assigned roles.

Editing. The editor sequences the scenes to be presented in such a way that they make up a coherent whole. Like a
newspaper editor who deletes unnecessary words from news, he takes out unnecessary scenes, particularly the obscene and
offensive ones.

Set Design. The set designer does the layout of the set. He determines what to place as backdrop and what to put on stage.
For example, the design for the set of the play, "New Yorker in Tondo," is a simulation of a living room of a middle-class family
residing in Tondo, Manila. Set designs are classified into realistic, abstract, suggestive, or functional.

Cinematography. The cinematographer is the person who takes charge of the photography, He looks for a location that fits the
story and, with the aid of the cameramen, shoots the scenes forming part of the drama. For example, some of the
underwater scenes of the top-rated television series "Dyesebel" were shot in Palawan.

Production Design. Similar to the set designer for a stage play, the production designer is tasked to do the overall design for a
drama to be shown on the small screen or the wide screen. Opposed to a set designer, a production designer has a bigger
responsibility because his work is not only limited to a studio, a room, or the stage but it covers an area as wide as a small
community or a large province. At times, his work also involves designing costumes, determining the props to be used, and
collaborating with the cinematographer. For example, the production designs of fantasy movies such as "Exodus" and "Harry
Potter' are elaborate.
Costume Design. The costume designer creates the clothes to be worn by the actors and actresses, Akin to a fashion
designer who comes up with fashionable clothes appealing to his target market; he sees to it that the costumes suit the
characters to be portrayed by the performers. For example, the actors in "Star Trek" and "Star Wars" wear outlandish
costumes to signify that they are aliens.

Make-Up. The make-up artist beautifies or uglifies the actors and actresses based on the roles they portray. For example,
Vilma Santos and Anne Curtis, who played the role of "Kampanerang Kuba," were made ugly and humpbacked. Linda Blair
looked terrifying in the horror movie entitled "The Exorcist." Make-up is made up of body paints (tattoos, lipsticks, face powder
and the like) and paddings (a hump on one's back, a big tummy to show obesity or pregnancy, and an artificial nose for the
Pinocchio character).

Properties. The properties (props for short) are the things which the actors and actresses carry or bring with them as they
perform on stage or in front of the camera in order to establish their characters. For example, a driver brings with him a hand
towel; a farmer, a bolo; a fisherman, a fishnet; a female prostitute, a pack of cigarettes; a vendor, his goods; and a teacher
books.
Light/Lighting Effects. The lights man is in charge of determining the amount (bright or dark) and the sources (sun, lamp,
flashlight, or candle) of light needed to make scenes realistic and credible. For example, if it is nighttime and the production
people are going to shoot a daytime scene, the lights must be in full blast. The reverse IS true if a nighttime scene is to be
shot during daytime. The persons involved in lighting effects must have a way of letting the audience know if the scene is
taking place at dawn, in the morning, at noon, in the afternoon, at dusk, or in the evening.
Sound Effects. The sound effects man is in charge of determining the amount (loud or soft) and the sources (people, animals,
objects, e. g., horns, and others, e. g., thunder) of sound needed to make the scenes realistic and credible. For example, if the
scene to be shot is in a busy street within the university belt, sounds such as the shouting of vendors, the honking of horns
and the noise emanating from moving vehicles must be present.

Visual Effects. The visual effects man is in charge of producing those sights that are not usually captured by the camera in
order to make the scenes effective, exciting, and appealing to the viewers. Examples are the division of the Red Sea in "The
Ten Commandments," the flying scenes of "Mulawin" and "Majika" characters, the disappearing and reappearing acts of
"Encantadia" and "La Vendetta" characters, and the duplication or multiplication of the same characters in "Darna" and
"Joaquin Bordado."

Theme Song. The theme song is the song composed to represent the theme or the subject matter of the drama. For example,
Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go on" and Mandy Moore's "Only Hope" appropriate theme songs for the films "Titanic" and "A
Walk to Remember," respectively.

