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Module - 1 Energy Engineering

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Module - 1 Energy Engineering

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Harsshitha
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MODULE-I NERGY ENGINEERING Contents: : Introduction- Various Energy demands in India. Solar Energy- Types of Solar Energy Utilization, Solar Energy application- Solar Water heater, Space heating of buildings, Solar cooking, Solar in Agriculture. Wind Power: Utilization of Wind power and hydel power for electric power generation, Installed capacity of hydel and Wind power in India. Bio-diesel a future Technology- Growth in Global Market, advantages, disadvantages, Jatropha biodiesel in India, Process involved in Modern Biodiesel production, Electrical Power generation from Bio-fuels. 1.1 Introduction- Various Energy demands in India The primary energy consumption in India grew by 7.9% in 2018 and is the third biggest after China and USA with 5.8% global share. The total primary energy consumption from crude oil (29.55%), natural gas (6.17%), coal (55.88%), nuclear energy (1.09%), hydro electricity (3.91%) and renewable power (3.40%) (excluding traditional biomass use) in the calendar year 2018. In 2018, India's net imports are nearly 205.3 million tons of crude oil and its products, 26.3 *Mtoe of LNG and 141.7 Mtoe coal totaling to 373.3 Mtoe of primary energy which is equal to 46.13% of total primary energy consumption. About 75% of India's electricity generation is from fossil fuels. Fig 1.1 shows the installed ca acity of energy sources. 1 Where India gets its electricity from installed capacity as of January 2018 Fig 1.1 Installed capacity of energy sources Fig 1.2 shows the installed capacity by source in India as on 31 May 2019. "ig 1.2 Installed capacity by source in India ndia now generates around ',160.1 billion units of electricity in financial Chine a JP prci2% from the previous year, ‘The country is behind only megawatts) Marna 6.015 terrawatt hours (TWh. | TW = 1,000.08 ee + le US (4,327 TWh), and is ahead of Rus japan. Germany, and Canada, Fig 1.3 shows the electricity produced in India. India is the world's third-largest producer of electricity power generated in 2016 Fig 1.3 Electricity produced in India However, production levels are not enough to meet the rising demand which has outstripped supply by about 7.5%. India also intends to add around 100 GW of power capacity between 2017 and 2022, focusing more on hydro, renewable, and gas—based power, besides looking at the adoption of clean coal technology. Over the last five years, renewable energy has been the fastest-growing segment, but still contributes only around 20% to the total power capacity in India. *Mtoe. Millions of tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), is a unit of energy used to describe the energy content of all fuels, typically on a very large scale. SOURCES OF ENERGY 1.1 ENERGY RESOURCES Energy is defined as the ability, or the capacity to do work. Itis the primary requirement for the day-to-day activities of human beings. Energy produces electricity from which we can cook food, light our homes, make computers, televisions, and machines work. Energy moves cars, buses, motor cycles, trains, trucks and planes. In simple words, we use energy to do work and make all movements. Most of the energy that we have been using now comes from natural sources like coal, oil, natural gas and water that are being used from a very long time. However, coal and oil are used in large quantities compared to other sources, The problem here is that, coal and oil are available in nature in limited quantities. Hence, the ever increasing energy demand due to population rise and change in modern lifestyle are threatening to exhaust these sources very soon. This creates a necessity to find and develop alternative energy resources that can meet the energy demands. Some of the alternative energy sources include solar radiation, fuel cells, wind energy, geothermal energy, ocean thermal energy, tidal energy, biomass, etc. It is necessary for every individual to have a basic knowledge ofthe various energy resources and its utilization®, which in turn helps for better consuimption of energy and also benefit the future generation. 