SECTION IV

CANAL EXCAVATION

401 SCOPE

The work under this Section shall consist of excavating and removal of all classes
of materials in canal prism including placing into canal embankments with excavated
suitable materials, stockpiling of excavated materials suitable for embankment and
backfilling, and trimming of side slopes inside canal prism and canal beds except on
portion of the canal where concrete lining is required (trimming of the foundation bed
will be considered included under Section XX, Concrete Canal Lining) all in accordance
with the Drawings and these Specifications or as directed by the Engineer.

All excavations shall be true to lines, grades, slopes and profiles shown on the
Drawings or as required by the Engineer.

402 CLASSIFICATION

All excavated materials under this Section will be classified as follows:

1. Rock Excavation - For purposes of classification of excavation, rock is defined

as sound and solid masses or formation, layers or ledges of mineral matter in place of
such hardness and texture that:

a) Cannot be effectively loosened or broken down by ripping in a single pass

with a latest model tractor mounted hydraulic ripper equipped with one
digging point of standard manufacturer's design adequately sized for use with
and propelled by a crawler-type tractor above 302 HP.

b) In the areas where it is impracticable to classify the use of the ripper described
above, rock is defined as sound and solid material of such hardness and
texture which cannot be loosened or broken by a 2.72 kg. (6 pound) drifting
pick.

c) Can only be loosened or broken by a jack hammer or pencil hammer.

All formation of materials as defined above whose volume is one (1) cubic meter
or more will be classified as rock.

2. Common Excavation - Excavation of any materials and boulders (whose

volume is less than one cubic meter) that can be ripped to be loosened by, a dozer of
equal or below 180 HP capacity.

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3. Hard Excavation - Excavation of any materials and boulders (whose volume

is at least one cubic meter) that can only be ripped to be loosened by a dozer of above
180 HP to 302 HP.

403 CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS

(a) Explosives and Blasting

1) Explosives

Caps or other exploders or fuses shall in no case be stored in the same

place in which dynamite or other explosives are stored, transported or kept.
The location and design of powder magazines, the methods of transporting
explosives and the precautions taken to prevent accidents shall be in
accordance with the provisions of all laws, orders, regulations and decrees that
are in force in the Philippines or may be issued from time to time by the
Government.

The Contractor shall maintain an inventory for storage and withdrawal

of powder stocks and detonators. The NIA shall be notified immediately of
any loss or theft of explosives. The Contractor shall provide such reasonable
and adequate protective subversive action or sabotage to any property. Only
reliable personnel shall be permitted to store and handle explosives.

Explosives, if used, shall be of such quantity and power and shall be

used in such locations so as to minimize opening of seams and disturbing of
material outside the prescribed limits of excavation. As excavation approaches
its final limits, the depth of holes for blasting and the quantity of explosives
used for each hole shall be reduced so that the underlying or adjacent material
will not be disturbed or shattered. Whenever further blasting might injure the
surface of the final excavation, as determined by the Engineer, the use of
explosives shall be discontinued.

The cost of furnishing, hauling, storing and handling all explosives

shall be included in the contract unit price of the work for which they are re-
quired.

2) Blasting

Blasting will be permitted only when proper precautions are taken

for the protection of persons, the works, and public or private property. The
Contractor shall satisfactorily cover all shots in deep cut excavations and shall
take extra precautions on all blasting work as maybe required by the NIA. The
Contractor shall blast to the extent necessary and in such a manner that the
excavation will not be unduly large or irregular, nor unduly disturb the ground
and make it unstable, nor shatter the rock, if encountered, upon or against

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which concrete is to be placed, nor injure concrete already placed or existing

structures at the site or in the vicinity thereof. Whenever, in NIA's opinion, the
Contractor's operations are liable to result in unduly large excavations or
unstable ground, as to injure the rock, concrete or structures, the Contractor
shall drill shorter holes and use lighter charges. Approval by the NIA of any
of the Contractor's blasting operations shall not relieve the Contractor of his
responsibility under this paragraph.

The Contractor shall submit his drilling and blasting operations for
approval of the Engineer before commencing with his blasting works. No
blasting operations shall be undertaken without the approval of the Engineer.

When concrete is to be placed upon or against rock, the excavation

shall be of sufficient depth to provide for the minimum thickness of concrete at
all points and any deviation from the required minimum thickness of concrete
shall be avoided as much as possible. The surface on which concrete will be
laid shall be trimmed and thoroughly cleaned as directed by the Engineer.

When excavation of rock materials reaches the surface upon or against

which concrete is to be placed, blasting shall be stopped and the remaining
mass of rock shall be carefully removed by means of jack-hammer or any
appropriate hand tool. The point beyond which blasting will not be allowed
shall be determined by the Engineer. All damages to the rock foundation
caused by improper blasting operation shall be repaired by the Contractor at
his own expense in a manner acceptable to the Engineer.

(b) Sections and Slopes

Excavation sections, profiles and slopes shall be cut true and straight in
conformity with the lines and grades shown on the Drawings within the following
tolerances, measured normal to the excavated surfaces:

Item Tolerances

1. Side slopes above minimum elevation + 30 cms.

of operating roads

2. Profile of operating roads, access + 9 cms.

roads and protection dike

3. Profile of invert of canals + 3 cms.

4. Side slopes inside canal prism for + 15 cms.

canals and laterals

5. Side slopes outside canal prism + 15 cms.

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for canals and laterals

The extreme of the above tolerances shall not be continuous over a distance of 40
meters measured at any place, in any direction, parallel to the excavated surface.