Musical Score. The theme song is not the only song played in a drama, whether it is a comedy a tragedy, a melodrama, or
another genre. lhere are Other songs played to set the mood' (for example, romantic), to excite the audience (as in scenes
showing the protagonist chasing the antagonist' or vice versa), or keep the viewers glued to their seats (as in "High School
Musical," "Xanadu," and "Saturday Night Fever"). In Sharon Cuneta's movies "Bituing Walang Ningning" and "P.S. I Love
You," the theme songs having the same titles were not the only songs rendered; there were a lot of songs played to the
delight of the audience. The musical scorer is tasked to arrange the music that forms part of the drama.
Story. The story is one of the most important aspects of a play for without it, there won't be any productions The story may be
an adaptation (Lea salonga's musical play titled "Cinderella" is an adaptation of the fairy tale with the same title.) or an original
narrative ("My Best Friend's Girlfriend"). The story is the brainchild of the writer of the original story or of the author of the
novel (Lualhati Bautista's Bata, Bata, Paano Ka Ginawa and Dekada '70), short story, epic poetry (Homer's Iliad and
Odyssey), or any literary piece turned into a play.

Script. The script is that which contains the dialogue or the lines to be memorized by the performers. It also contains the
director's instructions. The author of the story is oftentimes the scriptwriter. For example, Ricardo Lee prepares the scripts for
the stories he writes. There are times when the story writer is different from the scriptwriter; in this case, the two collaborate to
make the drama an effective medium for communicating ideas and emotions, and for entertaining the theater- or movie-going
public.

Kinds of Drama
Tragedy. A tragedy is a drama in which the hero fails to fulfill his goal or goals. His failure is attributed to his tragic flaw, a fatal
mistake. The protagonist cannot overcome an inevitable failure although he may show courage along the way. The narrative
ends unhappily for the hero with whom the viewers sympathize; thus, it is regarded as a sad-ending story. However, a tragedy
does not necessarily end with the hero's death. Examples are the well-loved Theban plays of Sophocles, "Oedipus Rex" and
"Antigone," which are popular tragedies performed in school theaters and similar venues.

Comedy. A comedy is a drama in which the hero succeeds in fulfilling his goal or goals. Sometimes, it is comic all throughout
as a comedy of manners or a slapstick comedy such that the viewers laugh and laugh as they watch the performance. There
are comedies that are partially funny or more serious than funny; nevertheless, they are considered comedies because they
focus on the protagonist who is successful in his plans. Because the narrative ends happily for the hero, it is considered a
happy-ending story. Comedies are classified into situational comedy (sitcom), romantic comedy, comedy of idea, and comedy
of manners. Examples of this type are the comic films of Dolphy, the Comedy King of the Philippines, whose "John en
Marsha”, "Facifica Falayfay," and "Tatay Nick" were top-grossers.
 Tragicomedy. A tragicomedy is a drama in which the hero fails with respect to some goals but succeeds with respect to the
other goals. It is merely a combination of a tragedy and a comedy.

Farce. A farce is a drama written by an author whose intention is to poke fun at the hero, his subject. The hero, oftentimes
symbolizing a public official or a person of authority, is rendered ridiculous. The dramatic tone is satirical.

Melodrama. A melodrama is a drama that focuses not on the protagonist, but on the action or the situation. It is characterized
by a sentimental love story, sensational actions, extravagant emotions, and a happy ending. Most of Sharon Cuneta's films
are melodramatic.
Religious Play. A religious play is a drama that serves to reenact a biblical event or to teach a truth or truths pertaining to a
certain religion. Examples of religious plays are mystery plays, miracle plays, morality plays, and passion play (cenaculo). Mel
Gibson's The Passion of the Christ" is a good example of this type.

