HPGD3103

TAKE HOME EXAMINATION

SEPTEMBER 2022

HPGD3103

INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY

MATRICULATION NO. : CGS02643426

IDENTITY CARD NO. : 930119065022
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PART A
QUESTION 1

Professionals in instructional design and technology often use systematic instructional design
procedure to achieve their goal in designing the learning environment for teaching and
learning. There a several benefits of the systematic instructional design compared to the
traditional instructional design.

The first benefit will be discussed on the objectives of systematic instructional design. In
traditional instruction, objectives stated as teachers’ accomplishment and the objectives are
identical for all students, while for systematic instruction, the objectives are stated based on
evaluation needs, task analysis, and behavioural accomplishments and are selected based on
students needs. The objectives in systematic instruction are made based on performance
problems of the students and not solely just for the achievement of teachers. The objectives of
systematic instruction also designed based on the prior knowledge and skills of the students
to ensure that most of the instruction can be accepted by the targeted students. Moreover, it
also stated based on evaluation needs to determine the capacity of learning by students, while
task analysis and behavioral accomplishment is important to observe the students in details
on what they are able to perform. This is to ensure that the instructional design efficiently and
appropriately support the goals created. The objectives can be developed based on systematic
models for example, ABCD model and Bloom’s Taxonomy. By using these models as
references, a clearer and effective objective can be created.

The second benefit will be discussed on the students’ awareness about the objectives. In
traditional instruction, students are not being told on the objectives of instruction and
acquired intuitively from textbook and the lesson, while in systematic instruction objectives
will be mentioned to the students before the lesson and objectives will be stated clearly
during the presentation in the class. Information on the objectives of the lesson will give the
students road map on what they will achieve at the end of the session. It allows them to
efficiently navigate the instruction and know what they are supposed to learn in the class.
Information on the objectives of lesson also gives students realistic expectation of the
learning goals. Therefore, they will not lose their way while learning on the lesson. For

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example, the objective can be present in the whiteboard, post in online context, spoke
verbally or highlighted in the instructional materials.
The third benefit of systematic instructional design discussed on the selection of materials
and teaching aids. In traditional instruction, selection of materials and teaching aids are
based on priority, easiness to obtain and the effectiveness is not known or placed in second
while, selection of materials and aids in systematic instruction are based on objectives and
students’ characteristics, based on theories and studies, and the effectiveness are known
before starting the lesson. Selecting proper materials and teaching aids are important to
provide core information for the students to experience, learn and apply the knowledge
learned from the lesson. The selection of materials for particular lesson hold the power either
will engage or demotivate the students. Therefore, it is important to select the proper
materials and aids to attract students’ attention on the instruction. In systematic instruction,
the goals in selection of materials and aids are to ensure it match the objectives and the lesson
to achieve high level of effectiveness. This is to ensure that students will absorb most of the
lesson learned in the class. Selection of materials and media also important to be made based
on the characteristics of students because some students may not be able to use computer,
some may not be able to focus only on paper, some are mastered in verbal learning and some
are mastered visually. Selection need to consider the engagement, appropriateness, usability
and diversity of the students. Some examples of teaching aids that can be use is video,
audio, slide presentation, flashcard, models and charts which can be used for different level
and different learning style.

The fourth benefit of systematic instructional design will be discussed on the course
development. In traditional instruction, materials are chosen first instead of the content and
the course created unsystematically, while in systematic instruction objectives will be
created first and followed by selection of materials. In course development, the priority of
elements to be created has to be followed to develop a good course. After selection of
objectives and materials, elements such as content, teaching methods, assessment and grading
need to be determine in order to develop an effective course. It is vise versa to the traditional
instruction where, course development will be develop unsystematically and will not follow
the order of priorities. Course will be developed based on availability and the easiness to
obtain the materials and aids instead of creating a proper objective. In the development of a
course, factors such as audience, timing, situational constraint, strategies and prior knowledge

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need to be considered. For example, in order to create a baking course, proper objective and
materials should be selected, considering the basic knowledge of students in baking skills,
what challenge will be faced and how the students will transfer the knowledge.
QUESTION 2

Constructivism learning theory says that, learner construct knowledge rather than just
received new information. Constructivist learning approach can be conducted in online
learning class by few ways. The first one is teachers can engage students in authentic
activities. Authentic activities occur when activities of a project directly offer students to use
their knowledge and skills in real-life situation. Authentic activities also need students to
comprise complex task that is investigated by them over given time period. The time given
could be in days, hours or even minutes with intellectual sources given. Authentic learning
also encourages students to develop quality and useful product to be share with the world.
This kind of learning also include role playing, problem-based activities, case studies,
participation in virtual activities and other complex task. This task will create a higher
thinking skill among students. Example of online learning class that related to this task is
student-designed assessment. The assessment can be created using Kahoot, Google Form,
Quizizz or other questionnaire platform. The student-designed assessment can be made as
competition to increase students’ motivation and engagement where they can compete with
each other on who will develop the high quality questions with high thinking level.

