WEL~COME
N. P. BHUSAL
Lecturer, Deptt. of IT,
CCT College, Butwal
Email: [email protected]
SDLC
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE:
➢Program Development is a step by step process of producing
a program by performing various stages
to solve any particular problem.
➢It is sometimes called Software Development Life Cycle
(SDLC).
➢A good software can be designed after performing the
individual stages completely and perfectly one after another.
➢The system development can be a new system or an
improvement in the existing system is required.
➢The systems development life cycle is classically thought of as
the set of activities that analysts, designers and users
carry out to develop and implement an information
system.
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT STAGES:
▪ PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
▪ REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS
▪ PROGRAM DESIGN
▪ PROGRAM CODING
▪ DEBUGGING & TESTING
▪ DOCUMENTATION
▪ IMPLEMENTATION & MAINTENANCE
PROGRAM DESIGN
▪ Designing refers to the set of activities that includes defining architecture
for the program that specifies the requirements.
▪ This is the planning and detailing process of the program.
▪ It is the important stage where designer/programmer designs the
structure or model of the program according to detailed and analyzed
requirements.
▪ It is the stage at which the programmer follows different techniques or
methods to achieve the goal.
▪ The developer develops many probable solutions to solve the problem
and finally selects the best solutions.
▪ The programmer or designer is used many tools such as Algorithm, Flow
chart , Decision Table etc for each program component in the
architecture.
▪ The programmer concentrate on developing the programming logic to get
an errorless and effective programming coding.
Various Phases of Program Design:
▪Data Design
▪Input Design
▪ Output Design
▪ Procedure Design
▪ File Design
Importance of Program designing tools:
▪Graphical representation methods, step by step
description of the process, sequence of instructions
of the program and its logics.
▪Program Designing tools describe and clearly show
the control and flow of the data in the program.
▪Provide easy environment to solve the problems to
the analyst and the designer.
▪The rules are used for interpretation of the meaning
of components in the structure of the system.
▪Help to understand the structure of the program and
its modules.
SOME SYSTEM DESIGN TOOLS
▪ALGORITHM
▪FLOW CHART
▪PSEUDOCODE
▪DECISION TABLE
▪SYSTEM FLOWCHART
▪DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD)
▪ENTITY RELATION (ER) DIAGRAM
▪CLASS DIAGRAM
ALGORITHM:
ALGORITHM
▪Algorithm is the important tool for the program
development or software development.
▪The word “algorithm” is derived from the name of
al-Khwarizmi (Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa-al-Khwarizmi),an
Arabic (Muslim) mathematician which means a
method, technique or a procedure.
▪Algorithm is the step by step sequence of well
defined instructions to solve the problems of a
program in a finite number of times.
▪It is a step by step description of the logic of a
program or flow of a program in a correct
sequence.
▪ Cont…
Advantages of Algorithm:
▪Language Independence
▪Makes easier to understand complex problems.
▪Makes easier to express / convert the problems
into program code.
▪It is simple, complete, unambiguous and
consists step-by-step program flow.
▪It makes easy to locate and remove errors and
bugs.
Disadvantages of Algorithm:
▪It is time consuming process.
▪Difficult to represent complicated and complex
problems.
▪It is not compulsion to write the algorithm to
solve any programming problem.
EXAMPLES OF ALGORITHM
Algorithm to calculate sum of any two numbers:
▪Step 1 : Start
▪Step 2 : Input any two variables A,B
▪Step 3 : Add A and B and result Assign to Sum
▪Step 4 : Display Sum
▪Step 5 : End
INTRODUCTION OF FLOWCHART
The flowchart is a means of visually presenting
the flow of data through an information processing
systems, the operations performed within the
system and the sequence in which they are
performed.
Flowchart is drawn according to defined rules
and using standard flowchart symbols prescribed
by the American National Standard Institute, Inc.
FLOWCHART
➢ A flowchart is a diagrammatic representation that illustrates the
sequence of operations to be performed to get the solution of a
problem.
➢ It is a pictorial representation of an Algorithm.
➢ Flowcharts facilitate communication between programmers and
business people.
➢ These flowcharts play a vital role in the programming of a problem
and are quite helpful in understanding the logic of complicated and
lengthy problems.
➢Once the flowchart is drawn, it becomes easy to write the program
in any high level language.
➢A flowchart is a must for the better documentation of a complex
program.
COMMON FLOWCHART SYMBOLS
Symbols Name Function
Start/End Shows the beginning and end of the
(Terminal) system or process.
Process An action or process done by the
(Rectangle) program.
Input / Output Represents when something is input
(Parallelogram) into the program or output from the
program.
Decision Asks a question and then determines
(Diamond) which route the program will take or
checking the condition.
Connector Connects one part of the flowchart to
(Circle) another part of the flowchart on the
same page using matching symbols.
Arrows Shows the direction and sequence of
(Flow Lines) processes.
ADVANTAGES OF FLOWCHARTS
▪ Communication:
Flowcharts are better way of communicating the logic of a system to all
concerned.
▪ Effective analysis:
With the help of flowchart, problem can be analyzed in more effective way.
▪ Proper documentation:
Program flowcharts serve as a good program documentation, which is needed
for various purposes.
▪ Efficient Coding:
The flowcharts act as a guide or blueprint during the systems analysis and
program development phase.
▪ Proper Debugging:
The flowchart helps in debugging process.
▪ Efficient Program Maintenance:
The maintenance of operating program becomes easy with the help of
flowchart. It helps the programmer to put efforts more efficiently on that part
LIMITATIONS OF FLOWCHARTS
▪Complex logic: Sometimes, the program logic is quite
complicated. In that case, flowchart becomes complex
and clumsy.
▪Alterations and Modifications: If alterations are
required ,the flowchart may require re-drawing
completely.
▪The programmer must remember about the
functions of each symbol.
▪Flowcharts are difficult to produce at a summary
level.
▪These are quite cumbersome and take a quite long time
to draw.
FEW EXAMPLES ON FLOWCHARTING
Flow chart for the calculation of circumference and Area of the circle.
Flowchart to Calculate Fahrenheit degree
Start
Input C
F=((9/5)*C)+32
Display F
End
Example 1
Draw a flowchart to find the
sum of first 50 natural numbers.
Example 3
Draw a flowchart for computing factorial N (N!)
Where N! = 1,2,3,....N .
Thank-You
N.P. BHUSAL
CCT COLLEGE, BUTWAL-7
Contact: 98471-89484
E-mail: [email protected]
