VIRGIN MILAGROSA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

GENERAL PHYSICS I
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS
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Chapter III
Kinematic Equations of Motion

The study of motion is very interesting. It is fascinating to see a

ballerina dancing to a song, a butterfly flapping its wings, a snail leisurely
crawling, and the winds strongly blowing. Since most everything that moves,
it is necessary to study motion first in its simplest sense.
How can we describe that an object is at motion? how can we say
that the ballerina is moving or the butterfly’s wing are flapping? An object is
in motion if its position changes in relation to some fixed object during a
given time. It is said to have moved if it changed position in relation to a
fixed object like a tree, a post, or any stationary object you can use as a
frame of reference.

Learning Objectives:

- Convert a verbal description of a physical situation involving uniform

acceleration in one dimension into a mathematical description.
- Describe the motion using the concept of relative velocities in one and two
dimensions.
- solve problems in one dimensional motion including free fall.
- extend the definition of position, velocity, and acceleration to 2-D and 3-D
using vector representation
- differentiate uniform from non-uniform circular motion
- infer quantities associated with circular motion
- solve problems in two or three dimensions by resolving motions into
components
-construct motion graphs and determine displacement, velocity, and
acceleration from these graphs
- plan and execute an experiment involving projectile motion

Values:

- Recognize and appreciate the role of physics as the foundation upon

which modern technology is built
- Demonstrate honesty, accuracy and precision in making measurements
and in gathering and reporting data
- Appreciate mathematics as the language of physics

Legends:

Questions Ideas/Facts Online resources Science Idols

Formulas

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Table of Contents
Title Page
Chapter III: Kinematic Equations of Motion
Lesson I: Motion along a Straight line
Distance versus Displacement 3
Speed 3-4
Velocity 4-5
Acceleration 5-8
Lesson II: Graphical Representation of Motion
Position-time Graph 8
Velocity-time Graph 8
Free Fall 8-10
Lesson III: Motion in More than One Dimension
Projectile Motion 8-10
Uniform Circular Motion 13-14
Summative Test 15-17

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Motion along a Straight Line, and Motion in Two

and Three dimensions

The study of motion is divided into kinematic and dynamics.

- Kinematics describes motion in terms of displacement, velocity and
acceleration. -Dynamics is the study of force in relation of motion.
kinematics of one – dimensional motion, particular along the x – direction.
-Translation is the termed used in physics for motion in a straight line. It is
commonly described by three quantities; displacement, velocity, and
acceleration. In our study of translation, we shall consider the origin of the
Cartesian coordinate as the origin of motion.
Later we should analyze in two or three dimensions. The motion of
any object in two or the three dimensions can be broken into x-, y-, and z-
components. Then, it is just a solving two or three separate one-
dimensional kinematic equations.

Displacement versus Distance

-A position refers to the location of an object with respect to a reference

There is no such
point or origin.
thing as zero - A frame of reference is a choice of coordinate axes that defines the starting
distance or point from measuring any quantity, an essential first step in solving virtually
negative distance, any problem in mechanics.
but there is zero
displacement. -Displacement refers to straight -line distance between an object’s initial and
final positions, with direction toward the final position. In symbols,
Displacement is described by both magnitude and direction; it is therefore
a vector quantity.
-Distance refers to the total length of path taken by an object in moving from
its initial to final position.
Distance is a scalar quantity because it is described by its magnitude only.

Speed
The speed of an object is a measure of how fast it moves. If the object
is moving from one position to another is a measured time, its average
speed 𝑣̅ , is obtained by dividing the distance traveled by the time taken to
cover the distance. In mathematical form:

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒂𝒕𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒐 𝒄𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

̅ = 𝒅/𝒕
𝒗 where: 𝑣̅ is the average speed
d is the distance traveled; and
t is the time taken to cover the distance.

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The SI unit for speed is m/s. Speed can be measured in km/hr,m/s,

or cm/s. direction is not stated, therefore, speed is scalar.

