EDSCI – REVIEWER

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Physical Properties
• can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the matter
• such properties are used to observe and describe the matter.
• includes the appearance of an object such as color, odor, melting point, density and many others.

Chemical Properties
• deals with the characteristics of the chemical made up of a substance or how it reacts with other
substances.
• the substance’s internal structure must be affected for its chemical properties to be investigated
• tell how an object can change into another material.
• For example, a piece of paper was thrown into a fire, would it stay the same? Definitely not because
from being a piece of paper it turned into ashes.
• Such characteristic of flammability wherein changing a piece of paper to ashes is among its chemical
properties.
• Corrosion is another chemical property of some matter. It is a damage to a material when it is exposed to
different substances.
o Rusting is an example of corrosion. It is the reaction of iron with water and oxygen.

Special Properties
• Malleability
✓ This is the ability of an object to be pressed, forged, beaten or rolled into thin sheets.
✓ There are various materials that display malleability such as copper, silver, aluminum and lead.
Also, pure gold is the most malleable material.
• Brittleness
✓ If you drop a glass on the floor, what will happen? Glass has a special property of brittleness of
the ability to break easily.
✓ There are other materials that possess brittleness as one of their characteristics like ceramics,
eggshells and chalks.
• Flexibility
✓ There are some materials that are capable of bending, being turned or twisted because they are
flexible.
✓ This ability to bend without breaking is called flexibility
• Hardness
✓ Hardness is the special property of the matter that enables it to resist being scratched or dented.
• Ductility
✓ Ductility is the ability of the material to be drawn into fine or thin wires.
✓ If you look at what is inside the wire and remove the rubber outside, you will find a very thin
wire made of copper.
✓ Copper is also used to make filaments in light bulbs. Also, materials like silver and gold have the
ability of ductility.
• Porosity
✓ When you use a towel to dry up your body after taking a bath or when something spills and you
clean it by using a sponge, the ability of the sponge and the towel to absorb liquid is called
porosity.
✓ Porous materials have pores or little holes that allow them to hold moisture up to a certain
amount.
• Elasticity
✓ What materials can stretch?
✓ Like rubber bands and garter, they have the special property of elasticity or the ability to stretch
and to return to its original shape and size after being stretched.
• Buoyancy
✓ Ships are made up of metal, but they float in water. How can that be?
✓ It is because an object that floats in water has buoyancy or the ability of an object to float in a
fluid. Boats and corks possess the said property.
✓ However, the ability of an object to float or sink will depend on its density.
✓ An object that has lesser density will float while materials with greater density than that of the
water will sink.

States of Matter
• The “state” of matter refers to the group of matter with the same properties. Materials are grouped
together according to their properties.
• If a material is grouped as solid, it has a definite shape and volume. The volume or size of an object or
material is the amount of space it occupies.
• If a material is in a liquid, it has a definite volume but follows the shape of its container.
• A material is a gaseous state has no definite shape and volume.
It has the ability to spread filling out any available space of its container.
The air blown into the balloons of different shapes was a mixture of gases.
The shape and volume of air once inside the balloons also follow the shape and volume of the container
• Solid
▪ Solid is a state of matter that has definite shape and definite volume.
▪ It keeps its own size.
▪ Some common examples are marbles, Ping-Pong ball, sponge, rock, empty bottle, bag, pen, book,
jewelries, and many others.
▪ Solids have other special properties.
o Hardness is the ability of solids to resist breaking and scraping.
o Other solids have distinctive properties like metals.
❖ Jewelries such as rings, bracelets and necklaces are made up of metals, gold, silver,
or platinum

o Brittleness - the property that makes solids easy to break when a force is applied to it.
❖ Other solids are brittle like chalk, concrete, and glass.\

• Liquid
▪ Liquid is a state of matter that keeps its size but takes the shape of its container.
▪ A liquid can also flow as it is transferred or poured from one container to another.
▪ Juice, water, our body’s sweat, milk, rubbing alcohol, and cola drinks are common examples of a
liquid.

• Gas
▪ Gas is a state of matter that can freely change its shape and size.
▪ It spreads out to fill its container.
▪ Gases flow like liquids.
▪ They are very light and often they cannot be seen.
▪ A very common gaseous material is air, which is a mixture of gases.
▪ Other examples are the helium inside an inflated birthday balloon, water vapor, perfume in the
air, fumes from cars and factories, oxygen gas that we breath in, and carbon dioxide the we expel
out.