1.2 CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES The various energy resources available in nature can be classified into two types: Renewable energy resources and Non-renewable energy resources. a) Renewable energy sources Energy resources that are produced continuously in nature and that will not gct exhausted eventually in future are called renewable energy sources. For example, wind energy is renewable; it is continuously restored by nature after utilization. Renewable energy resources include * Solar energy — It is the heat energy radiated from the sun. * Hydel energy ~ Energy obtained from water. * Wind energy — Energy from the flow of wind. * Geothermal energy - It is the heat energy stored deep inside the earth. * Utilization refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another, so as to utilize tt for various applications. Module - 1 3 wv G * Tidal energy - It is the energy obtained from the tides in occans. * Ocean thermal energy — It is the heat energy obtained from the surface of wi * Biomass energy — Energy obtained from the organic matter of plants and animals. (b) Non-renewable energy resources The energy resources that get exhausted eventually in future are classified as non-renewable © energy resources. Non-renewable energy resources include: + Fossil fuels. Example Coal, petroleum, coal gas and natural gas. * Nuclear fuels. Example Uranium. 121 Table 1.1 shows the brief comparison between renewable and non-renewable Energy resources Renewable versus Non-renewable energy Resources SL. No Renewable energy resources Non -renewable energy resources 1.__| Thése are inexhaustible. These are exhaustible. Example coal, Example solar energy, wind energy etc. _| petroleum, natural gas etc. 2. | Freely available in nature and environment | Not freely available, and also not friendly (except biomass). environment friendly. 3. | They are continuously restored by nature | These sources once used cannot be after utilization. recovered any more. 4. | Initial cost for utilization of energy sources | Both initial and maintenance costs are is high, but maintenance cost is low high. 5, | Availability of energy is intermittent, and | Continuous supply of energy is hence continuous supply of energy is not possible. possible with non-renewable energy sources. Table 1.1 Renewable versus Non-renewable Energy sources — pnreh mh AM KR AK HF A A ater in oceans & c c ££ 1.4.2 Based on Usage of Energy Sources with Respect to Time Based on the usage, energy sources are classified as conventional energy and non- conventional energy sources. a) Conventional energy sources ‘These are energy sources that are being used from a very long time. Example Fossil fuels, nuclear fuels, and hydel energy. b) Non-conventional energy sources These are alternative energy sources on which attention has been focused in the recent pe~" Example Solar energy. fuel cells, wind energy. tidal energy, geothermal energy, biomass, ocean thermal energy, etc. 1.4 SOLAR ENERGY Solar energy, also called solar radiation is the heat energy radiated (or emitted) by the sun. Solar energy is very large, inexhaustible and a renewable source of energy on Earth. The heat energy radiated from the sun is captured, stored & utilized for various applications. A few common applications are briefed as follows: 1.4.1 Solar Energy Utilization Using Flat Plate Collector A flat plate collector is the simplest and the most common type of solar collector used to capture solar rays. This type of collector is preferable for low temperature applications such as water heating, cooking, drying food grains and vegetables, heating and cooling buildings, etc. Liquid Flat Plate Collector For Water Heating Figure 1.1 shows the details of a flat plate collector used for heating cold water. The collector consists of the following components: * Absorber plate is usually made of copper, and is coated with black* so as to absorb the solar rays falling on it. Water tubes are metallic tubes through which water circulates. The tubes are attached to the absorber plate. * Transparent cover is made of a toughened glass, usually 4 mm thick, which helps in teflecting the incident solar energy back to the absorber plate. The glass cover permits the entry of solar radiation as it is transparent for incoming short wavelengths, but is largely opaque to the longer infrared radiation reflected from the absorber. As a result, heat remains trapped in the airspace between the absorber plate and the glass cover. ¢ Insulation by means of resin bonded rock wool is provided below the absorber plate so as to prevent heat losses by conduction. * Black bodv absorbs more radiation, 6 Elements of Mechanical Engineering Air vent Overhead tank Cold water { Cold water flow Hot water] for use Cold water from\\ solar tank (a) Pictorial view of solar flat plate collector (Figure not to be drawn in examination) Solar Transparent glass cover radiation | Ai tight enclosure Re-reflected wave Insulation : ‘Absorber * plate (b) Sectional view A- A Figure 1.1 Flat plate collector for water heating In operation, cold water from the overhead tank is made t6 flow through the water tubes of the solar heater. When the sun rises to a certain level, it’s energy passes through the transparent cover and falls on the absorber plate. The heat energy absorbed by the absorber plate is transferred to the