(c) Excavation Beyond Established Lines

Precautions shall be taken to preserve, in an undisturbed condition, materials

beyond the designated limits of excavations as shown on the Drawings except unsuitable
materials ordered removed by the Engineer. Materials loosened beyond the excavation
limits as a result of excavation operations shall be considered defective work and shall be
compacted or removed and replaced with compacted embankment at the Contractor's
expense, as directed by the Engineer.

404 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION

Canal excavation shall include all excavation works in the canal prism whether
common, indurated or rock materials, except additional excavations at structure sites
which is specified to be done and measured for payment under excavation for structure.

The Contractor shall only excavate after the area of operation is acceptably
cleared and grubbed in accordance with Section II, "Clearing and Grubbing". Excavation
of all canals shall be in accordance with the cross section, lines and grades shown on the
Drawings. On portion of the canal where concrete lining is required, canal excavation
shall not extend beyond the neat lines of the underside face of the canal lining as shown
on the Drawings. The Contractor must exercise care not to extend his excavation beyond
the limits called for in the Drawings. Excavation operations shall be such that all
materials suitable for embankment or back filling and filling shall be separated from
objectionable materials which are to be wasted. All surfaces from excavation shall be
trimmed to the required slopes and grades within the specified tolerances under
paragraph 403 (b). Blasting if permitted by the NIA, shall be in accordance with
paragraph 403 (a), "Explosives and Blasting".

In sections of deep cut in which the canal section is continuous with the roadway
section and its side slopes, excavation for roadway shall be included under this Section.
If slides occur on excavated slopes or if run-off flows deposit additional materials in
excavations before acceptance of the works, the removal of said slides and/or deposits
shall be at the expense of the Contractor.

Large canals like main canals should preferably be excavated with the use of
motorized scrapers, excavating in successive layers of about 30 centimeters followed
subsequently by trimming of the side slopes using a Grader. Medium sized canals like
laterals should preferably be excavated by initially using a D-6 or D-7 Bulldozer for the
upper layers and then excavating the bottom layers and side slopes with the use of a
Backhoe. Should the Contractor proposes to do excavation works by some other means,
prior approval of the Engineer must be secured.

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405 FINISHING CANAL AND ROADWAYS

Upon completion of all construction operations, the canal section, including

slopes of canal embankments, and roadway embankments, shall be finished as specified
and shown on the Drawings. Canal beds, canal embankments and side slopes shall be
trimmed and shaped to the finished cross-section to produce smooth surfaces and slopes,
and uniform cross-sections.

Stockpiling of materials on finished canal sections, roadways and embankments

shall not be permitted. All finished works and surfaces shall be cleaned of all dirt and
foreign materials.

The Contractor shall also be required to clear the entire right-of-way and areas
outside the limits of the right-of-way for all excess of objectionable materials, if such
excess or objectionable materials are the result of the Contractor's operation as
determined by the Engineer.

All weeds and other objectionable growth, roots, excess earth, debris, loosened
rock larger than 7.5 centimeters shall be removed and disposed off in approved sites
outside the right-of-way as specified or directed by the Engineer.

The entire canal sections including roadways, side slopes and structure
approaches shall be left in a neat and presentable condition.

406 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

Canal Excavation will be measured for every cubic meter of material excavated
from the canal prism. Measurement shall be made in its original position after
undertaking clearing and grubbing including stripping operations and computed by the
Average-End Area method for every 20-meter section of finished canal within the
paylines or neat lines shown on the Drawings, acceptably excavated and formed into
embankments or used for structure backfill, or wasted as directed.

Hauling of excavated materials within the free haul distance of 200 meters for
disposal to waste areas and trimming of side slopes in canal prism and canal beds except
on portion of the canal where concrete lining is required, are considered subsidiary works
under canal excavation, thus, shall be paid under this Section and the cost thereof shall be
considered included in the contract unit price for Canal Excavation. Hauling beyond the
free haul distance of 200 meters (for waste materials only) and spreading of excavated
materials into canal and roadway embankments and structure backfill shall be paid under
Sections IX & XII, respectively. Hauling or overhauling for disposal of excavated
materials into canal embankments is a subsidiary work for Embankment Construction
and Compaction, thus, it will not be measured for payment and the cost thereof is
considered included in the contract unit price for Embankment Construction and
Compaction.

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407 BASIS OF PAYMENT

The volume measured as provided above shall be paid per cubic meter, which
price and payment shall constitute full compensation for furnishing all materials,
supplies, labor, equipment, tools and all incidentals necessary for the successful
completion of the work described under this Section and for all subsidiary works except
for hauling of excavated materials beyond the free haul distance of 200 meters for
disposal to waste areas which shall be paid under Section IX, OVERHAUL, and except
for trimming of side slopes on portion of canals where concrete lining is required which
shall be considered as a subsidiary work under Section XX, Concrete Canal Lining.

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