Software Verification

PROGRAM NAME: SAFE

REVISION NO.: 4

EXAMPLE 16
Cracked Slab Analysis

CRACKED ANALYSIS METHOD

The moment curvature diagram shown in Figure 16-1 depicts a plot of the
uncracked and cracked conditions, 1 State 1, and, 2 State 2, for a reinforced
beam or slab. Plot A-B-C-D shows the theoretical moment versus curvature of a
slab or beam. The slope of the moment curvature between points A and B
remains linearly elastic until the cracking moment, Mr, is reached. The increase
in moment curvature between B-C at the cracking moment, Mr, accounts for the
introduction of cracks to the member cross-section. The slope of the moment
curvature between point C-D approaches that of the fully cracked condition,  2
State 2, as the moment increases.

Since the moments vary along the span of a slab or beam, it is generally not
accurate to assign the same cracked section effective moment of inertia along the
entire length of a span. A better approach and the one recently added to the SAFE
program is to account for the proper amount of curvature for each distinct finite
element of the slab or beam that corresponds to the amount of moment being
applied to that element. After the moment curvatures are known for each
element, the deflections can be calculated accordingly.

This verification example will compare the results from Example 8.4, Concrete
Structures, Stresses and Deformations, Third Edition, A Ghali, R Favre and M
Elbadry, pages 285-289, with the results obtained from SAFE. Both the
calculations and the SAFE analysis use the cracked analysis methodology
described in the preceding paragraphs.

PROBLEM DESCRIPTION
The slab used in this example has dimensions b = 0.3 m and h = 0.6 m. The slab
spans 8.0 m and has an applied load of 17.1 KN/m.

EXAMPLE 16 - 1
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAFE
REVISION NO.: 4

Figure 16-1 Moment versus curvature for a reinforced slab member

Figure 16-2 One-Way Slab

EXAMPLE 16 - 2
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PROGRAM NAME: SAFE
REVISION NO.: 4

GEOMETRY, PROPERTIES AND LOADING

Slab thickness h = 0.65 m
Slab width b = 0.3 m
Clear span L = 8.0 m
Concrete Ultimate Strength h fc = 30 MPa
Concrete cracking strength f cr = 2.5 MPa
Modulus of elasticity, Conc. Es = 30 MPa
Modulus of elasticity, Steel Ec = 200 MPa
Poisson’s ratio  = 0.001
Uniform load w = 17.1 KN/m
Creep coefficient   t,t0  = 2.5
Free shrinkage  CS  t,t0  = 250E-6

Note: The concrete cracking strength of f cr = 2.5 MPa was used in this example
using the Run menu > Cracking Analysis Option command.

TECHNICAL FEATURES OF SAFE TESTED

 Cracked Slab Analysis

RESULTS COMPARISON
SAFE calculated the displacements using a Nonlinear Cracked Load Case (see
Figure 16-1). The first nonlinear load case was calculated without creep and
shrinkage effects and the second nonlinear load case included creep and
shrinkage effects. Table 16-1 shows the results obtained from SAFE compared
with the referenced example.

Table 16-1 Comparison of Results

INDEPENDE SAFE DIFFEREN

CASE AND FEATURE TESTED NT RESULTS RESULTS CE
Mid-Span Displacement No Creep /
14.4 mm 13.54 mm 5.97%
Shrinkage (m)
Mid-Span Displacement with Creep /
23.9 mm 24.51 mm 2.55%
Shrinkage (m)

EXAMPLE 16 - 3
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAFE
REVISION NO.: 4

COMPUTER FILES: S16

CONCLUSION
The SAFE results show an acceptable comparison with the independent results.

CALCULATIONS:
Design Parameters: Es = 200 GPa, Ec = 30 GPa, h = 0.65 m, b = 0.3m,
As = 1080 mm2, As = 270 mm2, Center of reinf. at 0.05 m
Span = 8.0 m, Uniform Load = 17.1 KN/m

Figure 16-3 Slab Cross-Section

Case 1 – Nonlinear cracked slab analysis without creep and shrinkage

1.1 Transformed Uncracked Section Properties:

Area, A = 0.2027m2
Y = 0.319m
I, transformed = 7.436E-03 m4

1.2 Transformed Cracked Section Properties:

Area, A = 0.2027 m2
C = 0.145 m
I, cracked = 1.809E-03 m4

EXAMPLE 16 - 4
 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAFE
REVISION NO.: 4

