EFFECTS OF USING SLANG WORDS AMONG THE COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES STUDENTS OF CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY, CARIG

CAMPUS

A Thesis Proposal Presented to the

The Faculty of the Department of Arts and Humanities

College of Art and Sciences

Cagayan State University, Carig Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Course,

Language Research 1

By:

Albiola, Irish Nicole P.

Lagua, Gaines Ashley

January 2022

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

Language has an important role in human life that is as a means of communication. As Owen in Amrianism (2019) says that language can be defined as a

socially acceptable code or conventional system for delivering concepts through the use of symbols and combinations of the desired symbols are governed by the

provisions. This happens because as social beings, humans are always communicating with others as a form of interaction.

English language learning includes four language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Language reflects one's mind. Talking is one effective way

for us to communicate. By talking we can convey the intent and purpose of our mind quickly. Language varies from one social group to another social group, from one

situation to another situation, and from one place to another place. The variation shows that every speaker does not speak the same way all the time. Finegan in

Muhartoyo and Wijaya (2020) says that language varieties indicate that the speakers are distinct from members of other groups. One of the language variations is slang.

Slang is a part of personal life: it mirrors social history: it is an indicator of social force: it tells something of culture: by its critical attitude, punning and word creation it

is related to the literary arts (Kottler & Light, 2020). The best slang is genius and amusing: it also embodies a kind of social criticism. Yule (2020) says that slang was

used by criminal and lower-class people but today it is used in everyday interaction. Slang is not only found in everyday conversation but also in movies, novels, comics,

magazines, and lyrics of songs. Slang is mainly used because it relaxes the mouth, and allows people to speak in a more comfortable way.

Like many other educational institutions, students in Cagayan State University use slang words in daily communication but they do not know that these are slang terms.

The other problem is the students do not know when they can use slang words. It is because slang can be described as informal, nonstandard words or phrases which tend

to originate in subcultures within a society. Thus, they cannot use it in formal situations. To cite an example, the term ‘cool’ means great when he is studying in the

classroom. Therefore, he does not know that he cannot use it in a formal situation like in the learning process. Based on the previous explanation above, the researcher

investigated the students’ slang knowledge and the students’ reason for using the slang words. This research hopefully has some benefits about slang for all readers.

Therefore, the students are able to apply their knowledge about slang in the appropriate daily communication, especially in the informal situation.

This study then shall investigate students’ use of slang words in their utterances, the reasons why they use slang and how it affects them in daily communication.

This research limits the scope of the problem to the words that are used by students , especially slang words. They are very popular among the groups of young people

and why they can accept the slang words as a means of communication among them. Among them, slang as a unique language is more popular than formal language or

the standard language that is usually used in the textbooks, newspapers, televisions, or other formal situations.
 On the other hand, the researchers conducted this study since there is still no existing similar study conducted. Thus, this study is mainly focused on the

effects of using slang words towards these aspects, specifically on slang in communication globally and locally, education and slang among students of Cagayan State

University Carig Campus situated in Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley on which substantiate the unique characteristic of this research study.

These justifying circumstances motivated the researchers to conduct this research. At the same time, the researchers were prompted to conduct this study to assess the

effects of using slang words among students of Cagayan State University, Carig Campus.

Statement of the Problem

This study will assess the effects of using slang words among the College of Arts and Sciences students in Cagayan State University-Carig Campus.

Specifically, this study will aim to answer the following:

1. What is the profile of the students along the following:

1.1 Age

1.2 Sex

1.3 Year Level

1.4 Place of residents

1.5 Ethnicity

2. What are the common slang words used by the respondents?

3. What are the reasons why students use slang words?

4. How does the use of slang words affect the students in everyday conversation?
Conceptual Framework

This research will analyze the students’ slang usage through the questionnaire. The researcher will know the kinds of students’ slang usage knowledge, the

students’ reason for using slang, and the frequency of students’ slang usage.

This study will further look at the relationships of the variables regarding the effects of using slang on the profile of students in terms of their age, sex, year

level, place of residence. Also, researchers will determine problems encountered by the students using slang words in daily communication.

Research Paradigm

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Profile of the respondents according to: 1. Data collection of the Assessed the effects of using slang

respondents profile words among the College of Arts

a. Age
b. 2. Distribution and collection of and Sciences Students of Cagayan
Sex
c. Year level
the questionnaire answered by State University- Carig Campus

d. Place of residents the respondents

e. Ethnicity 3. Analyzing the data collected

Figure 1: Research Paradigm of the Study
Figure 1 describes the study’s research paradigm using the Input-Process-Output paradigm. The input consisted of the profile of the respondents according

to age, sex, year level, place of residents and ethnicity. Furthermore, the process will involve data collection of the respondents profile, distribution and collection of

questionnaire answered by the respondents and analyzing the data collected. Moreover, the output will assessed the effects of using slang words among the College of

Arts and Sciences students of Cagayan State University- Carig Campus.

Significance of the Study

The study aimed to assess the effects of using slang words among students. The results of the study could be highly significant and beneficial especially to

the following:

CSU Institution- this study will provide a basis for policy intervention necessary to address the problems of using slang words in formal settings among students.
To the Students- this study will aid students to cope with using slang words to improve their academic performance. Also, this study will provide information about the

usage of slang words in their daily communication.

To the Parents - this will provide information as to the usual advantage and disadvantage of using slang words.

To the Readers - this study will provide new information on the usage of slang words.

To the Future Researchers- the end result of this study will serve as a benchmark for the future researchers and source of reliable information for the improvement of

future research studies.

Scope and Delimitation

The researchers will determine students’ profile such as age, sex, year level, and place of residents. Furthermore, it will aim to identify and determine issues

and problems alongside the common slang words used by the students, what are the reasons of using slang words, and how does it affect students on their everyday

communication.

The study respondents will come from the College of Arts and Sciences of Cagayan State University, Carig Campus situated at Tuguegarao City, Cagayan.

The coverage of the study is from November 2022 to January 2023.

Definition of Terms

In this section, it covers the definition of terms. In order to perceive clear understanding upon the discussion particularly ambiguous terms or those used in a

special way, it is better to know the meaning of terms used throughout the discussion. This will likely include terms that are not widely known outside of the reader’s

vocabulary. Some important terms together with their definitions are elaborated as follows.

