CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
Producing ATPs
DISCLAIMER:
Figures are courtesy of Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the topic, at least 80% of the students are able to:
define cellular respiration;
differentiate between aerobic, anaerobic respiration and fermentation;
describe the structure of mitochondrion and its role in aerobic respiration;
identify the stages of aerobic respiration and discuss the events occurring
in each stage;
account for the ATPs produced in aerobic respiration and fermentation;
and
cite some differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic aerobic
respiration in terms of ATP produced.
Concept 1:
Cellular respiration yields energy (ATP) by oxidizing organic
molecules
Concept 1:
Cellular respiration yields energy (ATP) by oxidizing organic
molecules
catabolic reactions --- breakdown of complex molecules
into simpler ones to release stored energy
aerobic respiration
requires O2 as reactant
anaerobic respiration
use other reactants other than oxygen
fermentation
does not require oxygen
AEROBIC RESPIRATION:
Harvesting Energy With O2
Concept 2:
Aerobic pathway is the most efficient cellular respiration
aerobic respiration is a step-by-step process
catalyzed by enzymes
organic molecule (i.e. sugar) is oxidized to CO2
oxygen is reduced to H2O
electrons are transferred to electron carriers, i.e.
NAD+ and FAD
oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Concept 2:
Aerobic pathway is the most efficient cellular respiration
aerobic respiration is divided into 3 general stages
Glycolyis
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport
chain/chemiosmosis)
substrate-level phosphorylation produces ATP by
transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to
ADP with the help of enzymes
oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP by adding
inorganic phosphate to ADP using the energy from the
flow of electrons in the ETC
GLYCOLYSIS
Concept 3:
Glycolysis harvests ATP by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
glyco (sugar) + lysis (splitting)
occurring in the __________
Cytosol
goal: glucose → pyruvate
2 sub-phases
energy investment phase
energy payoff phase
ENERGY
INVESTMENT
PHASE
ENERGY
INVESTMENT
PHASE
ENERGY
PAYOFF
PHASE
ENERGY
PAYOFF
PHASE
In summary...
glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+
2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 NADH
*net 2 ATP
More notes…
Is CO2 produced in the process?
NO
Will glycolysis proceed in the absence of oxygen?
YES
What mechanism was used to produce ATP?
SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
KREBS CYCLE
Concept 4:
Krebs cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of
organic molecules
a.k.a citric acid cycle; tricarboxylic acid cycle
occurring in the __________
matrix
goal: pyruvate → CO2
2 sub-stages
pyruvate oxidation
Krebs cycle proper
PYRUVATE
OXIDATION
In summary...
2 pyruvate + 2 ADP + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD
6 CO2 + 2 ATP + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2
More notes…
Is CO2 produced in the process?
YES
Will Krebs cycle proceed in the absence of oxygen?
◼ NO
What mechanism was used to produce ATP?
SUBSTRATE-LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN / CHEMIOSMOSIS
Concept 5:
During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron
transport to ATP synthesis
Inner mitochondrial membrane
occurring in the ______________________
involves protein complexes (I, II, III, IV) and ATP
synthase
goal of ETC: create proton gradient
goal of chemiosmosis: ATP synthesis
3i
In summary...
10 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 4 ADP + 6 O2
10 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 4 ATP + 6H2O
1 NADH = 3 ATPs ; 10 NADH x 3 = 30 ATPs
1 FADH2 = 2 ATPs ; 2 FADH x 2 = 4 ATPs
glycolysis & citric acid cycle = 4 ATPs
TOTAL = 38 ATPs
FERMENTATION:
Harvesting Energy Without O2
Concept 6:
Fermentation enable cells to produce ATP without the use of
oxygen
fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen
goal: regenerate NAD+
2 types
alcohol fermentation: pyruvate → ethanol
lactic acid fermentation: pyruvate → lactate
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
AND FERMENTATION:
A Comparison
CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
Producing ATPs
DISCLAIMER:
Figures are courtesy of Pearson Education, Inc.