cold water flowing through the tubes. The heated water being lighter than the cold water, rises and flows into the top of the solar water tank. The heated water can be used for various purposes. The cold water from the overhead tank enters the water tubes & the process repeats. Solar Energy Utilization Using Focusing Collector + as shown in figure 1.2 is a parabolic trough, or may be in the form of long ped surface designed to reflect and concentrate the sun’s energy to a focal 1.4.2 Focusing collector rectangular U-shaj Module - 1 & line where the absorber or receiver tube will be located. The absorbed heat energy raises the temperature of a special type of fluid, which is then collected ata central location to get converted, into high-pressure superheated steam. ‘The stcam is utilized for generating power (electricity) in 4 steam turbines. The so called solar thermal power plant consists of many such parallel roe of solar parabolic trough collectors to maximize solar energy utilization. | Note The largest 2000 MW solar park is set up at Pavagada in Kamataka’s Tumkuru Pernt Sun Water heating absorbet tubing Reflecting Mirror = : Cold water in Figure 1.2 _ Parabolic trough collector G G & © & ce c 1.4.3 Solar Energy Utilization Using Photovoltaic Cell ? A photovoltaic* cell, also called solar cell, is a device that directly converts the sun’s radiation =~ into electrical energy. The working principle of a photovoltaic cells illustrated in figure 1.3 A photovoltaic cell is made up of at least two layers of semiconductor® material like silicon, doped with impurities in order to increase the conductivity of the material. The first layer has ae positive charge (p-type silicon), while the next layer a negative charge (n-bype silicon). As known, sunlight is composed of photons or particles of solar energy. When sunlight strikes the, photovoltaic cell, the semiconductor material absorbs photons from the light. 1 When enough photons are absorbed by the negative layer ofthe semiconductor material, electrons & are dislodged from the material, which then move towards the positive layer. This flow of electrons constitutes an electric current, which can be captured in a circuit connecting the two layers of the semiconductor material. The electricity generated by the photovoltaic cel] can be used directly, or stored in batteries. The power output can be increased by connecting a number ef of photovoltaic cells together in a sealed package called a module. * The word photovoltaic comes from photo meaning light and voltaic referring to producing electric, * A semiconductor is a material which has lecrical conductivity benween that of a conductor such 4, copper and that of an insulator such as glass. To increase its conductivit, semiconductors are doped vith impurities like boron, the resulting whichis called prype semiconductors, and semiconducre doped with impurities like phosphorous are called 1-19pe semiconductors. The phrase ‘n-type comes & ! from the negative charge of the electron, while p-type’ refers to postive charge. MS. s e. Elements of Mechanical Engineering Photovoltaic cells can be used for a number of applications. A few of them include: domestic lighting, street lighting, village electrification, water pumping, desalination’ of salt water, railway signals, powering of remote telecommunication repeater stations, etc. junction P-type silicon Figure 13 Photovoltaic cell 1.5 WIND ENERGY Wind energy is the kinetic energy of large masses of air moving over the earth’s surface. The kinetic energy of wind can be converted into mechanical work (in the form of rotation of shaft) by a wind mill or wind turbine. The mechanical power thus obtained can be used for specific tasks such as grinding food grains, pumping underground water, generate electricity, etc. Figure 1.5 shows the schematic of a wind turbine for generating electricity. A wind turbine consists of specially designed blades that are connected to a low speed shaft. The shaft in tum is connected toa small generator fixed in the axis of the wind mill as shown in the figure. Most turbines have either two to three blades, and are designed large enough to extract energy from the largest possible volume of air. Since wind speed increases with height, the blades are mounted high above the ground level by means of a tower. This enables the blades to capture more energy and hence generate more electricity. Elements of Mechanical Engineering Wind nt Cut portion Wind Two blade rotor S- Shaft GB - Gear box C-Coupting G- Generator Figure 15 — Wind turbine In operation, the kinetic energy of the flow of wind causes the blades'to rotate at slow speeds. The gear box comprising of many gears is used to increase the rotational speed of the shaft to that range required to produce electricity. The high speed of the shaft thus drives the generator to produce