Internet Slang. This refers to a broad definition given to almost any acronym or abbreviation created to eliminate keystrokes online.
Positive Slang. This slang refers to casual dialogue that a speaker uses to try and connect with the listener.

Negative Slang. This refers to casual dialogue, such as commonly used verbal obscenities that listeners may perceive as offensive.

Vocabulary – This refers to a set of familiar words within a person's language.

Jargon – This refers to terminology which is specifically defined in relation to a particular activity, group or profession.

Age - This refers to the time of life at which some particular qualification.

Sex - This refers to the physical differences between people who are male, female, or intersex.

Year Level - This refers to the academic year of education that students have attained currently.

Place of residents - This refers to the civil subdivision of a country ( district, county, municipality, province, department, state) in which the individual resides.

Ethnicity - This refers to the identification of a group based on a perceived cultural distinctiveness.

Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

 Investigating the effects of slang on the behavior of individuals is a very important and up to date issue when talking about this sociolinguistic phenomenon

especially with the continuous change in languages. For this reason, the study reviews the literature to identify the aspects of this topic, its effects and results on the

individuals as well as on the communities at large. This review of the literature and the previous studies give a general background about the uses of slang and the moral

message behind this issue.

I. Slang and its History

Slang refers to speech expressions used by a speech community (e.g. teenagers, criminals, etc.) that wishes to show its attachment to a favorable social

identity; a usage which is not often approved of by other social groups (Hashemi, 2011).

Hudson (2018) believes that slang starts out as clever alternative ways of saying things which could otherwise be expressed in polite ways. On the other

hand, Allan and Burridge (2009) argue that the politeness of this category of language is wedded to context, time and place. Slang is an ever changing set of colloquial

words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society at large. (Eble, 2010)

The existence of vocabulary of this sort within a language is possibly as old as language itself, for slang seems to be part of any language used in ordinary

interaction by a community large enough and diverse enough to have identifiable subgroup (Yule, 2011). Some sociolinguistic and lexicographic research on teenage and

young adult slang (e.g., Eble 2010; Charkova 2007; Munro 2011; Sutton 2013) has documented the wealth of lexical resources available to speakers in the creation and

display of youth identity. From this perspective, slang is a kind of "anti-language," to use Halliday's (2010) term, or, in Morgan's (2015) revision of Halliday, a

"counterlanguage," through which a shared youth identity is reproduced against a dominant norm.

Wardhaugh (2013) says that language variation is one way of characterizing in certain variations is to say that speakers of a particular language sometimes

speak in the different dialect of that language. Finegan in Sau-ling (2005) says that slang is particularly popular among teenagers and college students in general. Adams

in Daliman (2014) says that the speaker uses slang in order to achieve social dynamics with the people to whom he/she is speaking and slang outlines social spaces, and

attitudes towards slang helps identify and construct social groups and identity.

The term “slang” reflects the dynamics of the language and therefore is very obscure and ambiguous. Although it is spread so much that now can easily be

found practically in all kinds of contemporary literary works, yet there is no easy mechanism for identifying it. The absolute truth about slang was revealed by Lighter
and Dumas (2019) that anyone can recognize slang, but no one can define it. There is hardly any other term that is as ambiguous and obscure as the term slang. Slang is a

controversial topic nowadays, and the debate on its definitions, classification and linguistic relevance is still heated. Most linguists and lexicographers admit that the

origin of the word slang is “uncertain” or “unknown”. One notable exception is Skeat, a lexicographer, who claims that slang (“vulgar language”) is of Scandinavian

origin and a derivation of Icelandic slyngva (“to sling”), which can be compared with the Norwegian verb slengja (“to sling the jaw”) and the Norwegian noun slengjeord

(“slang word”), used for insulting words.

In a similar vein, Partridge (2020) referred by Eble in her book “Slang and Sociability; in-group language among college students” says that certain

resemblances between English word slang and the Scandinavian sling suggest that the words have developed from a common Germanic root. In contrast, one of the

Swedish researchers on slang Anna-Brita Stenstrom (2017), in her article “From slang to slanguage: a description based on teenage talk” shows that one of the Swedish

dictionaries consulted “Bonniers Stora Lexicon” maintains that the Swedish word slang comes from English slang, and that the origin is unknown. Also she provides an

identical opinion of Swedish encyclopedia “Nationalencyclopedin”, which states that the word slang was not introduced in the Nordic countries until the middle of the

19th century. The first occurrence of the word slang is dated 1756 in the OED, according to which ultimate source is “not apparent”. Consequently, word “slang”

appeared in English language earlier than in the languages of Scandinavian countries. Another view on the appearance of the word slang suggests that it is not an English

word; it is the Gipsy term for their secret language. Some other philologists consider it derived from French. The phenomenon of slang appeared before it got the name

“slang”.

According to Swift (2020), slang is as old as speech, and traces of this may be found as far as we can refer back. Old English Slang was coarser, and

depended more upon downright vulgarity than our modern slang. Slang of those days was generally termed “flash” language which represented both cant and slang. It is

important to underline that the term “slang” was firstly recognized by Grose in 1785. He defined it as “cant or vulgar language”. Italian researcher Winona Bullard

(2020), writes that different dialects and pronunciations in the Middle Ages represented the first meaning of the term “slang”. It was represented by certain writers such

as Chauser, William Caxton and William of Malmesbury. The present-day meaning for slang began to form only in 16th or 17th century. English Criminal Cant is

considered to be the starting point of slang. It was a new kind of speech used by criminals in saloons and gambling houses. It was at first believed that English criminal

cant originated in Romania or had occurred in France. She also argues that some popular plays of Richard Brome (1635), poems and songs by Copland (1925) already

contained some slang words. By the 1700’s the cultural differences in America had begun to influence the English-speaking population, and slang started to expand.