Historical Play. Just like a religious play, a historical play serves to reenact a historical event that plays an important role on
the lives of the viewers. Examples of this are "Rizal the Movie," "Rizal sa Dapitan," "Macario Sacay," and "Joan of Arc."

Musical Play. Also known as an opera, a musical play is an art form that combines music and drama. Dealing with any
subject, it differs from other plays inasmuch as the performers do not say their lines, but sing them. The performers here must
not be only good actors, but also be good singers. Therefore, the producers of the Filipino production of the Hindu epic
Ramayana entitled "Rama at Sita" hired the services of Lani Misalucha, Jaya, Ariel Rivera, and Franco Laurel. It involves
dances, too. Because it is a combined art, it has elements that are not present in a pure dramatic form. These are as follows:
overture (introduction), aria (performance by a solo singer), duet (performance by two singers), trio (performance by three
singers), quartette (performance by four singers), quintette (performance by five singers), sextette (performance by six
singers), septette (performance by seven singers), intermezzos and interludes (orchestral pieces played between acts and
scenes), recitative (recited part), chorus (choral or group singing), and dance.

Mediums in Drama
Stage Play. A stage play is a drama performed on stage. The dramatic performers perform live before an audience.
Examples are "New Yorker in Tondo" and "The World Is an Apple.”

Radio Play. A radio play is a drama aired over the radio. The dramatic performers perform live in the studio but not before an
audience. Examples are "Beinte Cuatro Oras" and "Ito ang Inyong Tiya Dely."

Television Play. A television play is a drama shown on television. dramatic performers tape the play days before it is
presented to the public. Examples are "Magpakailanman" and "Maalaala Mo Kaya."

Movie or Film. A movie or a film is a drama shown on the wide screen. The dramatic performers shoot the film months before
it is presented to the public. Examples are "Rizal the Movie" and "Muro Ami.”

III. ACTIVITY/PRACTICE
ART CRITISCISM:
Choose at least two of your favorite dramas (movies, soap operas, series, plays, TV programs) then compare these two dramas by its
elements (acting, cinematography, set or production design, etc.) genres and message to the audience/viewers.

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IV. ASSESSMENT
Google Quiz (30 pts.)
 Binalonan, Pangasinan

MODULE 12: PROSE AND POETRY

Name: __________________________________________________________
Course and Year: ________________________

Introduction
This module deals with the definition, elements, kinds and importance of the literary art which includes prose and poetry.
These details about prose and poetry will help the students to understand and appreciate the art of making poems and narratives.

I. Objectives
At the end of the end of this module, students should be able to:
1. Distinguish the differences between a prose and poem;
2. Analyze and judge a type of prose in relation to its own interpretation and knowledge; and
3. Interpret and appreciate a poem.

II. Lecture
PART I:
Prose is that broad genre of literature that is written in paragraph form. It is an expression that does not have a regular rhythmic
pattern. It differs from poetry in the sense that it does not have measure and rhyme, besides rhythm with sustained regularity. All
genres of prose, except essays, have the following elements: setting, characters, theme, plot, conflict, and point of view.

