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Complex Numbers and Limits in Mathematics

The document introduces several key concepts regarding complex numbers: 1) A complex number z can be represented as z = x + iy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. 2) Properties of complex numbers include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and calculating the modulus (absolute value). 3) Limits, continuity, and differentiability of complex functions are defined similarly to real functions but apply to both the real and imaginary parts of the function.

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87 views7 pages

Complex Numbers and Limits in Mathematics

The document introduces several key concepts regarding complex numbers: 1) A complex number z can be represented as z = x + iy, where x is the real part and y is the imaginary part. 2) Properties of complex numbers include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and calculating the modulus (absolute value). 3) Limits, continuity, and differentiability of complex functions are defined similarly to real functions but apply to both the real and imaginary parts of the function.

Uploaded by

Sita kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

MA2002D Mathematics IV

Introduction to Complex numbers, Limit, Continuity


• Complex number: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, here 𝑥, 𝑦 are real part and imaginary part of 𝑧 respectively.

• Conjugate number: If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then the complex conjugate of 𝑧 is denoted by 𝑧ҧ and is


defined by 𝑧ҧ = 𝑥 − 𝑖𝑦.

• Properties:
i. 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = 𝑧ഥ1 + 𝑧ഥ2
ii. 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 𝑧ഥ1 − 𝑧ഥ2
iii. 𝑧1 𝑧2 = 𝑧ഥ1 𝑧ഥ2
𝑧 𝑧
iv. (𝑧1 ) = 𝑧1
2 2

• If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, then 𝑧 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

• Triangle Inequality: 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 ≤ 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 .
• Polar form of a complex number: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 = 𝑟 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑟(cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃)
𝑧 =𝑟 (as 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 1)
Here 𝑟 is called the modulus of 𝑧 and 𝜃 is called the argument.

• Upper half plane: {𝑧 ∈ ℂ: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑦 > 0}


• Lower half plane: {𝑧 ∈ ℂ: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑦 < 0}
• Right half plane: {𝑧 ∈ ℂ: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑥 > 0}
• Left half plane: {𝑧 ∈ ℂ: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦, 𝑥 < 0}

• Connected Set: A set is said to be connected if it cannot be written as union of two disjoint
open sets.

• Domain: A set 𝑆 ⊂ ℂ is said to be a domain if it is open and connected.

• Simply connected: A set is said to be simply connected if it does not have any hole.
• Example: 0 < 𝑧 < 1 is not simply connected set.

n
• De-Moivre’s Theorem: cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = cos 𝑛𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝑛𝜃.

• Functions: Let 𝑆 be a set in ℂ. A function 𝑓 defined on 𝑆 means a rule that assigns to each
𝑧 in 𝑆, a unique complex number 𝑤. We have
𝑤=𝑓 𝑧 .

• 𝑓: 𝑆 → ℂ, 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑤
Let 𝑢 and 𝑣 be the real and imaginary parts of 𝑤 respectively. Since 𝑤 depends on 𝑧 = 𝑥 +
𝑖𝑦, therefore 𝑢 and 𝑣 depends on 𝑥, 𝑦.
𝑤 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 .
• Example: 𝑤 = 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 + 3𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 2 + 3 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
= 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑖 (2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦)
Here 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 and 𝑣 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦
• Limit of a function: A function 𝑓(𝑧) is said to have a limit 𝑙 as 𝑧 → 𝑧0 if 𝑓(𝑧) is defined in
a neighbourhood of 𝑧0 (except at 𝑧0 ) and for any 𝜖 > 0, we can find 𝛿 > 0 such that

∀𝑧 ≠ 𝑧0 , 𝑓 𝑧 − 𝑙 < 𝜖, 0 < 𝑧 − 𝑧0 < 𝛿


We write lim 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑙
𝑧→𝑧0
• Properties: If lim 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑙1 and lim 𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑙2 , then
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧→𝑧0
i. lim 𝑓 𝑧 ± 𝑔 𝑧 = lim 𝑓 𝑧 ± lim 𝑔(𝑧)
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧→𝑧0 𝑧→𝑧0
ii. lim 𝑓 𝑧 𝑔 𝑧 = 𝑙1 𝑙2
𝑧→𝑧0
lim 𝑓(𝑧)
𝑓(𝑧) 𝑧→𝑧0
iii. lim =
𝑧→𝑧0 𝑔(𝑧) lim 𝑔 𝑧
𝑧→𝑧0
iv. lim 𝑓 𝑧 = |𝑙1 |
𝑧→𝑧0
v. For any 𝑎, 𝑏 (complex constants)
lim 𝑎𝑧 + 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑧0 + 𝑏
𝑧→𝑧0
• Continuous functions: A function 𝑓(𝑧) is said to continuous at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 if 𝑓(𝑧0 ) is defined
and lim 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑧0 ).
𝑧→𝑧0
𝑓(𝑧) is said to be continuous in a complex domain 𝐷 if it is continuous at every point of 𝐷.

• Theorem: 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑖 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous at a point 𝑧0 = 𝑥0 + 𝑖 𝑦0 if and only if


𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) are continuous at 𝑥0 and 𝑦0 respectively.
In other words, 𝑅𝑒(𝑓) and 𝐼𝑚(𝑓) are both continuous ⟺ 𝑓 is continuous.

• Example: 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Here 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 and 𝑣 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) are continuous ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ2
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous for all 𝑧 ∈ ℂ.
• Differentiable: A function 𝑓(𝑧) is said to be differentiable at 𝑧 = 𝑧0 if the limit
𝑓 𝑧+∆𝑧 −𝑓(𝑧0 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑧0 )= lim exists
∆𝑧→0 ∆𝑧

• Remark: All the rules of real differential calculus, like rules for differentiating a
constant, integer powers of 𝑧, products, quotients of differentiable functions and chain
rule will hold for complex case also.

• Problem: 𝑓 𝑧 = 𝑧,ҧ 𝑧 ∈ ℂ is not differentiable.

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