During the 18th century slang was thought as incorrect usage of English and was considered forbidden.
 According to Eric Partridge (2018) in “Slang Today and Yesterday” notes that from about 1850’s, slang has been the accepted term for “illegitimate”

colloquial speech. John Ayto (2014) in the Introduction to the “Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang” writes that the first to which the term “slang” was applied, in the

mid-eighteen century, was the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of a low and disreputable character. In the earlier centuries it was referred to as thieves’ cant

or patter of earlier centuries. Nowadays slang is not associated with criminals. It acquires its form and is influenced by different cultures and the innovations of

technology, which has left the society a variety of slang extremes from Street slang to Afro-American slang. Moreover, slang tends to originate in subcultures within a

society. Slang expressions often embody attitudes and values of group members. They thus contribute to a sense of group identity and may convey information to the

listener concerning the speaker’s background. Before an apt expression becomes a slang, it must be widely adopted by the members of the group. The vocabulary of

slang changes rapidly: what is new and exciting for one generation is old-fashioned for the next. Old slang often either drifts to obsolescence or becomes accepted into

the standard language, losing its eccentric colour. Flapper, for instance, started life in the late 19th century as a slang term for a young or lively woman, but subsequently

moved into general language as a specific term for such a young woman of the 1920s. Similarly, the use of gay in the sense “homosexual” has its roots firmly in slang,

but is now widely accepted as standard terminology.

A study conducted by Galperin (2018) in “Stylistics” stresses that “no other European language has singled out a special layer of vocabulary and named it

slang, though all of them distinguish such groups of words as jargon, cant, and the like”. The word “slang” evokes different reactions among the general public, scholars

and linguists in particular. These reactions are often antagonistic and discordant, ranging from a perception of slang as simply “bad” English to slang as creative language

variety worthy of academic investigation. Some linguists and lexicographers give a rather sweeping definition of the term “slang”. Quirk et all mention slang as a

variation from casual to vulgar, but the distinction cannot be specified, since it is all the matter of attitude. Others, such as Dumas and Lighter (2020) avoid definitions

altogether by instead providing identifying criteria, for instance, “its presence will markedly lower, at least for one moment, the dignity of formal or serious speech or

writing” and “it is used in place of the well known conventional synonym”.

According to Mattiello (2018) “within the sociological approach, slang is ascribed the two opposite purposes of keeping insiders together and outsiders out”.

For instance, Eble (2020) stresses the social and interpersonal aspects of slang and its function “to establish and reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group

or with a trend or fashion in society at large”. Partridge (2019) defines slang as “the quintessence of colloquial speech”, or as in Flexner (2018) that it is “not accepted as

good, formal usage by majority.” In brief, slang is put into opposition to formal language: namely, it is below standard discourse and the neutral stylistic level, and

typical of informal relaxed speech. Furthermore, slang is also juxtaposed to other non-standard varieties: it is neither dialect nor register, nor can it be assigned to the
concepts of cant, argot, or jargon. Slang is changing rapidly; therefore it can be regarded as a short-lived ephemeral vocabulary that is expecting either to pass into

obsolescence or becomes accepted in standard language.

Jespersen (2020) states that slang “finds amusement in the creation and propagation of new words and in attaching new meanings to old words”. Sornig

(2020) defines slang as “an experimental language”. Slang distinguished from standard language in its morphology and its semantics (Mattiello, 2018). In morphology,

“it is characterized by clear insubordination as regards the standard word-formation rules”, and in semantics, “it only renames everyday objects, but also enriches,

qualifies and complexifies them”. If on the one hand, it is agreed that slang is a certain lexical layer, then giving to it the rank of language leads to miscomprehension and

ambiguity. But, if slang is a language or a dialect, then it should be characterized not only by its peculiar use of words but also by phonetic, morphological and

syntactical peculiarities. Nowadays slang covers both the specific and general sense. Usually it consists of new words and novel or extended meanings, and develops

from the attempt to find fresh, vigorous, colourful, pungent or humorous expressions (Mattiello, 2018)

In addition, Shahraki (2011) in her research ”Check This One out Analyzing Slang Usage among Iranian Male and Female Teenager” found that slang usage

is as a result of the age factor, and how the male and female use of such expressions. Muhartoyo (2014) in his research “The Use of English Slang Words in Informal

Communication Among 8th Semester Students of English Department in Binus University” found that It will be interesting to find out what kinds of slang words that

students usually use, what factors or media that influence young people to use slang and also the reason behind the use of slang. Muhammad (2016) in his research “A

Classificatory Analysis of Students Slang: A Case Study of the University of Maiduguri students” found that slang expressions are colloquial and informal in character,

thus differ from formal speech. Youths and members of various professional groups use slang for in group communication. Thus slang terms are often particular to a

certain subculture. They may be transitory in certain cases or may be widely accepted and used.

Where slang comes from is questionable (Reves, H, 2015). Slang has been defined by some researchers as the changing of words in dialogue; it comes into

sudden popular acceptance or favor, has a meaning, usually metaphoric, which is known by a particular set or class and which constitutes a sort of language that is a

criterion for distinguishing members of a group. Slang is ever-changing, because of that it has a brief period of popularity and then dies or interestingly evolve into

legitimate speech (e.g. bling, bling, twerking). Sometimes, slang is not straightforward and at times can express strong disapproval in outwardly advisory lines (Pollock,

2015). Slang must be seen as a component of a multitude of issues of interest to skilled people in language, aging, character, register shifts, introduction of new things,

diffusion and pragmatics (Eble, 2018).

 Adams (2019) asserts that “Slang or indirection, is an attempt of common humanity to escape from bald literalism, and express itself illimitably, which in

the highest walks produces poets and poems, and doubtless in pre-historic times gave the start to, and perfected, the whole immense tangle of the old mythologies.”

Slang refers to speech expressions used by a speech community (e.g. teenagers, criminals, etc.) that wishes to show its attachment to a favorable social

identity; a usage which is not often approved of by other social groups (Hashemi, 2011). It is a style of usage that is not acceptable in situations outside the group and is

unfavorable to the general population. Hudson (2018) believes that slang starts out as clever alternative ways of saying things which could otherwise be expressed in

polite ways. On the other hand, Allan and Burridge (2009) argue that the politeness of this category of language is wedded to context, time and place. Slang is an ever

changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness within a group or with a trend or fashion in society

at large. (Eble, 2010)

The existence of vocabulary of this sort within a language is possibly as old as language itself, for slang seems to be part of any language used in ordinary

interaction by a community large enough and diverse enough to have identifiable subgroup (Yule, 2011). Some sociolinguistic and lexicographic research on teenage and

young adult slang (e.g., Eble 2010; Charkova 2007; Munro 2011; Sutton 2013) has documented the wealth of lexical resources available to speakers in the creation and

display of youth identity. Yet these studies, which rely on written self-reports of usage, do not always make clear to what degree their data derive from language

ideologies and to what degree they represent actual patterns of slang use; respondents' stereotypes, attitudes, and ideologies of how slang is used are often presented

unproblematically as reflective of linguistic practice. It is therefore advisable to read these research reports not as straightforward documentations of slang use but mainly

for the valuable information they yield about language ideology. Such studies, given their methods and goals, also offer up ideologies of their own. Primary among these

is the representation of slang as a unifying practice that consolidates youth identity in opposition to adults. Like most ideologies, this one has a factual basis: it has been

widely observed that slang, at least beginning in the latter half of the twentieth century, has served as one strategy among others for establishing and maintaining a

teenage cohort separate from adults on the one hand and children on the other. From this perspective, slang is a kind of "anti-language," to use Halliday's (2010) term, or,

in Morgan's (2009) revision of Halliday, a "counterlanguage," through which a shared youth identity is reproduced against a dominant norm. But in highlighting this

function of slang, sociolinguists have downplayed the ways in which it divides as well as unifies its users.