clectricity. The power produced by the generator is transferred down the tower to the power grid system and then through the transmission lines, ‘Wind turbines work best on a large scale (wind farm) in large ‘open areas, where one can install ‘more wind turbines with towers tall enough to capture the full brunt ofthe wind energy available. Coastal areas and areas near large bodies of water are often best suited for wind power. In India, Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and coastal areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra have found tobe suitable for generating power using wind energy 1.6 HYDRO ENERGY Hydro power or water power is the energy obtained from the fowing water. ‘The energy obtained can be utilized to drive machines or generate electricity by means ofa turbine. Figure 1.6 shows the layout of hydroelectric power plant. A dam is built to collect the rain water in a reservoir. Gravitational potential energy is stored in the water. The water from the reservoirs then allowed to flow through penstock (larze pipe) and enter the nozzle, or through specially designed blade passages, wherein the potential energy ng Module - 1 is converted to kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of water causes the turbine runner to rotate, which in turn drives the generator to produce electricity. The electricity is then transmitted to a sub-station where transformers increase the voltage to that level required for residential and ‘commercial applications. Power Transmission Ne ie, Tower ing DAM Reservoir Power house Generator Tailrace Figure 1.6 Hydro electric power plant 1 & < < | . ¢ ¢ ¢ [Link] Helio-chemical process: Photosynthesis is a form of biological conversion of solar energy into chemical energy called bio energy stored in plants, Helio chemical process is a photosynthesis process which is the source of all fossil fuels and the food on which we live today. Fig 1.6 shows the photosynthesis process. {In the process of photosynthesis, plants convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy in the form of glucose - or suger, water + carbon dioxide + sunlight —* glucose + oxygen 6HO + 6CO, — = radlantenergy—> GH,0,> 60, Figure 1.6 Photosynthesis process Biomass and Biofuels are examples of Heliochemical process. Working of simple Biogas plant: Fig 1.7 shows the working of simple Biogas plant. Gee Fig 1.7 Simple Biogas plant * The various forms of biomass are mixed with an equal quantity of Water in the mixing tank. This forms the slurry. * The slurry is fed into digester through the inlet chamber. Zz e When the digester is partially filled with the slurry, the introduction of slurry is stopped and the plant is left unused for about tWo months. e During these two months, anaerobic bacteria present in the slurry decompose or ferments the biomass in the presence of water. e Asaresult of anaerobic fermentation, biogas is formed, which starts collecting in the dome of the digester. 1.2.1 .3. Helio- electric process: It is generated by photovoltaic effect caused when the sun is beamed on the semiconductor. Solar PV cell works on the principle of Helio-electric process as shown in Fig 1.8. i OX Metallic Solar Radiation A (Photor-light) Conducting Strips — Electron Flow Glass Pray Approx. Lens 3 : He 0.58V0C 7 ~ve Electrons Substrate Base +ve Hol Holes . PV Cell Symbol Fig 1.8 Solar PV cell oe * Photovoltaic (PV) cell are made up of two semiconductor 18)" a. ae ive One layer containing a positive charge (Holes), the other ne" charge (electrons), ; PV cell j ‘ cell is exposed to photons coming fiom sunlight, many oy p sts are reflected, pass right through or absorbed by the %° cel A e When enough photons are absorbed by the negative layer of the PV cell, electrons are freed from the negative semiconductor material. These freed electrons migrate to the positive layer creating a voltage differential, similar to a household battery. 1.2.2 Solar Energy Application Transformation is the energy that comes from the sun. It has been used for thousands of years in many different ways by people all over the world. As well as its traditional human uses in heating, cooking, and drying, it is used today to make electricity where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote places and in space. It is becoming cheaper to make electricity from solar energy and in many situations it is now competitive energy from coal or oil. [Link] Solar Water heating Fig 1.9 shows the schematic of solar water heating system. Solar water heaters come in a wide variety of designs, all including a collector and storage tank, and all using the sun's thermal energy to heat water. Solar water heaters are typically described according to the type of collector and the circulation system. Water tank Solar Radiations Cold water Solar heater — Cold Water le ‘Thermosyphon Hot