In physics, we are sometimes more interested in finding the speed

of a body at a certain instant of time. This is called Instantaneaous speed.
This can be obtained by measuring the average speed over the shortest
possible time interval. An objects instantaneous speed may vary from time
to time. Speedometer are installed in cars to measure the cars
instantaneous speed. If the instantaneous speed does not change at any
moment, then we say that the object moves at Constant speed.

Sample problem 3.1:

[Link] a bus has covered 2.4km (2,400 m) in 4 minutes (240 s), then its average
speed is
𝑣̅ = 𝑑/𝑡 = 2,400 𝑚/ 240 s = 10m/s

Practice exercise 3.1:

1. A body moving at uniform speed travels a distance of 200m in 10 seconds.
Find its average speed.
2. find the distance traveled by a boat in 40 seconds if its moving at a uniform
speed of 5m/s.

Velocity
In some situations, as in the case of an airplane pilot, the direction of
the motion is just as important as the speed. A speed in a given direction is
called velocity. Velocity is a vector quantity as is defined as the rate of
change in displacement.

𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍

A car travelling at 80 km/hr north and another car traveling at 80

km/hr south have the same speed but different velocities.

Velocity is composed of magnitude and direction- speed is the

magnitude of velocity at any instant, therefore, velocity is a vector.

If the velocity of a car is calculated from point to point of its travel,

and there is no change in its magnitude and direction, the car is said to be
at constant velocity. From time to time, a car’s velocity changes in

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magnitude or direction. It’s velocity at different time intervals is called

instantaneous velocity.

Sample problem 3.2:

1. Lean and Mickey who are 150m apart start walking toward each other
at 3.0m/s and 5.0m/s, respectively. (a)How long would it take for them
to meet? (b) find the corresponding distance traveled by each.

Given: d= 150 m
Vleam = 3.0m/s ; Vmickey = 5.0 m/s
Vtotal= 8m/s
Required: (a) time?
(b) distance covered by Lean and Mickey.
Solution:
(a) 𝑣̅ = 𝑑/𝑡 ; t= 𝑑/ 𝑣̅
= 150 m / 8m/s = 18.75s
(b) Distance covered by Lean: d= 𝑣̅ 𝑡 = ( 3.0m/s)(18.75s) = 56.25 m
Distance covered by Mickey: d= 𝑣̅ 𝑡 = (5.0 m/s)(18.75) = 93.75m
Checking:
56.25m + 93.75 m= 150 m

Practice exercise 3.2:

1. The speedometer of a car reads 100km/h in 5 seconds. Does the car have a
constant velocity? Explain.
2. The speedometer of a car moving east reads 60 km/hr. it passes another
car that travels west at 60km/hr. Do both cars have the same speed? Do they
have the same velocity ?

Acceleration

The rate of change in velocity is acceleration.

When a taxi moving at a fixed direction picks up speed at the start
and slows down when coming to a stop, its velocity is not constant. It may
also move at constant speed, but when moving around a curve, the direction
of the motion is always changing. It may also move at constant speed; the
velocity may not be constant because of the changing direction. Whenever
the velocity of an object is changing, we say that it experiences acceleration.

𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑨𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍

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Change in speed is usually written as ∆𝑣, where the symbol ∆ is read

as delta or change, ∆𝑣 is expressed as 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 , where 𝑣𝑓 means final
velocity, and 𝑣𝑖 means initial velocity. The change in time is denoted as ∆𝑡,
where, ∆𝑡 = 𝑡 − 0. So ∆𝑡 = 𝑡. The equation above can be written as:

∆𝒗 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
𝒂= 𝒐𝒓 𝒂 =
∆𝒕 𝒕
𝒎
The unit of acceleration is .
𝒔𝟐