Anderson and Trudgill (2014) both agree that slang includes “uses of words or expressions which are extremely informal and which are often fashionable and

therefore rather temporary.” This term was also defined by Partridge (2015) as " the abusive language". Partridge defined that this word is the past participle form of the
verb “to sling”. It is stated that (“Slang is language slung about”) and gives such examples as “to sling words”, “to sling the bat”. So the original meaning of the word

was equal to “the abusive language” thus implying its negative effect. The term is also defined as: “Slang words and expressions are characterized by a high degree of

informality, familiarity, vocabulary richness. They are realized by a specific group of people whose members are connected with some particular link, such as territory

(Californian), age (teenagers), subculture (students), and mainly occur in the spoken form of the language.” (Burdova, 2011, p.8) According to (Mulyana, 2014), slang is

the number of words or terms that have special meaning, unique, distorted or even contrary to common sense when used by people of a particular subculture.

Sarwono (2016) said that slang is a typical language of the younger generation (words changed in a way that can only be intelligibility among them), can be

understood by almost all of the younger generation in the country that were covered by the mass media, whereas term that develop, change and grow almost daily.

The above two definitions are complementary in the sense that the first definition merely stating that slang is a language that has a unique term, while the latter

definition clarified that the use of such language is the language of younger generation and will continue to grow. The study presents other definitions to clarify the topic

in broader way.

This term is defined by:

- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2013) as: Very informal language that includes new and sometimes not polite words and meanings, is often used among

particular groups of people, and is usually not used in serious speech and writing.

- Allen (2015, p. 1140): Words, phrases, and uses that are regarded as very informal and are often restricted to special contexts or are peculiar to a specified profession,

class, etc.

- Eble (2012, p. 289): Slang is the distinctive vocabulary either of groups or of people who wish by their vocabulary to identify with a popular or avant-garde style.

- Allen (2011, p. 266): Slang is a class of language used, among other for social and psychological uses, to deny allegiance to genteel, elite, and proper society and to its

standard linguistic forms. Slang is thus used to assert social opposition (...)

- Spolsky (2014, p. 35): Slang is a kind of jargon marked by its rejection of formal rules, its comparative freshness and its common ephemerality, and its marked use to

claim solidarity.
- Galperin (2015, p. 96): Slang seems to mean everything that is below the standard usage of present day English.

According to Patridge cited in Hanggoro (2011, p.8-10), slang has been introduced since sixteenth century, it is used to change the inelegant statement of being

associated with foreigner or criminals, some people use it to make jokes and to keep the secret of the word's meaning and also because some people want another

language besides the Standard English to express ideas.

Negative Slang

Slang is often thought of in categorical ways, especially among certain groups. Slang can be positive or negative in power or capacity depending upon its

use in communication encounters. Negative slang refers to casual dialogue, such as commonly used verbal obscenities that listeners may perceive as offensive (Joseph P.

Mazer & Stephen K. Hunt, 2015). Some slang words or phrases may be viewed negatively by an outsider if they are not a part of a certain group, like when African

Americans use certain phrases such as, (e.g. “What’s up my nigga?” or “You a bad bitch!”). Old studies showed many of the negative expressions used by college

students are expressions used by others who are habitual users of slang, yet students seldom show originality in the choices they make of slang vocabulary, or in the

twists they give to usual expressions (McPhee, M.C. 2017). In a study conducted by Adams (2015), “Curricular study of American English, should include the study of

“bad” American English, of profanity, sexual slang, underworld slang, and pejorative terms, for a number of reasons: first, it is intellectually irresponsible to teach only

part of a subject in order to be polite; second, “bad’ American English is used of ten and thoughtlessly and is, therefore a subject that needs classroom treatment, for both

intellectual and social reasons; and third, many react to “bad” words in an equally thoughtless way and wrongly attempt to obstruct their use for the wrong reasons.”

Positive Slang

There is a presumed good side to the underside (negative) of slang, which is considered positive slang. Positive slang is the opposite of obscene, offensive and

vulgar words. Positive slang refers to casual dialogue that a speaker uses to try and connect with the listener (Joseph P. Mazer & Stephen K. Hunt, 2015). Some people

use positive slang to be humorous and to stay cultural connected. There was a study done in South Africa, Gauteng among youth of different ages, regions, gender, race

etc. The researcher found that positive slang made the youth feel good in their lives, brought on endless laughter, the replacement and changing of words and positive

slang manipulated and dictated how they said their hellos and goodbyes (Bembel & Beukes, 2011). Positive slang also served as a stepping stone to distance oneself

away from a world defined solely based on dominant ideologies. The more positive slang is spoken; standardized dialect is challenged through its pragmatic desire. In
this way, pragmatic expressions offer the ability of rebirth and offer valuable innovation as speakers give even well-worn linguistic features new discourse homes and

special abilities (Roth & Gordon, 2013). Positive slang can also be beneficial when faced with challenges in foreign places where you are beyond unfamiliar with the

native’s language. It can provide a way to kind of shape shift and assimilate oneself. Positive slang may very well then become a second language or become of some

essential convergence. Studies have shown that when most foreigners come to America or any other institution in which they are not familiar they would often trivialize

their heritage and language to adopt positive slang for the purposes of strong affiliation to English, networking and friendships (Preece, 2013).

II. Slang in Communication (Globally and locally)

Characteristic of Slang

Battistella in Jimmy (2013) states “as unique and rare language slang has characteristics itself that make different”, they are:

1. Its presence will markedly lower, at least for the moment, the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing.

