CHAPTER – 2

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

KEY POINTS

 Cartesian Product of two non-empty sets A and B is given by,A

× B = { (a, b) : a  A, b  B}

 If (a, b) = (x, y), then a = x and b = y

 Relation R from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a

subset of A×B.
 Domain of R = {a : (a, b)  R}
 Range of R = { b : (a, b)  R}
 Co-domain of R = Set B
 Range  Co-domain

 If n(A) = p, n(B) = q then n(A×B) = pq and number of relations =

2pq
 Image : If the element x of A corresponds to y  B under the
function f, then we say that y is image of x under ‘f ’
 f (x) = y
 If f (x) = y, then x is preimage of y.
 A relation f from a set A to a set B is said to be a function if
every element of set A has one and only one image in set B.

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  Df = {x : f(x) is defined} Rf = {f(x) : x  Df}

 Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets such that n(A) = p and
n(B) = q then number of functions from A to B = qp.
 Identity function, f : R  R; f(x) = x  x  R, where R is the set
of realnumbers.
Df = R Rf = R
Y
x
=
x)
f(

X´ O X

Y´

 Constant function, f : R  R; f(x) = c  x  R where c is a

constant

Df = R Rf = {c}

 Modulus function, f : R  R; f(x) = |x|  x  R

Df = R

Rf = R+ { 0} = { x : x  R: x  0}

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 Y

X´ O X

Y´

Signum function

1,if x >0 x
  ,x0
f : R  R ; f (x) = 0,if x = 0 and f (x) = x
 —1,if x < 0 0,x = 0
 

Then
Df = R
and Rf = {–1,0,1}
Y
y=1
1
X´ X
O
–1
y = –1
Y´

 Greatest Integer functionf : R  R; f(x) = [x], x  R assumes the

value of the greatest integer, less than or equal to x

Df = R Rf = Z

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 3
Y

1
X´ X
–2 –1 O 1 2 3 4
–1
–2

Y´

 f : R  R, f(x) = x2
Df = R Rf = [0, 
Y

X´ X
O

Y´

 f : R  R, f(x) = x3
Df = R Rf = R
Y

O
X´ X

Y´

 Exponential function, f : R  R ; f(x) = ax, a > 0, a  1

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 Df = R Rf= (0, )
Y Y

(0, 1) (0, 1)
X X X’ X
’ O O

Y’ Y’
0<a<1 a>1

 Natural exponential function, f(x) = ex

1 1 1
e  1    ... , 2  e  3
1! 2! 3!

 Logarithmic functions, f : (0, )  R ; f(x) loga x, a > 0, a  1

R
Df = (0, ) f =R

 Natural logarithrnic function f(x) = logex or log x.

 Let f : X  R and g : X  R be any two real functions where x 

R then

(f ± g) (x) = f(x) ± g(x)  x  X

(fg) (x) = f(x) g(x)  x  X

 f  f  x
  x   x X provided g  x   0
g g  x

[XI – Mathematics]

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