Note:
𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊
𝒂= > If an object starts from rest the 𝑣𝑖 is equal to zero.
𝒕 > when the object is moving at increasing velocity, that is 𝑣2 is greater than
d=1/2at2 𝑣1 , ∆𝑣 is positive, and the object has positive acceleration.
> when the object decelerates (slows down), the 𝑣2 is less than the 𝑣1 , thus
d=v1t + 1/2at2 negative ∆𝑣 , the object is said to have a negative acceleration.
Vf =at > Suppose the velocity of a car changes from -10m/s to -20m/s in a time
interval of 2s. the minus sign indicate that the velocity is moving at
Vf2 = Vi2 + 2ad the negative x-direction, it doesn’t necessary mean that the car is
decelerating or have a negative acceleration.
> if the acceleration is negative and the velocity is also negative, the object
is speeding up!
> The equation to describe the velocity of an object (which is accelerating
from rest) as a function of time is v=at.
Substituting (a)(t) for v in the equation above:

d=1/2 (vt)
d=1/2 (at)(t)
d=1/2at2
> The equation to describe an accelerating object without starting from rest
is d=v1t + 1/2at2
Vf – Vi =at
Vf = Vi + at
> An object started from rest or Vi =0, the equation would be;

Vf =at

> An object that come to rest or Vf =0, the equation would be;

0= Vi + at
Vi = -at ;

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the minus sign indicates that the magnitude of the velocity is

decreasing, or the a is deceleration.
Subtituting for the value of t in the equation for displacement

d=𝑣̅ 𝑡
d=1/2 (𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 )t
d= ½(𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 )( 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )/𝑎
(𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 ) (𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )
d= 2𝑎

d= (Vf2 – Vi2) / 2a
solving for Vf2 yields

Vf2 = Vi2 + 2ad .

Sample problem 3.3:
Problems on Uniform Acceleration in One Dimension
A bus started from rest and moved with a uniform acceleration. It
required a speed of 60m/s after 100 seconds. Find (a) the acceleration and
;(b) the distance traveled by the bus after 100 seconds.
Given: 𝑣𝑖 = 0

𝑓 = 60𝑚/𝑠
T= 100 seconds
Required to find: (a) acceleration
(b) distance traveled after 100 s.
Solution: to find the acceleration, we will use the following equation:

60𝑚 60𝑚
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 −0
(a) 𝑎= = 𝑠
= 𝑠
= 0.6 m/s2
𝑡 100 𝑠 100 𝑠

(b) d=1/2at2 = (1/2) (0.6m/s2) (100s)2= 3,000 m

Practice exercise 3.3:

[Link] is driving at 6.0 m/s when a traffic enforcer signals that he
should speed up. He then steps on the gas pedal and accelerated
uniformly to a speed of 15m/s in 4.5s. find the total distance traveled.
Assume Angelito’s reaction time is 0.15s.

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Practice exercise 3.3:

2. At the instant the traffic light goes green, a car waiting at the
intersection starts ahead with an acceleration of 2.4m/s 2. At the same
instant, a bus coming from behind moving at 12m/s passes the car.
When and where will the car catch up with the bus?
[Link] many seconds will it take the car in practice exercise 3.3 to
Free-
falling objects do cover the next 250m?
not encounter air
resistance. Graphical Representation of Motion

Position-Time Graph

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 3.1 Position-time graph (a) at rest, (b) moving at a constant velocity at the positive direction, (c)
moving at a constant velocity at the negative direction, (d) changing velocity.

Velocity-Time Graph

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 3.2 Velocity-time graph (a) non-uniform acceleration, (b) constant velocity, (c)constant
acceleration, (d) constant velocity.

Free-fall Motion

Free-fall is a good example of uniformly accelerated motion. The

body moves under the action of the gravitational force of the earth only

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when the air resistance is neglected. It is found that all free falling bodies
are all accelerated toward the center of the earth.
The motion of an object that is thrown upward and which eventually
returns to its starting point exhibits two symmetries: Time symmetry and
speed symmetry.