2. It is used implies the user’s special familiarity either with the referent or with that less satisfied or less responsible class of people who have such special familiarity

and use the term.

3. It is a taboo term in ordinary discourse with persons of higher social status or greater responsibility.

4. It is used in place of the well-known conventional synonym, especially in order

(a) to protect the user from the discomfort caused by the conventional item or

(b) to protect the user from the discomfort or annoyance of further elaboration.

Kinds of Slang Language

Khan and Illson in Salma (2013) says that the kinds of slang are blend, acronym, new insight of the pre-existing word, and aphaeresis. The definition of

these four slang words is as follows.

a. Blend - similar to compound but parts of the words that are combined are deleted, for example bittersweet (adj + adj), this one is the example of compound. Beside,

smog (smoke + fog), this is the example of blend. So, blend is the process of combining two or more words to create a new words with parts of the words that are

combined are deleted.

b. Acronym - word derived from the initial of several words, for example ASAP (As Soon As Possible), OMG (Oh My God), BTW (By The Way). The difference

between acronym and abbreviation is, abbreviation is pronounced the same although it is written differently from the expanded form, for example, Mr. pronounced

Mister, etc. pronounced et cetera.

c. New insights of pre-existing words - nearly all slang consists of old words changed in form or, far more often, old words with new meanings or new shades of

meaning. The slang that is common to all those who, speaking Received Standard or, in less formal moments, good colloquial English use slang at all. Standard slang is

more flexible and picturesque than standard English. So, it’s not surprising that the new insights of the pre-existing word appears as part of a kind of slang which develop

among students in school.

d. Aphaeresis - formed from Greek, apo “away” and hairein “to take” which means the loss of an unstressed vowel from the beginning of a word. According to Demoss

(it is also called front-clipping. Aphaeresis refers to the shortening of a word by dropping an initial sound or sounds, especially an unstressed syllable, as when bout was

formed from earlier about, or fence from defence.

Usage of Slang

Ellis in Sari (2013) says that slang is a variety of languages used in certain contexts by the meaning of which people express their sense of belonging to a

particular group within the community which is not specific to any geographic location. It allows people to be creative and playful, to be unconventional and challenging,

to make other people laugh, to establish solidarity with someone, to offend, to do social commentary. All of us are creative with language all the time, and slang is often

language at its most creative. Thus, one of the particular group that uses a creative word is the students. Dooly in Jimmy (2013) says that it is mostly young people who

use slang, generally because it is cool. Using slang shows that the speaker is in tune with the time. It means the usage of slang language usually used by young generation

in order to look cool among others. Ober in Jimmy (2013) says that using slang in everyday speech presents no problem; it covey precise information and might

indicated group members. It means slang will not make serious problem even slang can be a differentiator indicate among group.

Matiello in Jimmy (2013) says that slang generally creates a sense of intimacy among in-group members, but at the same time it may create a sense of

exclusion or even rejection among those people who are not part of the group. It means the usage of slang can be two sides one side the usage of slang can create

familiarity among group and one other side the usage of slang can causing denial from outside group.

The Functions of Slang

According to (Partridge& Homyakov, 2015), the study has singled out the following functions of slang.
1. It gives speech a novelty effect, for example, the word “sadventure” is interpreted as “a sad adventure or an adventure undertaken by a sad person or sad people”. “I

thought we'd have a good time but it turned out to be a sadventure”. In this example, the combination of two words “sad” and “venture” influences the speech indicating

something new which must be paid attention to.

2. It introduces elements of a joke, for example, the slang word “nosecicle” means “frozen snots dangling from noses, created during cold weather”. “People shoveling

snow need to watch out for nosecicles”.The word has elements of a joke as it is derived from the word “icicle”. Instead of the root “ice” the root “nose” is used.

3. It makes speech emotional: emotions can cover a wide range from good to bad ones and very often even one word helps to express a person’s feelings. For example,

the word “sadghetti” is used when “one eats spaghetti all alone, while also being sad and depressed”. “How was dinner last night?” “I had sadghetti...”.

4. It possesses expressiveness and evaluation, for example, the word “alpha” is used to name “the head animal in a pack, and by extension, an unofficial leader. Often

used sarcastically of someone who wants to lead a group”. So initially the word implies a negative attitude to some person. “George wants to be alpha, but no one takes

him seriously”.

5. It names things and phenomena (a nominative function), for example, nowadays it is very popular to take photos of yourself and they are called “selfie” There have

appeared various combinations with this word such as “morning selfie” that means that “someone posts a selfie to any social media in the morning, but puts on makeup

and takes a shower before doing so, they then take the selfie and say whatever hipster crap they use”.

6. It makes speech familiar, for example, the expression “Grandma fooler” implies “a gift from someone that isn't name-brand or quite what you were expecting. The

name is due to the fact that usually, grandmas are not up to speed on what is popular. This is usually not good, but sometimes, it turns out ok”. “Friend: Did you get an

iPod for Christmas? You: I got an MP3 player, but it was a Grandma fooler” . If people use words, phrases and expressions with a specific meaning and understand each

other, they are quite familiar with each other and can do it.

7. It implies some sense, for example, there is an expression “to drink things through” which means “a time-honored tradition of thinking things through while drinking a

beverage”. “You're psycho so there's no point in us meeting to drink things through”. The phrase is formed on the analogy of the phrasal verb “to think through” used in

the literary language meaning “to consider the facts about something in an organized and thorough way”. So the slang expression “to drink things through” implies doing

several things: drinking, thinking, discussing and making conclusions. 8. It adds elements of a language game, for example, the expression “hate watching” is interpreted
in the following way “When the pleasure you get watching something on TV comes from your hatred of it”. “So I was hate watching this liberal/conservative talk show

the other day, and the host wouldn't stop talking about healthcare!”. This example demonstrates the ability of native speakers to use words and word combinations which

have a negative evaluation in the literary language “hate” – “to dislike someone or something very much”, with the positive implication in slang. Thus speakers play with

words and create something new. So, on the whole slang has communicative functions making our speech emotional and expressive.

Classifications of Slang

Classification of slang within non-standard varieties based on Mattiello cited in Burdova (2014, p.25)

A. Specific Slang

A language used by members of a particular group to show their respect for that group and solidarity with other group members. It is also used in order to

underline speakers´ identity, social status, age, education, special interests as well as their geographical belonging.