Water Flow eo Lay eile Storage Tank J. Solar 4. Radiation CalgWaterRetun Flat Plate Retum Collector Fig 1.9 Schematic arrangement of solar water heater Parts of the Solar Water Heating System A solar water heating system con: sists of a flat Plate solar collector, a storage tank kept at a hei ht behind the collector, and connecting The system is Senerally installed On the roof or open ground, a the collector facing the sun and connected to a continuous wate" supply. [Link] Space heating of Buildings These work by heating a boundary layer of air, typically less than Smm thick, on the external surface of a pre-finished steel collector which is fixed to a southerly wall elevation. This boundary layer is drawn through micro- perforations in the collector into a cavity and at its simplest then circulated through a building using a fan. The transpired solar collector is installed as an additional micro perforated pre-finished steel skin onto an existing (or new) structurally sound wall (metal and non-metal), creating a cavity between the wall and the metal skin. Negative air pressure created within the cavity by a ventilation fan draws ambient outside air through the micro perforations in the transpired solar collector’s surface. This outside air is then heated as it passes through the perforations and collected within the cavity. Fresh heated air from the cavity is then fed either directly into the building as ventilation air (industrial applications), or ducted into a HVAC unit (commercial & residential applications), where it is used as a pre-heater to the main heating system. Fig 1.10 shows the schematic of space heating of building. AS Pedoates ‘usted wal ter seat Fig 1.10 Schematic of space heating of buildi ad .3 Solar cooking A is [Link] Solar for cooking purposes is called a sol, ievice that utilizes solar energy ; vl r cooker is known as box. ker, The most commonly used form of solai n shown in the Fig 1.11. type solar cooker. A box-type solar cooker is / Reflector (Plane mirror) Glass shest cover, (orld) Inner metal box Outer (bainted black) ‘wooden box Thermocol (insulator) Fig 1.11 Box-type solar cooker Construction of a box-type solar cooker: A box-type solar cooker consists of the following components: |. Box (B): This is an insulated metal or a wooden box. It is painted black from inside because black surface absorbs more heat. The box may be provided with four roll-wheels, . Gl: 5 : ass cover (G): A cover made of two sheets of toughened glass held together in an alumini nium frame is used a: box B. 3. Plane mirror reflector ®) 8 a cover of the ): A plane mirror in @ frame is fixed to the box 5 mirror reflector fixed B with the help of hinges. The mifor d at any desired angle to the box. The ‘0 allow the reflected sunlight fall of the teflector can be Positione, mirror is positioned so as 81885 cover of the box, Cookin, i '® containers (C); i and black, (C): A set of Containers made of aluminiu™ ened , are also bette meee kept in the box B. These containe® lack because black Surface absorbs more heat. Working: The food is cooked in a shallow vessel of the container. The box has a transparent covering of glass shect over it. The solar cooker is placed in sunlight and reflector (plane mirror) is adjusted in such a way that a strong beam of sunlight enters the box through the glass sheet. The blackened metal surfaces in the wooden box absorb infrared radiations from the beam of sunlight and heat produced raises the temperature of blackened metal surface to about 100°C. The food absorbs heat from the black surface and gets cooked. The thick glass sheet does not allow the heat produced to escape and thus, helps in raising the temperature in the box to a sufficiently high degree to cook the food. [Link] Solar energy in Agriculture (i) Solar power controlling daily activities Solar energy possesses a huge potential for solar irrigation and can be used to pump water for livestock and crops. Fig 1.12 shows the water pumping application, Fig 1.12 Water pumping application (li) Solar energy t0 dry crops and grains A major Percentage of agriculture produce is spoilt during the traditional Spen-air drying. Using solar drying method can dry crops faster and at an 13 ae ee - leaving them out open in the field with the added Advantage even rate than I of protection from birds, insects and worms. There are different types of solar dryers, such as direct drying (solar box dryer), indirect drying (solar cabinet dryer), mixed mode drying (sol tunnel dryer) or hybrid drying (hybrid solar/biomass cabinet dryer), Fig 1.13 shows the typical solar bubble dryer ce Fig 1.13 Solar Bubble dryer (iii) Using solar photovoltaic’s in agriculture Sunli ra: can also be used to generate electricity using PV solar panels. This is 0} Fri niche a cost. ftiendly approach than conventional methods of providing ‘icity