>Time symmetry – means that the time required for the object to reach its
maximum height is equal to the time taken by the object to return to its
starting point.
> Speed symmetry – shows that any displacement at the point of release,
the speed of the body during the upward trip equals the speed during the
downward trip.
In addition, the velocity at the maximum height is equal to zero, but the
acceleration due to gravity is still equal to g. displacement above the origin
of motion is always positive; below, it is negative. Upward velocity is
positive; downward velocity is negative. The acceleration is always -9.8m/
s2.

Note:

The formulas used in free-fall is the same with the formulas used in
acceleration, but a is replaced with g, to represent acceleration due to
gravity which is equal to 9.8m/ s2.

d=𝑣̅ 𝑡
d=1/2 (𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 )t
d= ½(𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 )( 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )/𝑔
(𝑣𝑓 + 𝑣𝑖 ) (𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 )
d= 2𝑔

d= (Vf2 – Vi2) / 2g
solving for Vf2 yields

Vf2 = Vi2 + 2gd .

2𝑑
𝑡=√
𝑔

Sample Problem 3.4:

1. In an amusement park, a Demon Drop ride falls freely for 2 s after
starting from rest. Find (a) its velocity at the end of 2s and (b) the
height covered at the end of the drop.

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0𝑚
Given: 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑠
t= 2s
g= 9.8m/ s2
Required: 𝑣𝑓 and d after 2s
Solution: use the equation 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 +gt and d= (1/2)gt2
(a) 𝑣𝑓 = 0+(9.8m/s2)(2s)
= 19.6m/s
(b) d= (1/2)(9.8m/s2)(2s)2
= 19.6 m

Practice exercise 3.4:

1. A sports car is approaching the tollgate exit with a velocity of 120m/s.
Four basic types of the driver decelerates at 5m/s2 to a full stop at the tollgate. Find the
motions:
displacement of the car.
1. Oscillating
2. You are driving down a street in a car at 50km/hr. Suddenly, a child
2. Rotary
3. Linear runs into the street it takes you 0.5s to react and apply the brakes.
4. Reciprocating How many meters will you have traveled before you begin to slow
down?
3. A racer decelerates at 10m/s2. If his car is going at 50 m/s, how many
meters will it take for him to stop?

Projectile Motion

Projectile motion is a form of motion experienced by an object or

particle (a projectile) that is projected near the Earth's surface and moves
along a curved path under the action of gravity only (in particular, the effects
of air resistance are assumed to be negligible). It is a combination of uniform
horizontal motion and free fall.
Based on the trigonometric function, let:

Vy= Vi sin𝜽i
Vx= Vi cos𝜽i

Projectile motion has a several parts, this are:

>Trajectory
>Range
>Maximum Height
>*Time
>*Angle of Projection

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Trajectory

The parabolic path traveled by the

object influenced by the presence of gravity.
Considering air resistance is neglected.
Trajectory lies in an imaginary Cartesian
Plane, wherein the vertical motion lies on the
vertical Y-axis and the horizontal motion lies
on the horizontal X-axis.
*Represented by the yellow dash line.
Projectile motion
is a combination Time
of Horizontal
uniform motion Time taken by the object traveling from point
and free fall. (A) to point (B) and point (C). It answers the
question "How long" in a given
problem/scenario.

T= 𝟐𝑽𝒊𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝒈

Range

The Horizontal displacement between the

starting Point (A) to the end point (C) traveled
by the projected object or particle. The range
is dependent on the angle of projection.
*Represented by the horizontal black
dah line.

𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽
R= 𝑽𝒊 𝒈

Time Height
𝟐𝑽𝒊𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽
T= 𝒈
Maximum height-the highest point in the
Range
𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟐𝜽
trajectory. Where Vy=0.
R= 𝑽𝒊 𝒈
*Represented by the vertical black
Height dash line.
𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐
H= 𝑽𝒊 𝟐 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐
𝟐𝒈
H= 𝑽𝒊 𝟐𝒈

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Practice exercise 3.5:

1. A ball is thrown horizontally at 20m/s. it is thrown from the top of a
tower 50m high. (a) How does it takes the ball to reach the bottom of
the tower? (b)How far from the base of the tower does the ball strike
the ground?
Given: Vh =20m/s
d= 50 m(height)
Required: (a) time it takes the ball to reach the ground
(b) range or horizontal distance from the base of the tower
Solution: (a) time, t
2𝑑 2(50𝑚)
dy= ½ (gt2) ; 𝑡 = √ 𝑔 = √9.8𝑚/𝑠2 = 3.19s
(b) dH = vHt = (20m/s) (3.19s) = 63.67m

2. A trench mortal fires a shell at an angle of 30° in the horizontal and

a speed of 400m/s. find its range and the maximum height it attains.
Given: 𝜃 I =30°
Vi = 400m/s
Required: range and the maximum vertical height
Solution:
400𝑚 2
( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(30)
𝑉𝑖2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑠
Range: R= = = 14.139m
𝑔 9.8𝑚/𝑠2

400𝑚 2
2 𝑺𝒊𝒏𝜽𝟐 ( ) (𝑺𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎)𝟐
Maximum height, ymax = 𝑉𝑖 𝟐𝒈
= 𝑠
9.8𝑚 = 2,041 m
𝟐( 2 )
𝑠

Practice exercise 3.5:

Projectile motion:
[Link] 1. A projectile is fired at an angle of 45° with the horizontal with a speed
lB1Xql6mc of 500 m/s. find the vertical and horizontal components of its velocity.
2. A boy throws a ball horizontally from the top of a building. The initial
speed of the ball is 20m/s. find the horizontal and vertical velocity of
the ball after 3s.
3. A long jumper leaves the ground with an initial velocity of 12m/s at an
angle of 28-degrees above the horizontal. Determine the time of flight,
the horizontal distance and the peak height of the long jumper.

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Uniform Circular Motion

A uniform circular motion is a motion in two dimensions. A moving

object left to itself will travel in a straight line. When force is applied, the
object will change its direction as well as the position.

We are aware that the direction of a planet in orbit the sun changes
all the time. This is an evidence that a net force is always acting on it. If we
tie a ball at a string and whirl it around in a horizontal circle, the hand must
pull the string to keep the ball moving in a circle. If we let go of the string,
the inward force that has to be applied to make something move in a circular
path is called the centripetal force or center-seeking force which is always
perpendicular to the direction of the velocity v, which is constantly changing
in direction although its magnitude remains the same. This velocity can be
expressed as

𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒅
V= 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒑𝒔𝒆

To make one complete trip around a circle path, the distance traveled
must be equal to the circumference of the circle ,2𝜋r, and the time elapse
must be equal to the period, T, of the uniform circular motion. Hence,

𝟐𝝅𝐫
V=
𝑻

Sample Problem 3.6:

1. Find the period of the minute hand of a clock. If the minute hand is
6cm long, what is the speed of its tip in mm/s?
Given: R= the length of the minute hand =6cm
Required: (a) T
(b) v of the tip of the minute hand
Solution: (a) T = 60 min or 3,600 s
2𝜋r 2(3.1416)(6𝑐𝑚)
(b) V= = = 0.0105cm/s
𝑇 3,600𝑠
= 0.0105cm/s x 10mm/cm
= 0.105 mm/s
2. In the previous problem about the minute hand of the clock,
find the centripetal acceleration of the minute hand of the
clock in cm/s2.
Given: v= 0.105mm/s or 0.0105cm/s
R= 6cm
Required: ac
0.0105𝑐𝑚 2
𝑣2 (
𝑠
)
Solution: ac = 𝑅 = = 1.84x10-5 cm/s2
6𝑐𝑚

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Practice exercise 3.6:

1. An object is whirled at the end of a strong in a horizontal circle. If the
period of one revolution is 1.18s, and the length of the string is 0.93m,
find the centripetal acceleration of the object.
2. In the previous problem, find the velocity of the object at the end of
the string.