B. General Slang

A language used by speakers to avoid conventions, seriousness. It is used instead of clichés and standard language to change the level of formality (bevvy ´a

drink´, footy ´football´). Some words can be both specific and general according to context, for example the word grass is in specific drug slang ´marijuana´ whereas in

general slang it stands for green vegetables‟.

C. Workmen’s Slang

It has a link with the public house slang. It is very closely allied to Tradesmen's slang and also considered to people's activity in working. Most of the users

of workmen's slang are laborers either town and farm laborers. Moreover, there is a significant difference both of them that the town laborer is more ready with their

tongues and fluent with their slang than the farm laborer which is not too modern instance. Here are examples of Workmen's slang for the town laborer :

1) Screw up means without money

2) Matey means a companion in labor.

3) Brass means money

D. Society Slang

In society, there arises a kind of special vocabulary, which is constantly changing with changing fashion. There is much slang in the colloquial speech of

society, most of words soon disappear, but a considerable number of them make good their place in ordinary speech. Moreover, slang in society shows a joyously or

jauntily over the object and the practice of the Sangster's calling. Here are examples of the society slang:

1) Cyrano means a huge nose.

2) Rothschild means a very rich man.

3) Thou’ means a thousand pound sterling.

E. Slang in Public School and University

The user of this slang is student, in public house, as in board and private schools. Here are examples of public school slang: "Wrux" means a rotter or

humbug; „Bung‟ means lie; „What’s a mat?‟ means what is the matter. The slang that used in university is considerable different with public school slang, when boys

leave school and go to university, they tend to drop the old slang and to mold themselves to the slang of the university. Here are examples of the university slang:

1) Wine means a wine party.

2) Leccer means a lecture.

3) Tea-pot means a tea party.

4) Rugger means football, played to rugby rules, soccer being association football.

F. Slang and Identity

In the book Bad Language by (Andersson & Trudgill, 2010 ) , it is noted that “one of the many points of slang...is to identify you as part of a particular

social group.” This quote explains that although the internet is essentially open to everyone, the identification of different groups due to their slang usage is still effective.
Amongst different sections of the internet, (games, role playing, forums, chat rooms, etc) distinct slang terms tend to be used. An example of this may be found with the

word ‘plottiful’, which would only be exercised by someone participating in an online role playing game. As with any slang however, there are also terms which serve as

an overlap between different user groups, (examples include ‘pwn’ or ‘noms’). These would only illustrate that an individual was a regular internet user, and would not

enable others to identify them as a member of a particular group.. Such factors do not feature so heavily in online slang. It may be argued of course, that it is more likely

for males to be attracted to playing online shooter games. Therefore the slang terms such as ‘boomstick’ will be predominantly used by males instead of females.

However, there is an undeniable female presence within such internet gaming circles, as the 2009 survey by ‘Entertainment Software Association’ shows that the slang

term ‘femmegamer’ also signals the increase of female participation in online games, therefore suggesting that a wide gender segregation within online slang does not

exist.

The Reasons for Using Slang

Partridge (2015) says that the students use slang for several reasons. There are:

1. In sheer high spirits, by the young in heart as well as by the young in years; “just for the fun of the thing”; in playfulness or waggishness.

2. As an exercise either in wit and ingenuity or in humor. (The motive behind this is usually self-display or snobbishness, emulation or responsiveness, delight in

virtuosity).

3. To be “different”, to be novel.

4. To be picturesque (either positively or—as in the wish to avoid insipidity— negatively).

5. To be unmistakably arresting, even startling.

6. To escape from cliches, or to be brief and concise. (Actuated by impatience with existing terms).

7. To enrich the language. (This deliberateness is rare save among the well-educated, Cockneys forming the most notable exception; it is literary rather than

spontaneous).

8. To lend an air of solidity, concreteness, to the abstract; of earthiness to idealistic; of immediacy and appositeness to the remote.

9. To lessen the sting of, or on the other hand to give additional point to, a refusal, a rejection, a recantation.

10. To reduce, perhaps also to this parse, the solemnity, the pomposity, the access seriousness of a conversation (all of a piece of writing).
11. To soften the tragedy, to lighten or to “prettify” the inevitability of that or madness, or to max the ugliness or the pity of profound (e.g., treachery, ingratitude); and/or

thus to enable the speaker or his author or both to endure, to “carry on”.

12. To speak or write down to an inferior, or to amuse a superior public ; or merely to be on a colloquial level with either one’s audience or one’s subject matter.

13. For ease of social intercourse. (Not to be confused or merged with the preceding).

14. To induce either friendliness or intimacy of a deep or durable kind. (Same remark).

15. To show that one belongs to a certain school, trade, or profession, artistic or intellectual set, or social class ; in brief to be “ in the swim “ or to establish contact.

Effects of slang on society and learning

According to Kit Kittelstad (2022), an adjunct communications professor at Pace University “slangs show that you are one of the crowd by using terms that

others don’t understand, and you can connect with like-minded people who understand just what you mean. Therefore, it is a way to use language to separate you from

others.”

A study conducted by Sun Sentinel (2020), slang greatly influences today’s society both positively and negatively. Continuous use of slang may result in

even using it in the workplace, which can prevent one from positively benefiting from numerous opportunities at work. Some slang has been added to the Oxford English

Dictionary like “bling-bling” which describes a stylish jewelry. Young people use too much slang, they are never taken serious in society (Umutoni, 2020).

According to Alastair Arran (2020), an English teacher, says that by the use of excessive slang messages on social media, students commit spelling and

grammar mistakes. Excessive use of slang has resulted in poor verbal and writing skills. Students use slang in their assignments and they also show poor performance in

reading as well. She adds that students find it difficult to learn and retain correct spelling. They don’t even realize while writing wrong spellings or incomplete words.

Pros

Umutoni (2020) says slang helps a group of friends to communicate easily, especially if they don’t want others to know what they are talking about. For

Chris Ntaganda (2018), it is the fact that slang promotes confidentiality among his age mates. “With slang, I can talk to my friend and my dad would never relate,” he

says.
Cons    

“Slang makes us forget the correct words so we use poor language. It may happen that a young person gets addicted to always using slang and when giving

a speech, they sound ridiculous,” (Umutoni, 2020). However, The Voice, a high school newspaper, notes that an overuse of slang can negatively affect people once the

terms become too prevalent in a person’s vocabulary. “It is increasingly brought to attention that our young generation does not always know how to speak properly at

the appropriate times. Of course slang is not a problem when people know the appropriate place to use it, but many people do not and use slang because they have no

other option,” the publication states.