especially to a remote location where they have a problem in Setting up power transmission |i ; ines. They i easier to maintain than diese] fuels. ated ee ou include irrigati i ; ae a Paci reftigeration of agricultural products, milling of gt! ric fencit ightni von ate ce lightning etc, Although the application of solar P ‘0 apparatus with i i : cut your dependency on electricity, aes “orey lee 8) ne 14 Benefits of Using Solar Energy for Agriculture A lot cheaper than fossil fuels An effective solution to drought related problem Getting more advanced Storing solar energy for later use The most efficient way to prevent global warming Advantages of Solar Energy Renewable Energy Source Reduces Electricity Bills Diverse Applications Low Maintenance Costs Technology Development Solar Energy Disadvantages Cost Weather Dependent Solar Energy Storage is Expensive Uses a Lot of Space Associated with Pollution- During manufacturing of solar PV 1.5 Installed capacity of hydel and Wind power in India India is the 7th largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world, AS of 30 April 2017, India's installed utility-scale hydroelectric Capacity Wa, 44,594 MW, or 13.5% of its total utility power generation Capacity, Additional smaller hydroelectric power units with a total capacity of 4.33) MW (1.3% of its total utility power generation capacity) have been installed. India's hydroelectric power potential is estimated a 148,700 MW at 60% load factor. In the fiscal year 2016-17, the total — hydroelectric power generated in India was 122.31 TWh (excluding small hydro) with an average capacity factor of 33%. The growth of Renewable Energy in India is enormous and Wind Energy proves to be the most effective solution to the problem of depleting fossil fuels, importing of coal, greenhouse gas emission, environmental pollution etc. Wind energy as a renewable, non-polluting and affordable source directly avoids dependency of fuel and transport, can lead to green and clean electricity. With an installed capacity of 35625.97MW (March 2019) of wind ener®: Renewable Energy Sources (excluding large Hydro) currently accounts 22% of India’s overall installed power capacity of 356100.19MW. wind Energy holds the major portion of 45.5% of total RE eapaclt? (78316.39MW) among renewable and continued as the largest supple” ? clean energy. The Government of India has announced a laudable Renewable target of 175GW by 2022 out of which 60GW will be coming fo™ ua power. The Wind Potential in India was first estimated by National anti nett! id 20 anew study by NIWE at 100m height has estimated a potential 302GW. ‘One of the major advantages of wind energy is its inherent strength to support rural employment and uplift of rural economy. Further, unlike all other sources of power, wind energy does not consume any water-which in itself will become a scarce commodity. Overall the future of Wind Energy in India is bright as energy security and self-sufficiency is identified as the major driver. The biggest advantage with wind energy is that the fuel is free, and also it doesn’t produce CO emission. Wind farm can be built reasonably fast, the wind farm land can be used for farming as well thus serving dual purpose, and it is cost-effective as compare to other forms of renewable energy. (Numerical Data Source: CEA, NIWE, MNRE) 1.6 Biodiesel Biodiesel is a safe alternative fuel to replace traditional petroleum diesel. It has high-lubricity, is a clean-burning fuel and can be a fuel component for use in existing, unmodified diesel engines. This means that no retrofits are necessary when using biodiesel fuel in any diesel powered combustion engine. It is the only alternative fuel that offers such convenience. Biodiesel acts like petroleum diesel, but produces less air pollution, comes from tenewable sources, is biodegradable and is safer for the environment. Producing biodiesel fuels can help create local economic revitalization and local environmental benefits. Many groups interested in promoting the use Of biodiesel already exist at the local, state and national level. Biodiesel is designed for complete compatibility with petroleum diesel and can be blended in any ratio, from additive levels to 100 percent biodiesel. In the United States today, biodiesel is typically produced from oer i" _ Tpeseed oil or can be reprocessed from waste cooking oils or animal T™ an 6.2 Benefits of Biodiesel ie Biodiesel is not harmful to the environment Biodiesel may not require an engine modification. Biodiesel can be blended with diesel so as to improve the efficiency of the engine without any hassles. ¢ Biodiesel is cheap. ¢ Any Vehicle using Biodiesel has very low idle stating noise. « Biodiesel is cost effective because it is produced locally iodiesel as a fuel not only helps reducing the pollution reduces health azards and gives our society A CLEANER AND GREENER MORROW. 