GROUPING MATERIALS BASED ON PROPERTIIES

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
• Buoyancy
▪ The ability of materials to float in water.
▪ Some materials that can float or sink exhibit the property of buoyancy and density.
▪ These enable boats and ships to float.
▪ An object will float or sink depending on its density.
❖ Density is a measure of the amount of matter in a given volume of liquid.
❖ To get the density of an object, the mass of that object is divided by its volume
(D=m/v)
 ✓ For example, the mass of a metal is 10 grams, and its volume is 20 cubic
centimeters. Its density therefore is 10 g/20 cm3
✓ D=10g/20 cm3 or D=.5g/ cm3
✓ If the density of an object is less than the density of the liquid, the object will
float.
✓ An object will sink if its density is greater than that of the liquid.

• Porosity
▪ A property of material that allows it to absorb water and other liquids.
▪ A material that is porous like dishwashing sponge is an example of an absorbent material.
❖ Other porous materials include cotton balls, gauze, blankets and pillows.
▪ Non-absorbent or non-porous materials are those that do not absorb water like plastic bags,
canisters, cans and ceramic mugs.
▪ They are useful for storing food items therefore they should be kept dry.
❖ Umbrellas and raincoats are also non-absorbent.

• Decomposition
▪ A property of materials to break down into simpler or smaller forms of matter.
❖ Take the case of ripe fruits like banana which easily decays after a few days.
❖ The organic matter in these parts of the plant is returned to the ground and
becomes part of the soil.
▪ All materials that decay are also referred to as biodegradable.

▪ Decaying process is important in returning organic substances to the soil so that other livings will
also have source of nutrients for their needs.
▪ Humus in soil is rich in organic substances produced by action of decomposers.
▪ There are several stages of decomposition.
▪ Using leaves and fruits as examples discusses the stages of decomposition.
▪ Not all materials decay as fast as plant or animal parts.
▪ Those that do not decay are called non-biodegradable.
❖ When thrown into canals and other bodies of water they clog drainage and may
cause floods and pollution.
❖ There are town or city ordinances that prohibit the use of plastic bags to hold
goods sold in stores and market since it takes a long time for these to decompose.
❖ It has been observed that garbage landfills are full and become homes for rats and
other disease carrying organisms.

FACTORS AFFECTING DECOMPOSITION

o Presence of Organism or Decomposer that Cause Decay
o Temperature
o Moisture
o Exposure to Elements
o Salt Content of the Material
Presence of Organism or Decomposer that Cause Decay
• Decomposer can be detritivores, fungi and bacteria.
▪ Detritivores like earthworm breakdown plant an animal materials and feed on these.
▪ Fungi, like mushroom and ear fungi breakdown plant materials and cause decay at the same time
feeding on the decayed materials.
▪ Bacteria are microorganisms that we cannot see but their action can be observed on dead
animals’ bodies when these are undergoing decay.
• Usually, the process is accompanied by foul or bad smell. Spoiled food has foul odor because of decay
that is going on.

TEMPERATURE
• The warmer the temperature, the faster is the decay process.
▪ So, when the days are very warm leaving spaghetti on the table and other carbohydrate rich food
will easily spoil.
▪ Placing food in the refrigerator slows down the growth of decomposers.
MOISTURE
• Have you noticed a pile of leaves during summer in the school yard but during rainy season, the leaves
disappears fast and blend with the soil?
▪ With water available, the plant parts easily crumble and decompose.
▪ Decomposers are also present in moist places, so the decay process is fats.
▪ Dry materials like leaves are not good habitats for decomposers.
▪ Drying fish prevents bacteria from feeding on the flesh if the fish.

Exposure to Elements
• Our mother would remind us to cover the food left after a meal.
• Air may contain bacteria and will hit the food.
• Covering the food prevents bacteria from growing on the food and start the decay process.

Salt Content of the Material

• Have you noticed that fish, squid, and meat do not decay immediately when salted?
▪ A salty food decay slowly. This is because decomposers cannot grow well in salty environment.
▪ Salting is a way of delaying or stopping decomposition, thus preserving food for some time.
Effects of Decay on Our Health
• Food particles left in the mouth and teeth are food for bacteria when you don’t brush your teeth
regularly.
• The action of bacteria release acids that can dissolve the enamel of your teeth creating tooth cavities.
• Eating left over food that has started to Decay may cause loose bowel movement.
• It is advisable not to eat food that has started to emit foul odor.