The second way on how constructivism can be applied is through the engagement of
students in dialogue with the teachers and with each others. Students are able to express
their ideas with the others during learning session and build comfortable learning experience.
Students also can share what they have learned and personal knowledge that has been builds
during the learning session. Throughout the dialogue, they are able to debate on the
arguments of topics which also create high thinking order among students. Dialogue sparks
learning through an open exchange of perspectives depends on students understanding on
issue or topics. This activity will also encourage practice and courage among students to
share their thought on something that they learned in class. Students will join the discussion
that is meaningful to them. Therefore, the dialogue session need to be current topics, research
and learning so that they feel that, the input has value in it. Example of online learning class
that suitable with the activity is Google Meet or Zoom Meeting where this platform can be

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used by the students and teachers as online-based anywhere and anytime. The platform also
easily to use and is suitable for the dialogue activities with maximum for about 300
participants per session.

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The third way on how constructivism can be conducted in online learning class is by
encourage the students to reflect on what they have learnt and how they are learning.
Teachers should encourage students to boost on what they are learning in class by sharing
their thought on the experiences. Reflection allows students to connect what they have
learned with themselves as the learner. By this action, learning will be meaningful as students
can relate what have been taught with the real situation. Reflection during instructional time
can be done through providing components that prompt inquiry and curiosity or provide
hands-on activity to prompt exploration among students. Example of reflection that can be
applied is through asking a student that starts a new hobby, how well they are learning the
new information, whether there are gaps of knowledge and which learning strategies that they
enjoy the most. Example that suitable with online learning class is forum chat discussion
where students can share their reflection with peers and teachers in this platform. This
platform also encourages students to share their thought on learning experiences in the online
classes.

The fourth way on how constructivism can be conducted is through the encouragement and
support for the students’ autonomy and initiative. Teachers should encourage students to
setting their own goals and regulating their learning. Students’ independent thinking and
opinion also should be celebrated without critics to let their creativities grow. Teachers also
should help students to attain their intellectual potential that may be hidden due to their low
self confidence. By the learning experience, students also need to be able to take
responsibility of their own learning either it will end up in a good term or vise versa. Self-
assessment, learning path and strategy for independent learning should be emphasized to
encourage autonomous learners. This opportunity also can be encourage by letting the
students to make their own decision during learning session for example, setting their own
rules, ask students on what to learn or let them be the leader. Example that suitable with
online learning is the group discussion using online platform such as Google Classroom or
break-out room in Google Meet where, teacher can let the students to choose their own
leader, rules and activities to be done in the learning session. By this activity, students will be
encouraged to be autonomous and independent on what they what to do in the class.

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PART B
QUESTION 3 (a)

Cognitive domain consists of six learning level which focus on intellect and knowledge
development by enhancement of thinking skills. The six levels include knowledge,
comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation. Learning level that will be
discussed for the cognitive domain is ‘application level’. The first example of learning
outcome based on ABCD method is as below:
At the end of the lesson, students will be able to apply the quantitative procedure of
food analysis in anchovies by using laboratory methods and equipments in at least four
trials.
From the learning outcome, ‘students’ will be the audience (A), ‘to apply the quantitative
procedure of food analysis in anchovies’ will be the behavior (B), ‘by using laboratory
methods and equipment’ will be the condition (C) and ‘at least in four trials’ will be the
degree (D). The learning outcome shows that, students will apply the new concept learned
theoretically into the new practical situation. Students will be able to put theory into practice
by conducting an experiment using the quantitative procedure learned in class. From the
context, it shows that, students will be able to utilize the concept into new real-life situation.

The second example of learning outcome based on ABCD method is as below:

At the end of the lesson, students will be able to calculate average of five numbers by
using the law and formula of statistics with no error in the calculation.
From the learning outcome, ‘students’ will be the audience (A), ‘to calculate average of five
numbers’ will be the behavior (B), ‘by using the law and formula of statistics’ will be the
condition (C) and ‘with no error in the calculation’ will be the degree (D). From the learning
outcome, it shows that, students are able to calculate the average of 5 numbers by formula of
statistics given. Students can apply the lesson learned in class to calculate the statistics with
no error using the formula. In this application level, learners are able to identify the situation
and apply proper action in response to that situation. Learners understand the concept that
being taught and acquire new knowledge at the end of the lesson. The concept that was
learned also taught students to solve problem arise in real situation. From the example given,
students should be able to solve the calculation although the total number will be change. If

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they are able to apply the concept in different situation, it shows that the learning outcome
able to help the students in knowledge transfer.
QUESTION 3 (b)