Elements of Prose
Setting. Setting refers to the time and locale of the story. It has the following elements: locale (broad category of place), time
of year, time of day, elapsed time, mood and atmosphere, climate, geography, man-made geography, eras Of historical importance,
social/political/cultural environment, population, and ancestral influences.
Characters. The characters are categorized into principal and supporting characters. Principal characters are the protagonist
and the primary antagonist, whereas the supporting characters are the supporting antagonists, confidants, foil, and background
characters. The characters maybe dynamic (change their traits as the story progresses) or static (remain the same throughout the
story). The traits of the characters are revealed by their speech and actions, by the author's descriptions, by what other characters
say about them, and by their juxtaposition with other characters. The characterization is divided into four levels: physical (sex, age,
size, color, race, etc.), social (economic status, profession, trade, religion, family, language, and social environment), psychological
(mindsets, attitudes, and behaviors), and moral (dilemma faced by the character).
a. Protagonist. The protagonist or the hero is the main character around whom the story revolves. In the fairy tale entitled
"Cinderella," the protagonist is Cinderella. More often than not, the protagonist is a good hero or heroine. If the protagonist is a bad
one or does not possess the traits of a conventional hero, he is described as an anti-hero or an anti-heroine.
b. Antagonist. The antagonist or the villain is the main or the supporting character who opposes the protagonist. In "Cinderella,"
the antagonists are Cinderella's stepmother and stepsisters. If the antagonist is not a human being but a natural force, the villain is
called an antagonistic force, for example, a fire or a cyclone.
c. Confidant/e. The confidant or confidante (feminine) is the supporting character upon whom the protagonist confides. He is the
sidekick of the hero; he is a constant companion of the hero and knows almost everything about the hero. The fairy godmother must
be the confidante of Cinderella.
d. Foil. The oil is the supporting character who serves as a contrast to the hero but does not necessarily oppose him. The traits
of the foil balance those of the hero.
e. Background Character. The background characters are those characters who provide reality to the story by their mere
presence. For example, in "Cinderella," they are the people who attended the ball sponsored by the prince.
f. Unseen Character. The unseen character is an absent character who, even in his absence, affects the development of the
story.

Theme. The theme is the idea or concept of the author expressed in a concise statement. Referred to as the message of the
story, it concretizes the abstract idea the writer wants to impart. It may be ferreted out from the title of the story, the plot, the
atmosphere, the dialogue of characters, the recurrent use of imagery, and the use of symbols, In some stories, for example,
Aesop's fables, the theme is stated as the moral of the story.

Plot. The plot is the chronological sequence of events in the story. It is divided into the following parts: exposition, rising
incident/s, complication, crisis, climax, denouement or resolution, falling incident/s, and conclusion.
a. Exposition. The first part of the plot, the exposition introduces the setting and the characters of the story. It is also called the
introduction or status quo. When the story starts in the conflict or in the middle, it is called in medias res.
b. Rising Incidents/s. The rising incidents are those incidents that lead to the complication.
c. Complication. Complication is the longest part of the narrative, in which the conflict develops.
d. Crisis. The crisis is the problem of the story.
e. Climax. Climax is the highest point of the story, during which the readers know how the conflict will be resolved.
f. Denouement or Resolution. The denouement or resolution is the part of the plot in which the conflict is resolved.
 g. Falling Incident/s. falling incidents are those incidents that lead to the conclusion. Shorter than the rising action, the falling
action may still have some suspenseful moments but, for the most part, gives the reader or audience a sense of completion, with
the various unsettled issues at work within the plot reaching some state of resolution.
h. Conclusion. The conclusion is the last part of the story's plot. It gives the story some finality. There are times, however, when
the story ends with a cliffhanger and the reader is left to make his conclusion.

Conflict. Conflict is the motivating, driving force that involves both characters and readers in the narrative; Synonymous with
opposition, conflict is classified into social, physical, metaphysical, and internal or personal conflict.
a. Social Conflict. Social conflict exists when the protagonist and the antagonist are opposed to each other. Known as "man
versus man" conflict, it is exemplified by Cinderella opposed by her stepmother and stepsisters.
b. Physical Conflict. Physical conflict occurs when the protagonist struggles against physical forces such as natural calamities,
illnesses, and the like. Known as "man versus nature" conflict, it is exemplified by the father' in the short story "Thirsty Is the Arid
Land" who dies of a lingering illness.
c. Metaphysical Conflict. Metaphysical conflict exists when the protagonist fights supernatural beings such as gods and
goddesses, vampires, werewolves, elves, fairies, and the like. "Ihis "man versus supernatural beings" conflict is shown in the
novels of J. K. Rowling, tho Harry Potter series, and of J.R.R. Tolkien, the "Lord of the Rings" series.
d. Personal or Internal or Psychological Conflict. Personal or internal conflict occurs when the character experiences a
dilemma. The conflict exists within the person as what Rose encountered in "Titanic" when she was torn between two lovers, Jack
and her fiancé.

