ACKNOWLDEGEMENTS

We are Beholden to Ms. LAKSHMI. T. (Head of the Department) of

Mechanical Engineering for this approval of the Project and encouragement
during the course of this project.

We owe to debt of gratitude to our Lecturer and Guide Mr. S.

Verabhadrappa & Mr. Ashokammangi for this support and guidance from
inception to completion of this project. His advice has been an unfailing
source of encouragement at pivotal junctures.

We thank all those who have helped and assisted us through the
course of our project.
 SYNOPSIS

The project is an attempt in designing and fabricating a low cost and

lightweight simple Pneumatic Riveting machine.

It was decided to fabricate a Pneumatic Riveting machine of 30 kg.

Capacity with the intention of putting into practice our theoretical
knowledge in designing and fabrication process.

The structure is a simple one making use of square rod (solid).

Rectangular blocks (hollow) and thin sheets readily available without
restoring casting. The structure has minimum number of welding joints and
it is easy to assemble.

The machine incorporates a pneumatic cylinder and controls which

are commercially available.

Compressed air from the compressor storage tank used as the working
fluid.

Depending upon the type of rivet head different types of Rams and
Anivls are used.
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction

1.1) Introduction to Riveting

1.2) Rivets, classification and their application
1.3) Standard sizes of rivets
1.4) Advantages of rivet
1.5) Limitation of rivets

II Pneumatic System and its components

2.1) Cylinder
2.2) Piston
2.3) Piston Rod
2.4) Sealing
2.5) Valves
2.6) Cushioning
2.7) Silencers
2.8) Specifications

III. Rivets

3.1) Rivet Structure

3.2) Working Principle
IV Design of Structural Components

4.1) Base Plate

4.2) Column
4.3) Cylinder
4.4) Ram
4.5) Anvil
4.6) Weldments
4.7) Bolts

V. Cost Estimation

VI. Fabrication

6.1) Process Chart

6.2) Assembly

VII. Test Results

VIII. Suggested Modification

IX. Drawings

X. Photographs

XI. Bibliography
INTRODUCTION
 CHARPER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1) INTRODUCTION

Riveting is one the type of permanent fastening. They are generally

used to fasten metal plates and rolled steel section in structural works, such
as bridges and rook trusses and in the construction of pressure vessels such
as storage tanks, boilers, etc., Riveted joints are effective in designs
subjected to pronounced vibration loads. Where welded joints are less
reliable. Riveted joints may also be employed to connect metals which are
difficult to weld together and in the joints which permit no heating in
welding due to possible tempering or warming of the finished machine parts.

The use of rivets and machine riveting has been constantly expanding for
both job-shop and production-line operations. The automotive, electronic
appliances, electronic furniture, hardware, military, sheet metal are among
the many in which riveting is a popular fastening method. This growth in
riveting has occurred because of further refinement of high sped riveting
techniques and because over the years, it is inherent advantages have
become more and more valuable with changes in manufacturing.
1.2) THE RIVETS

A rivet is a rod of either mild steel or nonferrous materials such as

copper, aluminum etc, with a head forced at one end during its
manufacturing and its tail end being slightly tapered, as shown in fig. 1.

The length of the shank of the rivet should accommodate the thickness
of the connecting plates and also provide sufficient material for forming the
head at the tail end.

Classification of Rivets

RIVET

SOLID TABULAR

FUL TABULAR SEMITABULAR COMPRESSION SELF PIERCHING

In both solid and tubular rivets, two or more parts are fastened
together by the rivet head on one side and a formed shape at the end of the
rivet shank on the other side.
Solid Rivets

The Rivets are shown in Fig. 2. In solid rivets the formed shape is
produced by heading over, hammering.

Tubular Rivets

Tabular rivets are shown in Fig. 3. The formed shape commonely

called a clinch, is produced as the material around the edge of the hole in the
end of the shank is rolled over against the surface of one of pieces being
joined.

Rivets Heads

Rivets in the full-tabular or semi-tabular classification are made in

oval. Truss or sunk types of heads as shown in Fig. 4.

Materials

Small rivets are most frequently made of steel, aluminum or brass of

the ferrous materials.

Low carbon grades from AISI 106 to 1019.