1.3 Cracked Bending Moment, Mr = 23.3E-03  2.5  10E6 = 58.3 KN-m

2 2
M   58.3 
1.4 Interpolation coefficient,   1  1  2  r   1  1.0    0.82
M   136 
where 1  1.0 and  2  1.0

1.5 Curvature:

State1: Uncracked
136E-06
1   610E-06 / m
30  109  7.436E-03

State2: Fully Cracked

136E-06
2   2506E-06 / m
30  109 1.809E-03

Interpolated curvature:
 m  1    1    2   1  0.82  (610E-06 / m)  0.82  2506E-06   2157E-06 / m

1.6 Slab Curvature:

Figure 16-4 Span-Curvature Diagram

1.7 Deflection:
By assuming a parabolic distribution of curvature across the entire span (see the
Mean Curvature over Entire Span plot in Figure 16-4), the deflection can be
calculated as,

EXAMPLE 16 - 5
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAFE
REVISION NO.: 4

82
Deflection  0.002157  10 1000  14.4 mm (See Table 16-1)
96

Case 2 – Nonlinear cracked slab analysis with creep and shrinkage

2.1 Aged adjusted concrete modulus,

EC  t0  30e9
E C  t , t0     10GPa
1  X   t , t0  1  0.8(2.5)

Where X  t,t0   0.8 (SAFE Program Default),   t,t0   2.5 (aging coefficient, see
Figure 16-5 below)

ES 200
n   20
E C  t,t0  10

2.2 Age-adjusted transformed section in State1:

A1  0.2207 m 2
NA  0.344 m from top of slab
I 1  8.724  103 m 4
yC  0.020 m, distance from top of slab to the centroid of the concrete area
AC  0.1937 m 2 , area of concrete
I C  6.937 103 m 4 , moment of inertia of AC about NA
I
rC2  C  35.34 103 m 2
AC
I C 6.937 103
1    0.795, curvature reduction factor
I 8.724 103

2.3 Age adjusted transformed section in State2:

A2  0.0701m 2
NA  0.233m from top of slab
I 2  4.277  103 m 4
yC  0.161m, distance from top of slab to the centroid of the concrete area

EXAMPLE 16 - 6
 Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAFE
REVISION NO.: 4

AC  0.0431m 2 , area of concrete

I C  1.190  103 m 4 , moment of inertia of AC about NA
I
rC2  C  27.62 103 m 2
AC
I C 1.190 103
2    0.278
I 4.277  103

2.4 Changes in curvature due to creep and shrinkage:

State 1, Change in curvature between period t0 to t ,
  y  y 
Delta     t,t0    t0    0  t0  C2    CS  t,t0   C2 
  rC  rC 
  0.020  0.020 
 0.795  2.5  610 106  8 106
35.34 x103 
   250  10 6
 
35.34 103 
 
 1299 106 / m

The curvature at time t (State 1)

 1  t    610  1299  x106 / m  1909x106 / m

State 2, Change in curvature between period t0 to t ,

  y  y 
Delta     t,t0    t0    0  t0  C2    CS  t,t0   C2 
  rC  rC 
  0.161  0.161 
3  
 0.278  2.5  2506  106  222 106  250 106  
  27.62 x10  27.62 103 
 1248  106 / m

The curvature at time t (State 2)

 2  t    2506  1248   106 / m  3754  106 / m

Interpolated curvature:
 t  1    1  t     2  t    1  0.91 (1909  106 )  0.91 3754  106   3584  106 / m

EXAMPLE 16 - 7
Software Verification
PROGRAM NAME: SAFE
REVISION NO.: 4

2.5 Deflection at center at time, t:

By assuming a parabolic distribution of curvature across the entire span, the
deflection can be calculated as,
82
Deflection  0.003584  10  1000  23.90 mm (See Table 16-1)
96

2.6 The Load Case Data form for Nonlinear Long-Term Cracked Analysis:
The Creep Coefficient and Shrinkage Strain values must be user defined. For this
example, a shrinkage strain value of 250E-6 was used. Note that the value is input
as a positive value.

Figure 16-5 Load Case Data form for Nonlinear Long-Term Cracked Analysis

EXAMPLE 16 - 8