1.6.3 Advantages of using Biodiesel ¢ Easy to use: Biodiesel can be used in existing engines, vehicles and infrastructure with practically no changes. * Biodiesel provides excellent lubricity to the fuel injection system. © Emissions & Greenhouse Gas Reduction: Biodiesel provides significantly reduced emissions of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, unburned hydrocarbons, and sulfates compared to petroleum diesel fuel. ® Biodiesel is less toxic than diesel and is biodegradable © Due to the existence of low volatility nature of biodiesel, it is easier and safe to handle than petroleum. Biodiesel has a flash point cs over 2660 F, meaning it cannot form a combustible mixture until it is heated well above the boiling point of water. * Economic Development: The resources that are used Biodiesel are locally available. The in-house prod Provides host of economic benefits for the lo 5 of using Biodiesel 1.6.4 Disadvantage "ate Biodiesel i fr i Variation in Quality of Biodiesel: Biodiesel is made from variety g biofuel crops. Low Temperatures Not Suitable for use in © Increased use of Fertilizers: biofuels, more fertilizer is used which can environment. The excess use of fertilizers can result in soi erosion and can lead to land pollution. ¢ Clogging in Engine: Biodiesel cleans dirt from the engine. This proves to be an advantage of biofuels but the problem is that this dit gets collected in fuel filter and clogs it. © Regional Suitability: Some regions are not suitable for oil producing ‘As more crops are grown to produc have devastating effect on crops. Water Shortage: The use of water to produce more crops can put pressure on local water resources. © Slight Increase in Nitrogen Oxide Emissions: Biodiesel has about 10% higher Nitrogen Oxide (NoX) than other petroleum produc Nitrogen Oxide is one the gas is used in the formation of s gas that is used i i 1.6.5 Jatropha biodiesel in India Biofuel devel i i Spment in India centres mainly on the cultivation aad processing of Jatropha plant i (40%). seeds (Fig 1.16) which are very rich me Fig 1.16 Jatropha curcas 24 jatropha oil has been used in India for several decades as biodiesel for the liesel fuel requirements of remote rural and forest communities; jatropha il can be used directly after extraction (ie, without refining) in diesel erators and engines. Jatropha oil is produced from the seeds of the Jatropha cureas, a plant that grow in wastelands across India, and the oil is considered to be an cellent source of bio-diesel. India is keen on reducing its dependence on coal and petroleum to meet its increasing energy demand and encouraging Jatropha cultivation is a crucial component of its energy policy. However, in recent times the bio-fuel policy has come under critical review, on the way it has been promoted. Large plots of waste land have been selected for Jatropha cultivation and will provide much needed employment to the rural poor of India. Businesses are also seeing the planting of Jatropha as a good business opportunity. The Government of Indiahas identified 400,000 square kilometres (98 million acres) of land where Jatropha can be grown, hoping it will replace 20% of India's diesel consumption. Life-cycle analysis studies have shown favourable energy balance for production of Jatropha-based biodiesel in India and also a potential GHG emission saving of 33-42% compared to fossil-based diesel. The following factors made jatropha an advantages one: * It is easy to cultivate jatropha. Jatropha can grow on all the climatic conditions and soils hence it is cultivated in most of the places. © It is less expensive to cultivate jatropha and most of the jatropha seed varieties are available of less cost. * The percentage of yield is high and the extraction of oil is also maximum. Jatropha provides higher rate of output than any other crops. 25 ooeps i it even at th . «Ibis very easy to maintain the jatropha plant © Seedling stage Jatropha stands as an ideal crop among the bio-diesel crops because ¢ the following reason: e Drought resistant e Jatropha plant has the ability to grow well on poor and infertility soil, in marginal areas and can withstand any type of climate © Needs only little amount water and maintenance © The plant can be harvested for about 50 years Following are the advantages of the jatropha plant: ° Low cost seeds e High oil content ¢ Small development period Grow on good and despoiled soil Grow in low and high rainfall areas Does not require any special maintenance Can be harvested in non-rainy season ji ic fertilizer. » Soap, mosquito repellent, and of" 1.6.6 Process involved in M : lodern Biodi, rt iodiesel production is the Det easeiige B «agiesth through the chemi Process of producing the biofuel, biodie™ . imal f A .

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