Medium Carbon grades from about 1013 to 1023.
High carbon grades from about 1023 to 1040.
Objective in Riveting

Once the number of location of rivets in an assembly are known, the

goal is to set these rivets properly at the lowest in-place-cost and with a
satisfactory rate of return on machine investment. Riveting procedures,
types of rivet setting machines, riveting fixtures, machine layouts and
maintenance procedures must all be established. These factors must
considered with respect not only to the particular riveting job but also over
all riveting capabilities and volume requirements of the assembly plant.

Before any decision can be made on rivet setting procedures certain

facts about the assembly are needed specially. Theses questions should be
answered.

1) How many assemblies must be riveted over what period of time?

2) What is the maximum production rate that may be required?

3) How many different rivet sizes, diameter and length are involved in
the assembly?

4) Will the parts to be riveted require special handling?

5) Are any of the parts to be riveted made of fragile Materials?

Cold Working of Metal

Cold working is a process in which the metal is worked in cold

condition that is room temperature.

Effects of Cold Working

To understand the action of cold working, we consider the structure of

metals. We know that metals are crystalline and are made of irregularly
shaped grains of various sizes.

Each grain consists of atoms arranged orderly and is known as a

lattice.

The orientation of the atoms in a given is uniform but differs from that
in adjacent grains.

When a materials is cold worked the change in material shape brings

about a remarkable change in the grain structure. The structural changes that
occur are (a) Grain.
Fragmentation (b) Movement of atoms and (c) lattice distortion.

Slip planes develop through the lattice structure at points where the
atomic bonds of attraction are the weakest and whole blocks of atoms are
displaced. In cases where atoms are reoriented twinning occurs. IN
twinning, the lattice on one side of a plane is oriented in different fashion
from the other but the atoms have a shape identical to the adjacent atoms.
Slip is the most common method of bringing about metal deformation.

Cold working metals require more pressure as compared to hot

working. A metal is not permanently deformed until stresses exceeding the
elastic limit are passed, as it is in a more rigid state. Since in cold working
range there are no recrystallisation of grains, there is no recovery from grain
distortion or fragmentation. As grain deformation increases greater
resistance to thus action is built up which results increased strength and
harness of the metal. This method of hardening is known as strain
“hardening” and for some metals represents the only method imparting the
property. This occurs as follows: due to resistance built up in the grains due
to atomic dislocation, fragmentation or lattice distortion.

When metal is deformed by cold working, severe stress know as

residual stresses are set up inside metal.
 These stresses are undesirable and can be removed by reheating below
the recrystallization range temperature.

In general cold working produces the following effects:

1. Stresses are set up in the metal which remains unless they are
removed by subsequent heat treatments.

2. A distortion or fragmentation of the grain structure is created.

3. Strength and hardness of the metal are increased with corresponding

loss inductility.

4. Recrusatllization temperature for steel is increased.

5. Surface finish is improved

6. Close dimensional tolerance can be maintained.

Advantages of cold working

1. The cold rolling reduces size slightly permitted accurate dimensional

control

2. No surface oxidation results from this process and smooth surface is

obtained and therefore strength hardness are increased.

3. Cold working is used to increase hardness.

4. The process is also useful in the forming of many articles by extrusion

of ductile materials.

Limitation of cold working

1. Higher pressure and heavier equipments are needed for cold working
process.

2. As a shaping process, it is limited to ductile materials.

3. Brittleness results if the metal is over working and an annealing

operation then becomes necessary.
1.3) STANDARD SIZES OF RIVET

Standard rivets are often available from stock or can be delivered on

relatively short lead times and cost less then special types. The user who
specifies a standard type therefore saves time and money.

For these reason serious consideration should be given to standard

rivets before deciding on special sizes.

1. Shank diameters can be maintained with +/-0.001 inch on rivets upto

1/16 inch diameters and +/-0.003 inch on diameters upto ¼ inch or
over.

2. HEAD diameter – Head diameter tolerances depend on the type of

head. Head diameter increase from +/-0.004 to +/-0.020 inch for
standard oval heads of parts with shank diameters between 1/32 and
7/16 inch.

3. Head thickness – Head thickness tolerances vary roughly from +/-

0.04 to +/- 0.010 inch for shank diameter between 1/32 and 7/16 inch.
1.4) ADVANTAGES OF RIVETS

1) Rivets are much lower in cost than coparable thread.

2) They are produced tremendous quantities in high sped heading

machines.

3) Unit labour costs for setting rivets are low.