Point of View. The point of view is the angle of narration. The frame of reference the author takes in telling the story is either
first person or third person (omniscient, objective, or selective).
a. Autobiographical Point of View. The autobiographical point of view is the first person or the "I" point of view. When the narrator
is either the principal character or any of the supporting characters who reports his experiences to the readers, the Writer
employs a participant's first-person point of view. On the other hand, when the narrator does not take an active part in the
story, the writer uses an observer's first-person point of view.
b. Omniscient Third-Person Point of View. The omniscient third-person viewpoint is employed by the author when the narrator
does not take part in the story, but as an all-knowing (omniscient) observer, he sees all the events and knows the speech,
actions, thoughts, and emotions (SATE) of the characters and reports them to the readers.
c. Objective Third-Person Point of View. The objective third-person viewpoint is used by the writer when the narrator does not
take part in the story, but reports objectively the events in the story. He states only what he observes, that is, the speech and
actions of the characters, and not their thoughts and emotions.
d. Selective Third-Person Point of View. The selective third-person viewpoint is used by the writer when the narrator does not
take part in the story, but he knows the speech, actions, thoughts, and emotions of some characters and reports them;
however, with the rest of the characters, he reports only their speech and actions.

Tone. Tone is the emotional climate inherent in the story. It can be tragic, angry, humorous, pathetic, condemning,
condescending, accusing, satirical, cynical, romantic, sympathetic, etc.
Atmosphere. The atmosphere is either the psychological environment or the predominant tone or mood of the literary piece.

Kinds of Prose Works

Fiction. The counterpart of narrative poetry, fiction includes prose works that tell a story. It is classified into short stories,
novels, and novelettes.
a. Short Story. A short story is a narrative prose that has one to ten pages, a single setting, few characters (from two to five), a
singular theme, and a simple plot. Because it is short, it is read in one sitting. Based on focus, short stories are categorized
into stories of character, stories of plot, stories of theme, and stories of atmosphere or setting. A story of character focuses on
the protagonist who takes an active role in the development of the plot; a story of plot centers on the series of events that
influence the actions of the protagonist; a story of theme emphasizes the central idea which the writer intends to relate to the
life of the protagonist; and a story of setting places utmost importance to the time and locale of the story a through vivid
description of the two and how these affect the protagonist.
b. Novel. A novel is a narrative prose that has about 50 pages or more, multiple setting, many characters (20 or more), a
plurality of themes, and a complicated plot. Because of its length, it is read in more than one sitting. Novels are classified into
detective novels, romantic novels, philosophical novels, historical novels, religious novels, symbolic novels, naturalistic novels,
realistic novels, stream-of-consciousness novels, bildungsnoman, and novels of the sea, novels of the soil, and novels of
adventure.
c. Novelette. A novelette is a short novel. It is a narrative prose intermediate between a novel and a short story.

Prose Drama. The counterpart of dramatic poetry, a drama or play is a narrative prose intended to be performed on stage. It is
classified into tragedy, comedy, tragicomedy, farce, melodrama, closet drama, and religious play.
*Closet Drama. A closet drama is a drama that is intended to be read, not to be staged or performed.

Essay. The counterpart of lyric poetry, an essay is a prose work dealing with a single subject, usually representing the writer's
personal experience and outlook. It is either a formal or an informal essay. Essays are grouped into reflective essays, critical
essays, editorial essays, nature essays, scientific essays, narrative essays, descriptive essays, speculative essays, socio-
political essays, character sketch essays, and biographical essays
a. Formal Essay. A formal essay is an essay which has for its subject matter "high-brow" topics such as scientific findings,
societal problems, religious conflicts, etc. Its language is technical, highly standardized, and educated, Also called
impersonal, unfamiliar, or heavy essay, it has a serious, objective' and dispassionate tone.
 b. Informal Essay. An informal essay is an essay which has for its subject matter topics that are light or familiar such as pencils
or waiting for a ride. Its language may be colloquial or even slangy, also called personal, familiar, or light essay, it has a
conversational, flippant, and subjective tone.