USEFUL OR HARMFUL MATERIALS

• Multiple material products are beneficial to man because of technology.
• Because of technology, raw materials are transformed to different products that have improved man’s
way of life.
• However, some products which are useful to man maybe harmful to animals and plants and the
environment or the other way around.
• Sometimes, it is the incorrect use of the useful materials that makes these harmful.
• Hence, it is imperative to really identify characteristics of household and consumer materials.
• Here are important concepts that can help future teachers understand about the topic.
▪ Household materials and consumer products can be grouped as
(1) those used for cleaning.
(2) for food preparation.
(3) beautification.
(4) building construction; and
(5) household products.
▪ Materials found in products like metal container, ceramic, rubber, glass or plastic have specific
properties.
▪ Humans have learned to manipulate the different properties of matter to create other uses.
▪ Materials are enhanced or upgraded by technology.
▪ Technology has continuously improved the quality of products such as detergents,
household cleaners, food seasoning, medicine, plastic, paints, stainless metals and many
more making human life convenient.
▪ In fact, technology has enhanced beauty products and health products which are very
popular among consumers today.
▪ Materials have beneficial effects at home and in the environment.
▪ They can make work and life easier like cooking faster, preserving food, keeping homes
and clothes clean, smells good and disinfected.
 ▪ However, materials can sometimes do harm.
▪ They may contain hazardous substance, an ingredient that may cause skin irritation, injury,
or illness during or after handling or use or if accidentally taken.
▪ Chemicals can contaminate food and when properly disposed of or even used, they can
cause death.
▪ Hence, there is a need to exercise care and caution when using them.
▪ Before buying or using any consumer products-such as food, clothing, medicine, cleaning
product, soap and shampoo, insect repellent or pesticides always find out if it is the best for the
purpose you need.
Caution: Always read the labels or product information leaflets first

Mixtures and their Characteristics

MIXTURE
• It is made up of two substances or materials that are put together by physical means.
• When marbles, paper clips, buttons, sugar and saw dust are combined together they form mixtures.
• In forming mixtures, no new substances and or materials are formed because mixing materials or
substances together does not change the physical properties of substances or materials.
• All phases of matter can be physically combined to form mixtures.
• One or more phases of matter are combined in a mixture and one or more phases of matter can be
observed in mixtures.
3 Basic Characteristics of Mixtures
1. The composition of the mixture is variable.
▪ For example, the components of the mixture of marbles, paper clips and buttons can differ or
vary.
2. The components retain their original characteristics.
▪ Marbles, paper clips, buttons, sugar, and sawdust do not lose their appearance, texture, color and
shape after they are mixed together
3. The components are easily separated by physical methods.
▪ Since no chemical reaction has taken place when mixing marbles, paper clips, and buttons, as
well as mixing with saw dust, it is possible for these materials to be separated. Can you suggest
ways on how to separate these materials from the mixture?

Classification of Mixtures
• Homogeneous mixtures, or well-mixed mixtures, are those that appear single-phased.
▪ The particle size of the components is too small to be seen by the unaided eye, and the mixture
appears transparent or clear.

• Heterogeneous mixtures or unevenly- mixed mixtures are those where the particles of one or more
components can still be differentiated from the rest of the mixture by the unaided eye.

▪ Two or more phases of matter can be observed.

CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO

Changes in Matter due to Changes in Temperature

• Matter exists as solid, liquid, or gas.

• The change in state can be brought about by the effect of heat or a change in temperature.

• The changes could be explained using the particle model.

Change of State
• The particle model shows that solid, liquid and gas are made up of small particles.
• These particles are always moving.
• The behavior of these particles differs in the 3 states and hence can be used to explain what happens
in changes in state.

Solid
• The particles in a solid are very close to each other.
• There is a very strong force that holds these particles together.
• Hence, their movements are limited. The particles are vibrating but not spreading apart.
• his explains why solid has a rigid and compact appearance.

Liquid
• The particles in a liquid are arranged far apart from each other.
• The force holding them is not as strong as that in solid.
• Thus, the particles can glide or slide around one other and tend to occupy the bottom of the container.
• This explains why liquid takes on the shape of the container.