4) Rivets can be used to join dissimilar materials in varying thickness as

long as its shank length.

5) Any material than can be cold worked can be made into rivets.

6) Wide variety surface finishes are available.

7) Rivets can also serve as pivot shafts, spacers, electric, contacts, stop
and inserts.

8) The riveted joint is a positive joint and thus quality is determined by

visual inspection.

9) Quality is immediately apparent on completion of the operation.

10) If assembly is loose, it can be seen by the operator and corrective

action taken.
1.5) LIMITATIONS OF RIVETS

Rivets have some limitations, too.

1) Their tensile and fatigue strengths are lower than those of bolts.

2) High tensile loads can pull out the clinch and severe vibrations can
loosen the Riveted joints may not be either watertight or airtight.

3) The strength of a riveted joint is usually many times more than

required by most applications.
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
 CHAPTER II

PNEUMATIC SYSTEM AND ITS COMPONETS

2.1) THE CYLINDER

Cylinder use pneumatic systems to provide the motive force necessary

for the functioning of the associated parts. The two basic parameters used to
specify a cylinder are bore and stroke. Cylinder may be described as single
acting or double acting with regard to the type of action they provide. On a
double acting air cylinder, the thrust acts alternately on both sides of the
piston.

Single acting air cylinder differs in that the air pushes the piston which
return by spring action or gravity. The force for the return stroke for double-
acting cylinders is slightly less as the effective area of the piston is reduced
by the sectional area of the piston rod.

Cylinder Material

Brass and copper are ideal materials for pneumatic cylinders because
they reduce frictional losses considerably. However their drawback lies on
the fact that they posses lesser strength compared to steel materials. M S
and graded C I are usually used as cylinder head materials.
2.2) THE PISTON

Aluminum, brass, copper, C I and steel are some of the material used
for pistons depending on whether the application involves light or heavy
duty. Further pistons many be one-pieces, two-pieces or three-pieces in
construction according to the type of packing used.

For example “U” rings require one piece construction where as cup
packing requires three-pieces construction. The various kinds of packing
generally used include the cup type “U” rings, ‘O’ rings and synthetic
packing depending on service conditions.

2.3) PISTON RODS

Piston rod materials should be ground and polished steel possessing

the required tensile strength for the application intended. Standard rod ends
may be any one of the following types, namely male threaded female
threaded, plain or bored. Commercially piston rods are made of high tensile
steel and are hard chrome plated. Piston rods for cylinders with large stroke
lengths should resist buckling effects.
2.4) SEALING

Compared to hydraulic systems, pneumatic system required greater

care and attention with regard to leakage prevention sealing rings and
various kind of packing are used to prevent leakage. Materials generally
used for sealing are leather and synthetic rubber, leather is very suitable for
piston sealing as it can be soaked in mixture of castor oil and colloidal
graphite before being put to use. It gives trouble free service for a fairly
lone time. Synthetic rubber (Neoprene) is used for oil rings and it can be
produced with in closed limits of accuracy with the required harness.

2.5) PNEUMATIC VALVES

A pneumatic cylinder operating valve must have three ports viz., one
inlet, one outlet and one exhaust. A single acting cylinder can be operated
by three ports but a double acting cylinder required two or three port valves.
However, on practice, a paid of three valves are combined to function as one
unit.
TYPES OF VALVES

Poppet Valves

Poppet vales are used for controlling devices such as air drills due to
their simplicity and ease of operation.

Spool Valves

These valves are incorporated into the system to operate the

equipment at controlled signals. There are two exhaust ports, one inlet and
two port leading to the pneumatic cylinder. As the valve gets displaced
through a small distance ‘X’ in the positive direction and air enters the
pneumatic cylinder. This makes the piston move through a distance ‘Y’
three by causing the air at the other end of the cylinder to move through the
exhaust port of the spool valve. As the piston reaches the other end, the
spool valve is actuated to operated reverse direction.

Solenoid Valves

Here electrical supply in the form of an impulse is used to actuate the

valve. The valve consists of a coil used to actuate the valve. The valve
consists of coil, wound round on a non-magnetic tube in which an iron
armature with a stainless steel covering is provided which serves as the
valve element.
2.6) CUSHIONING

Cushioning is imperative to absorb the kinetic energy of the piston as

it reaches the end of the stroke and thus prevent harmful shocks. It is
achieved by some form of damping or retarding device.