PART II:
Poetry is that broad genre of literature that is written in stanza form. It is characterized by a regular rhythmic pattern, rhyme,
horizontal and/or vertical measure, imagery, symbolism, and figurative language.

Elements of Poetry
Measure. Measure involves the counting of the number of lines and stanzas (vertical measure) and the number of syllables
and feet (horizontal measure).
1. Vertical Measure. Poems and stanzas are classified according to the number of lines. When a stanza or a poem has two lines, it
is called a couplet; three lines, a triplet (the three lines rhyme) or tercet (the first and last lines rhyme); four lines, quatrain or
quartet; five lines, cinquain or quintain; six lines, sestet; seven lines, septet; eight lines, octave; nine lines, nonet; and so forth.

2. Horizontal Measure. Lines are described according to the number of syllables. A line with one syllable is described as
monosyllabic; with two syllables disyllabic; with thru' syllables, trisyllabic; with four syllables, tetrasyllabic; with five syllables,
pentasyllabic with six syllables, hexasyllabic; with seven syllables, heptasyllabic; with eight syllables, octosyllabic; with nine
syllables, nonasyllabic; with ten syllables, decasyllabic; with eleven syllables, undecasyllabic; and with twelve syllables,
dodecasyllabic. When lines are measured according to the number of feet or meters, they are classified as follows: a line with one
foot, monometer; with two feet, dimeter; with three feet, trimeter; with four feet, tetrameter; with five feet, pentameter; with six feet,
hexameter; with seven feet, heptameter; and with eight feet, octameter.

Rhythm. Rhythm is the regular succession of accented and unaccented syllables in a line. It is associated with the metrical
feet, which are classified as follows: iamb, a foot with an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable; anapest, a foot with
two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable; trochee, a foot with a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable;
dactyl, a foot with a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables; spondee, a foot with two stressed syllables; and pyrrhic
foot, a foot with two unstressed syllables.

Rhyme. Rhyme is the presence of words that have similar or identical final sounds.

Imagery. Imagery is the creation of a picture or pictures by using words that appeal to the senses. It is visual, auditory,
olfactory, gustatory, tactile or tactual, kinesthetic, or thermal.
1. Visual Imagery. Visual imagery involves the sense of sight. Words pertaining to size (big, small, tall, etc.), shape (ovoid,
triangular, octagonal, etc.), color (azure, verdant, fuchsia, etc.), and similar physical characteristics contribute to the visual imagery.
2. Auditory Imagery. Auditory imagery involves the sense of hearing. Words pertaining to sound (loud, soft, noisy, etc.) present
auditory imagery.
3. Olfactory Imagery. Olfactory imagery involves the sense of smell. Words pertaining to odors or scents (stinking, aromatic,
pungent, etc.) present olfactory imagery.
4. Gustatory Imagery. Gustatory imagery involves the sense of taste. Words pertaining to taste (sweet, acrid, stale, etc.) present
gustatory imagery.
5. Tactile or Tactual Imagery. Tactile or tactual imagery involves the sense of touch. Words pertaining to texture (rough, smooth,
etc.,) and touch (slippery, wet, dry, etc.) contribute to tactile imagery.
6. Kinesthetic imagery. Kinesthetic imagery involves the sense of movements. Words pertaining to motion (fast, slow, quaking,
etc.) present kinesthetic
7. Thermal Imagery. Thermal imagery involves the sense of heat. It is exemplified by heat-related words such as lukewarm, hot,
cold, etc.