When the register characteristics of slang are not recognized, tropes of slang are readily reified. For instance, Halliday (2018) classifies argotic varieties

of slang as “anti-languages,” arguing that it is their “metaphorical character” that constitutes them as such. But since no slang is a “language” unto itself but rather a

contextually specific register fraction of a language, no slang is an anti-“language,” except in a metaphorical sense. And Halliday’s view that argotic varieties reflect an

“anti-reality” or that their usage constitutes an “anti-society” implies that to switch contextually between registers of a language is to switch between realities and

societies.

The Techniques of Making Slang

Putry (2014) said that the techniques used in making slang are as follows:

1) Word clipping, a shortened or truncated words without changing the meaning.

2) Compounding, two or more words that already exist merged into one new word.

3) Abbreviation, a word coined by taking the initials or letters of several words so the letters become one unity.

4) Onomatopoeia, imitating the sound of word formation.

5) The generalization of proper names, develop a word of the original title.

6) Borrowing from dialect and foreign languages, to borrow words from dialects and foreign languages.
7) Extension of meaning by analogy, a word were created by combining two things that have the same meaning or significance.

The Rise of Slang among Young Generation

According to what is mentioned by (Putry, 2014) the development of slang among young generation is very rapidly is because of a number of factors that had an

impact on environmental conditions of young generation. Such factors are:

1) The existence of slang is characterized by the proliferation of the Internet and social networking sites that have a significant impact on the development of slang.

2) Because of the environmental influences. Generally, the young generation absorb from the conversations of the adults around them, either peers or family.

3) The role of media (electronic) that use slang terms in films especially teen movies and commercials, such as from a conversation scenes on television. It’s mean that

slang not only occur because of the direct contact between the people themselves, but also mostly because "fed" by the media.

4) The impact of the construction and development of the age or modernization, in which all the things that exist in our environment should always was up-to-date. The

impact of the modernization of the most visible is the lifestyle, such as how to dress, how to learn, which is more advanced in technology applications as well as how to

speak in a good words (language use). In the most general form, slang is interpreted as a specific lexical unit which is beyond the limits of the literary spoken language as

well as beyond the dialects of the national language, including, on the one hand, specific words and phraseological units of the professional language, social jargon and

criminal argo and, on the other hand, widespread and comprehensive emotional and expressive words and phraseological units of the non-literary language. From this

point of view slang is a bilateral phenomenon which can be used not only to abuse people but also, and this is the most important thing, to communicate within a

professional or a social group, therefore expressing positive feelings and emotions.

Within the world of online gaming, one of the main reasons for slang usage is related to time constraints. In a situation where an individual’s attention

should be primarily concerned with the game’s progression rather than communicating with other players, slang is used in order to convey meaning quickly Many critics

believe that slang usage depends heavily “...upon sex, social class, and occupation”.( Putry, 2014) Such factors do not feature so heavily in online slang. It may be argued

of course that it is more likely for males to be attracted to playing online shooter games. Therefore, the slang terms such as ‘boomstick’ will be predominantly used by

males instead of females. The age of an individual does not affect their choice of slang usage whilst online. Since terms such as ‘emoticon’ have been in use for over a
decade, this allows for interaction to occur between wide varieties of ages Another way in which written slang deviates from spoken forms is in its use of words which

may be considered taboo. David Crystal comments that taboo words are commonly “not so much a use of language as an outburst.” (Crystal, 2014)

Positive and Negative Impacts of Slang

Another study is handled by Nur Azaliah (2016) in Indonesia under the title "The Impact of Slang in the Using of Indonesian Language for Young

Generation" . the researcher used the descriptive analytical qualitative approach to prove his study via using a questionnaire. The study found that, there are two Impacts

of the using slang, there are a positive impact and negative impacts.

The Positive Impacts

The positive impact of slang is the young generation become more creative. Regardless of disrupting or not disrupting of the slang, there is no harm in

enjoying any changes or innovations of emerging language, but it can be used in the right situation, the right media and the right conditions.

The Negative Impacts

The negative impacts are slang can complicate the users for using Indonesian standard properly, for the general public annoyed with a slang and consider

slang very elusive because of writing also with the letter of slang then it so difficult for some people to read. A third study discussed the topic from the viewpoint of

globalization. (Shixiong , 2017).

In school or in the workplace are required to always use a good language and correct. It is impossible if homework, quiz or homework done by using slang.

Because of the slang were not entered into the order of academic language. So does in the office, the reporting may made without using slang. So, when in formal

situations do not use slang as a communication language. Slang may interfere with those who read and hear the words included in it. Because in fact, that not every

people understand about the intent of slang words. Moreover, in written form, it is very confusing and requires more time to understand it. Slang may complicate its

users to communicate (Hotten, 2015).

III. Slang in Education

How Slang Affects Students in the Classroom

 Slang terms and text-speak such as IDK (I don't know), SMH (shaking my head), and BTW (by the way) have become a common sight on student

assignments, befuddling some high school teachers who are unsure how to fix this growing problem. Terry Wood, a foreign language teacher at St. Mary's Ryken High

School in Leonardtown, Md., has seen a "dramatic decline" in the writing abilities of her students "due to Tweeting, Facebook, and texting."

According to a survey of 700 students ages 12 to 17 by the Pew Internet & American Life Project, 85 percent of the respondents reported using a form

of electronic communication, whether through instant messaging, text messaging, or social media. Growing up in a technological era, high school students may be

unaware they are using language shortcuts in the classroom, says Allie Sakowicz, a rising senior at  Maine South High School in Park Ridge, Ill.

In fact, 64 percent of students in the study reported inadvertently using a form of shorthand native to texting or social networking. But, the problem does not

end there, as Sakowicz acknowledges that younger teachers see the slang but "let it go."

While advocates of slang words may say this trend is simply an evolution of language, Chad Dion Lassiter, professor of race relations at

the  University of Pennsylvania, considers it "a dumbing down of culture." Lassiter leads an academic mentorship program for high school students in

the Philadelphia area and has observed "this broken level of communication."

Where some admissions officers have observed a shift in language used in admissions materials, Martha Allman, dean of admissions at  Wake

Forest University, says she has not "seen the shortcuts that you typically see in social communication."