Springs can be used to provide the cushioning effect but different

cylinder operating speeds necessitate different spring designs. Moreover,
when springs are used. Accommodation becomes a problem as the cylinder
length gets increased. Backpressure also provides cushioning effect in
pneumatic cylinder. When the bolt reaches the recess at the cylinder end, a
cushion chamber is formed and the back pressure consequently provides
damping action. The cushioning air may be achieved either by internal or
external means. IN the former type air is trapped by the nose section of
piston to form the cushion chamber at the cylinder and the kinetic energy is
converted into heat. IN the case of external type cushioning, exhaust flow
control of buffer cylinders are employed are employed to restrict flow
control of buffer cylinders are employed to restrict the air path and thus
provide the necessary cushioning effect. Here the piston can work
effectively at high speeds.
2.7) SILENCERS (MUFLERS)

Noise created by the exhaust air from a pneumatic system becomes

undoubtedly disturbing to the operator. One method of curbing the ill
effects of exhaust air involves use of muffler for each system. The muffler
has an aluminum deflector shield which is designed to absorb the initial
impact of the pressure, shock created by the high velocity air stream.
Diverting the air in crises-cross pattern, thereby ensures the minimum
constant with the other section which forms the disfemirator.

2.8) SPECIFICATIONS

1. Cylinder – Double acting 25mm bore and 25 mm stroke.

a) Medium – compressed air, filtered.

b) Maximum permissible, operating pressure 2 kg/mm2

c) Temperature range 20 deg to 80 centigrade

d) Materials – Brass

e) Weight – 650 grams

2) Hand Operated spring return valve.

a) Pressure Range – upto 120 kgs.

b) Material – Cast stel.

RIVETS
 CHAPTER III

RIVET STRUCTURE AND WORKING

3.1) Rivet structure

A simple structure was decided upon with a limited number of

supporting elements and control equipment or operate the pneumatic
cylinder.

A cylinder of before 25mm and stroke 25mm was selected which can
develop 30 kg at a maximum operating pressure of 2 gk/mm

The weight of entire riveting machine was limited to about 15 kgs.

The structure was designed to have dynamic stability.

The basic structure consists of a basic plate with a provision to hold

different rivet tools.

A square rod column section is used support the cylinder. The whole
cylinder is bolted to the column.
3.2) WORKING PRINCIPLE

The riveting machine makes use of a pneumatic cylinder for its drive.
The cylinder get compressed air from the compressor unit through a pressure
regulator. The movement of cylinder is controlled by a hand operated valve.
By altering the flow of compressed air on both the sides of piston (double
acting) it is possible to achieve.

Reciprocator motion, which is used for rivet working operation.

It can seen from the Fix. 5 that as soon as one side of piston gets
compressed air, the other side gets simultaneously emptied through exhaust.
This is effected by the valve.

Compressed air is passed through the line via the valve. The air then
enters the cylinder from top and forces the piston down. When the valve
position is changed compressed air fill the bottom of the cylinder, while the
air in top portion of the cylinder is exhausted thought the valve, thereby
completing one cycle.

The pressure lines are connected by reinforced hose pipe to withstand

high pressure and are secured the to the cylinder and controls using worm
clips.

Operating pressure riveting machine can be set by observing the

pressure gauge.
DESIGN
 CHAPTER IV

DESIGN OF THE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS

4.1) BASE PLATE (Refer to Fig. 7)

Assumptions

1. Load acting on the plate = 30 kgs.

2. Safe stress of the material of the plate (m.s) 3 kg/mm2

3. Dimensions of base plate = 320 mm x 260 mm

4. The force acts at the intersection of the diagonais from E.q.n. 8.8 Pg.
104 of machines design.

Date handbook (Dr. Lingaiah)

We have for,

a = 320 mm

b = 260 mm

od = 3 kg/mm2

F = 30 kg

k4 = 1.38 (table – 8.3 Pg. 111)

Abf
h = ---------------------
Od (a2+a2)

= 2.158 mm

From Westermann’s handbook, next higher size available = 3 mm

 H = 3 mm

Thickness of base plate = 3 m

4.2) COLUMN

a) w.r.t. bending

Assumptions

1. Height for daylight = 25 mm

2. Length of over hang = 180 m for insertion of plates to riveted.

3. In solid square, any section along AA to B is subjected to the bending

moment.