ISAAC NEWTON
English Physicist and Mathematician

Newton was one of the most

brilliant scientist in history. Before he was
30, he formulated the basic concepts of
mechanics, discovered the law of
universal gravitation, and invented the
mathematical methods of calculus. As a
consequence of his theories, newton was
able to explain the motion of the planets,
the ebb and the flow of tides, and many
special features of the motions of the
Photo: Public Domain
Moon and Earth.
He also interpreted many fundamental observations concerning the
nature of light. His contributions to physical theories dominated scientific
thought for two centuries and remain important today.

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Summative Test
Kinematics

A. Multiple choice. Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.

1. Which two quantities are needed to determine the average velocity of an

object?
Displacement and acceleration
Displacement and elapse time
Distance and elapse time
Initial speed and final speed
2. A projectile is thrown upward with an initial velocity v0 at an angle θ with
the horizontal. Which of the following is true for the projectile at its maximum
height?
Velocity =0,acceleration=0
Velocity =0,acceleration=-g
Velocity = v0 Sin θ, acceleration=0
Velocity = v0 cos θ acceleration=-g
3. A ball is thrown upward at an angle of 60 with the horizontal. In the
absence of air resistance its range would be less than that of a projectile thrown at
an angle of _____?
a. 10°
b. 30°
c. 43°
d.70°
4. A girl runs in a circular tract of radius 65m at a speed of 2m/s. what is
her displacement after finishing one round?
a. 0

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b. 65m
c. 130m
d. 408m\
5. What does a horizontal line on a velocity-time graph represents?
No motion at all
Uniform motion
Uniform accelerated motion
Uniform decelerated motion

6. What does a slope in a line tangent to a point in a displacement-time graph

for a uniform accelerated motion gives us?
a. acceleration
b. average velocity
c. initial velocity
d. instantaneous velocity
7. What does a horizontal line on a displacement-time graph represents?
a. No motion at all
b. Uniform motion
c. Uniform accelerated motion
d. Uniform decelerated motion
8. A boat sails at 12.0m/s across a river flowing due south at 5m/s. what is
the magnitude of the resultant velocity of the boat?
a. 7.0m/s
b. 8.5m/s
c. 13.0m/s
d. 17.0m/s
For items 9 to 12, a ball was thrown vertically upward and returned to the
hand after 2.0s.
9. How much time was taken by the ball to reach its maximum height?
a. 0.5s
b. 1.0s
c. 1.5s
d. 2.0s
10. With what initial velocity was the ball thrown?
a. -19m/s
b. -9.8m/s
c. 9.8m/s
d. 19.0m/s
11. What was the initial velocity of the ball just before it returned to the
hand?
a. -19m/s
b. -9.8m/s
c. 9.8m/s
d. 19.0m/s
12. What was the maximum height reached by the ball?
a. 4.9m

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b. 9.8m
c. 19.6m
d. 29.4m
For items 13 to 14, consider an airplane flying clockwise in a circular path
of radius 20.0m at a constant speed of 30.0 m/s.

13. What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the plane?

a. 0 m/s2
b. 1.5m/s2
c. 13m/s2
d. 45m/s2
14. What is the magnitude of the tangential acceleration of the plane?
a. 0 m/s2
b. 1.5m/s2
c. 13m/s2
d. 45m/s2
15. The curved path followed by the projectile is called _____?
a. Trajectory
b. Range
c. Height
d. Tangent
B. Critical thinking. Answer the following items. You can use a separate sheet for
the solution.

1. A ball thrown horizontally from the edge of the top of a building

49.0m high strikes the ground 24.5m from the foot of the building. Find the (a) time
it takes the ball to reach the ground, (b) initial velocity of the ball,(c) velocity just
before the ball strikes the ground.

Resources:
Exploring life through science series, General Physics 1, Angelina A.
Silverio ,pp.57-75.
Physics Fundamentals 1, Raymond A. Serway and Chris Vuille, pp. 38-90

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