Symbolism. Symbolism is manifested when one thing is let to represent another. A symbol is something which represents
something else by association, resemblance, or convention. For example, a mountain is used to symbolize a great obstacle; a
strong wall, a powerful or influential person; flowers, ladies or women; and butterflies and bees, men courting women.

Figures of Speech. Figures of speech are those words and phrases connotatively used by the writer to communicate an
abstract idea or to produce an effect that words used in their ordinary or denotative sense can't produce. Simile, metaphor,
hyperbole, personification, and other figures of speech.

Kinds of Poetry
Narrative Poem. A narrative poem serves to tell a story. It is either an epic, a ballad, a metrical tale, or a metrical romance,
a. Epic. An epic is a long narrative poem which deals with the exploits or adventures of a hero. It is classified as a folk epic if it is
unknown authorship or as a literary epic if it was purposely written by an author who made himself known. Tie Ilocano epic "Biag
ni Lam-ang" used to be a folk epic when it was still a part of the Ilocanos' oral literature, but when Pedro Bukaneg (considered the
Father of Ilocano Literature) put it into writing and claimed authorship of it, the epic became a literary epic.
b. Ballad. A ballad is a short narrative poem which deals with a single incident and has a singable quality. Similar to an epic, a
ballad is classified into a folk ballad ifit is not authored or a literary ballad if somebody claimed authorship of it. Francois Villon's
"The Ballad of Dead Ladies') is an example of a literary ballad.
c. Metrical Tale. A metrical tale is a short story in verse form. It lacks the single quality of a ballad.
d. Metrical Romance. A metrical romance is a love story in verse form It differs from a metrical tale for the reason that its subject
is love. performed
 Dramatic Poem. A dramatic poem is a poem intended to be or staged. It is classified into tragedy, comedy, tragicomedy, farce,
historical play, and religious play.

Lyric poem. A lyric poem is a poem which deals with a certain subject matter.
a. Ode. An ode is a poem addressed to some praised object, person, or quality, characteristically exhortatory and philosophical,
and using an elevated language.
b. Elegy. An elegy is a poem for the dead that is far from pessimistic, ennobling, exalted in tone, and offering an optimistic note
in the end.
c. Simple Lyric. A simple lyric is a poem that is pictorial and reflective.
d. Song. A song is a melodious poem intended to be sung and readily adapted to music.
e. Psalm. A psalm is a song of praise to God or the Virgin Mary.
f. Sonnet. A sonnet is a 14-line poem. It is classified into Petrarchan, Shakespearean, Spenserian, or Filipino.
g. Hymn. A hymn is a metrical composition adapted for singing in a religious service. Like a psalm, it is a song of joy or praise to
the Lord or the Virgin Mary.

III. ACTIVITY/PRACTICE
ART CRITICISM:
A. Look for a poem (Filipino/English) worth analyzing from popular books of poetry. Write your own analysis below. Avoid copying what
is found on the internet.
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B. Choose at least one example of your favorite prose (Filipino/English) you have read, make your own analysis about its elements and
message. These elements include setting, characters, plot, point of view, theme, tone or atmosphere if you choose a short story, novel
or drama. Then, the elements include theme, atmosphere, and point of view if you choose essay.

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IV. ASSESSMENT (REQUIREMENT FOR FINAL PERIOD)

PERFORMANCE TASK:

 In doing this performance, you may choose to sing, play an instrument, dance, act or do a spoken poetry.
 Take a video of yourself doing your chosen performance (minimum of 2 minutes).
 The rubrics/criteria will be posted in your Google Classroom.
 DANCE PERFORMANCE: You may choose any genre or kind of dance you want to do.
 SPOKEN POETRY: You may perform this one with a Filipino/English poem (self-written or written by another person as long
as you mentioned the poet before your performance).
 DRAMA: If you preferred acting, you can make your own script and make an acting that could be done by your own or with
other persons also. Make sure you memorize your lines and put such emotions or expressions while you are acting. You may
refer to some of your favorite dramas then memorize their lines and make your own version of its acting.