MB = F X 180
= 30X 180
= 5400 kgf-mm

Let thickness of section = t.

Ob – stress due to bending

= MBY 5400 x t/2 3400

kg/mm2 ---------------- = ----------------- = -------------------
1 t4/12 t3

If This were achieved Through free fall, then height ‘h’

Required is got by 2gh = 2 x 30 x 25.4
--------------
m

h = 30 x 25.4 0.0777
------------ = ----------
gxm m

where g = 9810mm/sec2

Using these date in eqn. 3-12. page of 49 machine design data handbook
(Dr. Lingaiah)

O1 = w 1 + 2hEA
---------- 1+ ------------
A MxL

Where, W = 30 kgf

A = 12 x 12 = 14 mm2

h = 0.0777/m

E = 2.1 x 104 length of navil (mm)

L = length of navil (mm)

m = mass of anvil (grams)

01 = design stress = 3.68 kg/m2

106 x 144 30 2 x 0.0777 x 2.1 x

------------- 3.68 ------- 1+ ------------------------
1 14 mx

mL = 21858.50
but m = A x L x p,
where p = density = 7.85 gram/m3
A = area of cross section = 14 mm2

14 x 12 x 7.35 = 169840.43

L = 12.66 mm
(both tensile and compression are equal)

Odi = direct stress

= F 30
------------------- = --------------------- kgf/mm2
A t2

Combined stress = Ob + Odi

= 30 + 32400
-------------------- ------------------------
t2 t3

This should be equal to or less than Od

3 = 30 + 32400
-------------------- ------------------------
t2 t3

3t3 – 30 t – 3240 = O.

Solving this we get, roughly t = 23 mm

From westermann’s tables for ISI standards, next

Higher bar section available is t = 25 mm

Column thickness t = 25 mm

b) Design w.r.t. buckling

From 2.57, Pg 38, of machine design data handbook (Dr. Lingaiah)

Fcr = n E1
------------------------
12

where n = 0.25 for one end fixed and other end free (table 2.4 pg 41)

e = 2.1 106 kg/cm2

bd3 t4
1 = -------------------- = -------------------- where, t = 2.5cm
12 12

with, Fcr = 3o kgf

nEl
1 = ------------------------
Fcr

= 423 mm

Since adopted (260m) is very small as compared to allowable 1, the deisgen

is safe in bucking.

t = 25 mm

4.3) DESIGN OF CYLINDER

Force required = 30 kgf

= d2
------------------- x pa
4

where d = dia of piston

Pa = air pressure (max) of inlet = 6 kg/cm2 = 0.06 kg/mm2

d2
30 = ------------------------ x 0.06
4

d = 25.23 mm

Is = Stroke required 25 mm

From manufacture specifications, available cylinder with capacity of 6

kg/cm2 has dia d = 25 mm

Stroke 1 = 25.4 mm (1”)

Hence choose this cylinder

[ Note : By reducing dia from d = 25.23 mm to d = 25 mm

force produced reduces slightly (to 4x25.2x0.06 = 29.45kg)]

4.4) DESIGN OF RAM (REFER TO Fig. 8)

Assumption : c/s of ram = 12 x 12 mm

Let the length of ram = 10 mm

Mass of ram = m grams

Force acting on ram at beginning o stroke = 30 kgf.

F = 30

Accleration = a = -------- = ------------------ mm/sec2

Stroke legth = 25.4 (assumping no boject obetwen ram and anvil)

2x 30 x 25.4
Final velocity v = 2 as = -------------------- mm/sec
M

4.5) DESIGN OF ANVIL (Refer to Fig. 9)

Assumptions

1. a = 60 mm

2. b = 40 mm

3. od = 3 kg/m2

4. Overhang = 45 m (fpr convenience)

from Eq. 8.8, for all edges fixed

we have k4 = 1.28

abF
 t1 = k4 -----------------------
Od (a2+a2)

Which gives t = 3.89 mm with a load factor of 2

Next higher standard (from tables) t1 = 5mm

4.6) DESIGNING OF WELDMENTS (Refer to Fig. 10)

(a) Column

to find hw

from table 12.1 pg. 160 of machine design handbook (Dr. Lingaiah)

for the similar case with Od for weld = 2 kg/mm2 (for appropriate welding
rod)