Gas
• Gas particles lie very far from each other.
• The force holding them is very weak.
• This is the reason why the particles of gas move faster.
Changes in Matter – Solid to Liquid
Heat energy is always present when matter changes state.
As temperature increases as observed when heat from the hot water is added to solid like the
ice candy and wax, the particles in these solid materials take in the heat energy.
They change it into energy of motion and begin to move and vibrate so fast.
As the particles in the solid speed up, consequently they also move farther apart.
If the particles gained enough energy, they will have enough room to slide past each other.
They break free from their fixed positions.
Consequently, the solid matters (ice candy and wax) begin to melt.
Melting is the change of state from solid to a liquid.

Changes in Matter – Liquid to Gas

Increasing the temperature further of a liquid state like water which resulted from melting, will
cause the water particles to move faster and more rapidly farther apart.
This allows the particles to escape. The liquid water begins to change to a gas – called water
vapor.
This can continue if heat is added or the temperature increases, and the liquid will continue to
boil.
Bubbles of water vapor will keep forming and escaping until all the liquid changes to gas.
Boiling is the rapid change of state from a liquid to a gas. It occurs at or above the boiling
temperature
Vaporization takes place when the particles in a liquid gain enough energy to move
independently, forming a gas.
Evaporation usually occurs on the surface of the liquid.

Changes in Matter – Liquid to Solid

Suppose more energy or heat is taken away from liquid like when the liquid ice candy or just
plain water is placed in the freezer where the temperature is maybe 00C or even lower, the
particles in the liquid will slow down.
They will begin to move closer to each other.
If the particles lose enough energy the ice candy or the water begins to freeze.
The change of state from a liquid to a solid is freezing.

Changes in Matter – Solid to Gas

In some cases, solid particles present in solid like naphthalene balls are directly converted to
gaseous state.
This is only possible when the surface particles of a solid gain enough energy that they form a
gas
During sublimation, particles of a solid do not pass through the liquid state as they form a gas.
As a solid material sublimates into a gas, the freedom of motion of its particles increases.
In case of naphthalene balls, the material solid disappears, however, its odor can be smelled in
the air.
Materials can be bent, pressed, hammered, and cut.
• Bending, pressing, hammering, and cutting do not change the state of matter.
• Only the form, size and shape can be altered
• Furniture making is one source of income for people.
• Wood, bamboo, rattan, wire, and many more could be used as raw materials.
• Take bamboo chair making.
• The long pole is cut into desired dimension by a carpenter.

Materials change when exposed to different temperatures.

• Our daily life is made easy because of the changes that matter undergone
• Some of the you prefer to eat radish prepared with vinegar, sliced onions, and ripe tomatoes.
• The taste of the dish is enhanced when you mix all the ingredients.
• Fried fish for breakfast has a different taste.
• Similarly, boiled egg has a different appearance, texture, and taste from scrambled egg.
• These changes are useful to our environment and to us.
• Other useful products are fertilizer, vitamins, food milk products, cleansing agents, lotion,
shampoo, medicines and many more.
• Remember that raw materials are plenty in our environment that could be turned into useful
products that make our life easy and comfortable

Water when it undergoes change from one state to another is useful to life on earth.
• We use water for drinking, washing clothes, and for many household, industrial or agricultural
uses.
• Aquatic forms of life also need water as their habitat.
• However, when monsoon rains come in June to December, many provinces in Luzon remain
flooded.
• This is a negative effect of heavy rainfall.

Materials can also change resulting in the formation of one or more new material or different
substance.
• If physical change involves only a change in state, size, shape or form, a chemical change
involves a change in the composition of matter.
• Most chemical changes are not reversible, except through another chemical reaction.
• For example, the case of mixing baking soda and vinegar caused the balloon to blow up.
• The reaction between the two materials resulted to the formation of water and gas as indicated
by the bubbles.
• The gas formed is carbon dioxide which could not escape but into the balloon causing it be
inflated.

There are also changes of matter that are harmful.