There is a measure of uncertainty as to whether college admissions officials will adapt to this social change in language, or if future prospective college

students will need to be mindful and observant of the words they use. Ananda Mitra, professor and chair of the department of communication at Wake Forest, believes

colleges will continue to place the responsibility on students to conform during the admissions process.

This is discussed by Eble (2015) who describes slang as ‘an ever-changing set of colloquial words and phrases’, but though colloquial terms tend to share

informality with slang, they are not associated with group identity. His study found out that, slang items are short-lived, particularly the ones associated with peer groups.

For this reason, he recommended the readers to bear in mind the relationship between slang and colloquialism.
 The study entitled "The Effect of Different Internet Slang Styles on Brand Personality and Ad Persuasion". The study handled the Internet slang, which is

seen as the product of computer-mediated communication. It is being widely used in advertising in many countries as in China. However, his study maintains that the

Chinese advertisers are still exploring appropriate methods to integrate this slang into their ads for positive effects. To this end, we conducted two experiential studies.

The results reflected that different perceived styles of internet slang enhance the five dimensions of brand personality as discussed in this publication. The study found

out that certain styles of internet slang can enhance the corresponding dimensions. And hence the study recommends the readers to have a brighter look at the positive

side of slang especially via using the internet. The researcher recommended the learners to give priority to the positive side of using slang in advertising and business.

In another study entitled "The Impact of Social Media on Vocabulary Learning Case Study Facebook", Sim Monica (2013) has presented the role of social

media in spreading the slang of the teenagers as members of the internet. The paper aims at investigating the impact of computer and social media in improving students’

knowledge of English language namely vocabulary acquisition (focused on Facebook) with intermediate and upper intermediate first and second year ELT students. The

study found out that the development in each group was measured and it clearly demonstrated a more significant improvement in vocabulary knowledge of the group

exposed to the Facebook group. It also found out that the Facebook strategy in teaching vocabulary proved a little bit more effective than the traditional method, even if

not necessarily crucial.

 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the research design, locale of the study, respondents and sampling procedure, research instrument, data gathering procedure, data and

statistical analysis, respondents of the study and research instrument used in this study.

Research Design

This study will employ a descriptive-correlational analysis to describe students' assessment on using slang words in their daily communication.

Additionally, the researchers will correlate the profile of the students and the effects of online learning to the various aspects to determine if there is a significant

relationship between these two variables.

Locale of the Study

This study will be conducted at Cagayan State University, Carig Campus, located at Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan- one of the eight campuses that

compromise Cagayan State University (CSU), the largest institution of higher education in the Cagayan Valley Region in terms of the student population and the number

of curricular programs. It is divided into eight colleges, one of which is the College of Arts and Sciences.

Respondents and Sampling Procedure

The respondents of the study were three hundred (300) students at the College of Arts and Sciences, administrators and members of the faculty of College of

Arts and Sciences. Furthermore, stratified random sampling was utilized to divide the entire population of students into homogeneous groups called strata. A random

sample from each stratum is taken in a number proportional to the stratum's size compared to the population. These subsets of the strata are then pooled to form a random

sample. Thus, only a sample representative of the entire group in which only part of the population was studied. Findings from this are expected to be generalized to the

whole population of the College of Arts and Sciences. The researchers utilized a stratified sampling technique to save time.
Research Instrument

The survey method is the primary instrument used in gathering significant data for the research study. The questionnaire consisted of two (2) respective

parts. This included students' profiles such as age, sex, year level, place of residents, and ethnicity of the respondents. In addition, the remarks, comments and

observations of the students which includes the common slang words used by the students, reasons for using slang words, and the effect of using slang words in their

everyday conversation were also incorporated.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers sought approval of the Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and research adviser. After which, a research questionnaire and interview

guide were administered to intended respondents. When the permission was granted, the researchers administered the instrument (questionnaires). Upon answering, the

researchers monitored and guided the respondents to ensure that trusted and accurate data would come out. The participants were only asked to answer at their most

convenient time, but it should not exceed the expected time frame of the study. After that, the questionnaires were retrieved, analyzed, and interpreted by the researchers.

Data and Statistical Analysis

After collecting data, the researchers will analyze the data by using some steps. Gay in Febriyanti (2011: 223) says that there are steps in analyzing

qualitative data, they are data managing, reading/memorizing, describing, classifying, interpreting and representing the finding in a report.

a. Managing data is used to organize and check the data for its completeness.

b. Reading/memorizing is used to read the transcript or field note to get the sense of data.

c. Describing data is used to provide a true picture of the setting and even that took place in it so the researchers and the readers have an understanding

on the context in which the research took place.

d. Classifying is used in ordering field notes or transcriptions in two categories that represent the aspect of data.

e. Interpreting is used to interpret the data explicitly by the researchers.

f. Representing is finding above the researchers concludes that all of the data about slang usage.
 The data from slang words than can be taken as a clue or indicator for students’ activeness in using slang. The result of questionnaire is analyzed such as

below:

P= Actual Score X 100%

Ideal Score

Notation:

P = Percentage of Respondents’ Responses

Actual Score = The Respondents’ Answers

Ideal Score = The Highest Score (Sugiyono,2011:45)

To rate the students’ responses percentage of slang usage, the researcher used the criteria as follows:

1. Score 84.01 - 100% is categorized excellent

2. Score 68.01 - 84% is categorized very good

3. Score 52.01 - 68% is categorized good

4. Score 36.01 - 52% is categorized fair

5. Score 20.00 - 36% is categorized poor

REFERENCES:

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[3] Eble, Connie, 2018. Slang and Sociability: in-group language amongst college students.Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press

[4] Evelyn, R. 2010. Student Slang at IIT Madras. Delhi, India.

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https://www.jstor.org/stable/811692

http://www.leffa.pro.br/tela4/Textos/Textos/Livros/New_Challenges/06-Connie%20Eble.pdf

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08919402.1903.10532723?journalCode=vzps20

https://books.google.com.ph/books?

hl=en&lr=&id=HJxNXRr1NigC&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=advantage+and+disadvantage+of+slang

&ots=JVLq5AXWgz&sig=2CYHn8B09N3P1poM8ArcIpRORJI&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f

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hl=en&lr=&id=IAjyQdFwh4UC&oi=fnd&pg=PR1&dq=advantage+and+disadvantage+of+slang
&ots=_4PEeFpL0L&sig=7hlPHyYt860F8q6uInTOkJ7k0Ds&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=advant
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