540 x 4.24

Ob = ------------------------------------------
hw (25.2 + 3 X 25 (25 + hw)

h2w + 33.33 hw – 153 = O

This gives he = 4.0 mm

The same is adopted for al other welds since this is the critical section.
4.7) DESIGEN OF BOLTS ( Refer to Fig. 11)

No. of bolts = 2

Let d be the dia of the bolt

30 x 180

B. M. taken by each bolt = ----------------------------------- = 2700 m

2
m x y d4 d

bending stress ob = --------------------, 1 = -----------------------, y =

---------------------

1 64.2

2700d
= --------------------- x ------------------
2

d4
-----------------------
64

27502
= ------------------------
d3

direct (tensile)stress

F 30 38.2

Odi = ------------------ = -------------------------- =

----------------

A d2

d2
----------------------
4

combined stress = ob + Odi = OD (8kgf)

27502 38.2
= ------------------ + --------------------
d3 d2

8d3 – 38.2 d – 27502 = 0

which gives d = 8 m

adopt M8 bolts
 CHAPTER V

COST ESTIMATION

Cost of the cylinder Rs. 785-00

Cost of Valve Rs. 650-00

Cost of material (square rod) Rs. 50-00

(14-00/kg)

Cost base plate Rs. 40-00

(13.00/kg)

Hose pipe and fittings Rs. 300.00

Miscellaneous Rs. 300.00

Assembly charges Rs. 500.00

------------------
Total Rs. 2,625.00
-------------------
FABRICATION

CHAPTER VI
 FABRICATION

6.1) PROCESS UNIT

Sl. Time taken in

Part Description Tools Used
No. min
Hacksaw &
1 Base Plate 30 & 25
Drilling
Hacksaw &
2 Column 35 & 20
Grinding
3 Cylinder support Clamping 30

4 Anvil Hacksaw & Filing 25 & 30

5 90 Hacksaw & Filling 90

Drill Tap
6 Ram 120
Machinery
7 Miscellaneous 130

Total Time 535

M/C cost Rs. 2625-00

6.2) ASSEMBLY

a) First the base plate is cur to the required dimension, after this the
bottom supporters (Legs) are welded at four corners.

b) A hole drilled on the base plate and the anvil (platform welded to
anvil) is bolted on the base plate.

c) Then the column (square rod) is welded and the cylinder is fixed to it
with the help of clamp, bolts and nuts.

d) The tapped ram is fixed on the piston rod by rotating in an anti

clockwise direction.

e) The valve is supported on the base plate and is secured to it with the
help of bolts and nuts.

f) The nozzles are fixed on to the valve and the hose pipes are secured
on the nozzles using worm clips.

CHAPTER VII
 TEST AND RESULTS

Test Observation Results/Conclusion

1. Visual inspection of
Nil ------------------
joints for faults

Deflection can be
2. Deflection of avoided by giving
Moderate
structural component extra support to the
column

3. Dynamic stability
under maximum Stable ------------------
working pressure
 CHPARTER V I I I

SUGGESTED MODIFICATIONS

1. Fixtures for plate feeding mechanism in all three arcs can be

integrated with this machine. A universal swivel table can be
incorporated, replacing the anvil, so that job with odd angles / shapes
can be riveted.

2. One can provide a valve, which is supplied with air at constant

maximum pressure. The valve can be calibrated to force directly.

Hence variable forces can be provided to suit the work.

3. Different anvils and rams to suit different types of riveting can be

used.

4. A vibrating conveyor or some such device can be used to fed rivets in

the preferred orientation, and at the preferred rate.

5. Instead of hand operated valve a solenoid valve with a ‘555’ timer

regulator can be used to make the operation continuous and automatic.

6. All the above can be controlled by microprocessor to achieve CNC

type machines. Stepper motors can be provided for controlled
movements. Thus, one can specify the positions which one wants to
be riveted, on a computer screen and hence obtain the result in actual.
DRAWING
 CHAPTER XI

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Machine Design Data Handbook Vol. I - Dr. K. Lingaiah

2. Machine Design - Malev Harmn

3. Machine Design - Black

4. Machine Design - Pandya & Patel

5. Machine Design - Pandya & Shah

6. Machine Design - Sports

7. Westermann’s Tables
 PNUEMATIC
MACHINE/
VALVE

…………. BASE
CYCLIN
DER

STAND