• Rusting of iron, leaching from decomposing matter, and domestic wastes thrown into bodies of
water releasing odor are harmful.
• Fossil fuels converted to petroleum products, kerosene, diesel oil and gasoline enable us to
travel fast.
• However, such conversion of fuel to energy produces smoke or exhaust from motor that are
detrimental to our health.
CHANGES THAT MATERIALS UNDERGO DUE TO OXYGEN AND HEAT

Presence of Oxygen
• Chemical change is a change in matter that results in the formation of one or more new substances.
• The new material has a different composition when compared with original material.
• When one of the possible suggestions to be done on a piece of paper to change it is by burning.
• Burning can transform the paper into ashes and water entirely different from the original material.
• Oxygen is a part of the air that surrounds us.
• It has effects on different materials. The presence of oxygen in the air can cause chemical change on
materials.

What Makes the Apple Turn Brown?

• When the apple was cut or damaged, oxygen in the air is introduced into the fruit’s damaged tissue
material.
• When oxygen is present in the cells of the fruit, the enzymes (polyphenol oxidase or PPO) in the
chloroplasts rapidly oxidize the phenolic compounds naturally present in the apple tissues to o-quinones
(ortho-quinones), a colorless precursors or antecedents to brown-colored secondary products.
• O-quinones then produce the well observed brown color by reacting to form compounds with amino
acids or proteins in the material as in this case, apple fruit.
• The browning of the fruit is the start of the food spoilage
• In some cases, there are some apples which seem to brown faster than others.
• Nearly all plant tissues including other fruits, root crops like sweet potato, and eggplant contain PPO.
• However, the level of PPO activity and concentration can vary depending on the kind or variety of
fruits and on the growing conditions and fruit maturity.
• At home, enzymatic browning can be prevented by coating freshly cut apples, bananas, mango, and
other fruits in sugar or syrup to reduce oxygen diffusion and thus slowing down the browning reaction
• Rusting of iron is another chemical change brought about by the action of oxygen from the air on the
iron metal.
• Some materials can also change even under the condition of lack of oxygen.

Sugar and Heat– What Comes Next?

Application of Heat
• Originally the sugar was crystalline white.
• Upon exposure to heat from the burning alcohol lamp, it melted and turned into syrup.
• The melting caused the breakdown of sugar into simple sugars such as fructose and glucose.
• This is manifested by the delectable aroma it created.
• The continued exposures to heat ultimately changed the color of the melted sugar from white to
yellow and then brown, which is totally different from the original material.
• This color change is caused by the further breakdown of the sugar molecules and formation of caramel
• The chemical change alters the color of sugar along with the taste and consistency of the sugar.
• Heat, as a form of energy plays an important role in chemical changes or reactions.
• Some reactions need heat to start.
▪ For example, when cooking food, the firewood requires a match and kindling to get fire to start.
▪ Other chemical reactions utilize heat or produce It depending on the materials or chemicals
involved.
• There are other proofs that a chemical change has taken place.
• These include
(a) production of heat and light, (b) production of gas, and (c) change in color.
SEPARATING MIXTURES

Manual Separation
• Manual separation is done to mixtures which components differ in size.
• Pebbles can be separated manually from sugar with the use of fingers or tweezers.
• But this is very tiresome. And will take a longer time. A fine mesh screen can also be used to separate
sugar from pebbles.

Magnetic Separation
• Magnetic separation is a process that uses magnet to separate the magnetic component from a
nonmagnetic one.
• Iron filings are magnetic, thus can be used to separate them from the nonmagnetic sand.
Filtration
• When fine particles, or particles that settle slowly are present, the liquid part is separated from the
mixture by filtration.
• The mixture is passed through a filter or porous material where the holes are large enough to allow
the liquid to pass through but small enough to trap the solid particles.
• The clear liquid that passes through the filter is called the filtrate while the solids that remains on the
filter is the residue

Decantation
• Decantation is a process of separating a mixture of liquids that differ in density.
• The less dense liquid usually stays on top.
• he denser liquid such as water settles at the bottom.
• In this mixture, oil can be gently poured out of the glass and retain water.
• A stirring rod can be used to guide the less dense liquid to the other container.
Evaporation
• Evaporation process is used to separate a solute that has been dissolved in water.
• A small amount of mixture of salt and water can be heated, and when water evaporates, salt remains
on the evaporating dish.

Freezing
• Freezing or cooling is a process of separating mixture used for mixtures composed of two liquid
components of different freezing points.
• In the mixture of oil and water, oil has lower freezing point thus, solidifies first.
• It is then separated easily from the water component that is still in liquid state.