Psychomotor domain consists of five learning level which focus on skills development
related to the physical movement, coordination and motor skills. The five levels include
imitation, manipulation, precision, articulation and naturalization. Learning level that will be
discussed for the psychomotor domain is ‘imitation level’. The first example of learning
outcome based on ABCD method is as below:
At the end of this lesson, students will be able to recreate their own mini stationary rack
by replicating the sample of rack given in accurate measurement.
From the learning outcome, ‘students’ will be the audience (A), ‘to recreate their own mini
stationary rack’ will be the behavior (B), ‘by replicating the sample of rack given’ will be the
condition (C) and ‘with accurate measurement’ will be the degree (D). The learning outcome
shows that, students are able to imitate the lesson learned in the class by recreating the same
structure as shown by the sample given. Students are able to apply their knowledge in
constructing the rack for example nailing, hammering and measuring the block. Students also
can train themselves in order to achieve desirable standard. Imitation is also important to
teach boundaries, lesson and what’s right and wrong throughout the process. It is an
important lesson that one could have in learning experience.

The second example of learning outcome based on ABCD method is as below:

At the end of this lesson, students will be able to reproduce their own chocolate cake by
copying the sample given and bake in 3 trials to produce same outcome.
From the learning outcome, ‘students’ will be the audience (A), ‘to reproduce their own
chocolate cake’ will be the behavior (B), ‘by copying the sample given’ will be the condition
(C) and ‘in 3 trials’ will be the degree (D). Students are able to reproduce their own chocolate
cake by using knowledge gained in the lesson. Sample was given to the students to reproduce
the cake into their own version and they can imitate the taste and appearance of the cake by
tasting and looking at the sample. In this level of psychomotor domain, students are expected
to follow the instruction or sample given to apply what they have learned in the lesson.
Adequacy of a performance is achieved by a series of training and trials. In this case, students

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are expected to succeed in maximum 3 trials to reproduce the chocolate cake. Imitation is a
type of social learning which new behavior is acquired through copying.

QUESTION 4 (a)

Instructional media is commonly used to deliver the content of instruction through various
type of media range such as video, audio and printed materials. There are few benefits of
instructional media that will be discussed. The first benefit is instructional media can be used
to direct attention of the learners. Instructional media can be used to gain attention due to
their attractive platform which can motivate learners to learn the lesson. Instructional media
can be used to encourage students and teachers in delivering the subject materials, facilitate
the learners in learning activities and help students to understand in more attractive way. For
example, a Youtube video can be used as instructional media to present the experimental
method on chemical interaction. In this way, students are more attracted to learn and the
video will give them clearer image on what they are learning and what they need to apply
after the lesson.

The second benefit of instructional media is enabling transfer of knowledge. Instructional

media help students to remember and give clearer image on what they are learning. Learning
through media such as interactive video will enhance the retention of lesson where students
can convert the abstract concept into concrete knowledge which enabling them to transfer
what they have learned into new real-life situation. Instructional media will facilitate positive
transfer. For example, a student learns how to ride a bicycle through a demonstration by his
teacher. The student then applies the knowledge of riding to ride a motorbike which has the
same concept as the bicycle. Therefore, it can be considered as a success knowledge transfer
through instructional media, the demonstration.

The third benefit of instructional media is eliciting students’ response. The use of
instructional media can attract students to involve in the questioning in the class. The
utilization of instructional media provides the learning experience with interactive two-way
communication. Attractive learning experience will attract students to be more active and
interact with the educators. The process of learning will become more participatory.
Educators need to match the suitable instructional media that will be used for the targeted

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group. For example, the use of audio media such as interactive website for questionnaire can
enhance students’ engagement towards the lesson. Interactive website such as Kahoot can be
used to create quizzes and test for the students. The attractive interface of the website also
can enhance students’ retention on the subject.
The fourth benefit of instructional media is guiding the direction of thinking and making
students easier to understand. The uses of instructional media will make it easier for
students to catch-up the lesson and direct them to the objectives of learning. Realistic
approach using the instructional media will ensure students understand on what they are
learning and guide them to the main purpose of the lesson instead of using verbal and plain
learning instruction. Instructional media also give students better experience in understanding
the subject in broader perspectives. For example, a History subject will be more
understandable if teacher using still graphic as the instructional media such as photograph on
the historical building. The photographs give students clear illustration on the structure of the
building which gives them better understanding on the subject.

The fifth benefit will discuss on the assessing learning performance. Instructional media is
one of excellent way to pose assessment questions for students to answer. Teacher can post
the questions on the online platform and so do the students. They can use the media to submit
the answer which make it easier for both parties. Students also can improve their skills on
using online presentation and online application. Performance assessment allows the students
to engage actively in the class which in turn enhance their learning experience. For example,
a Science student can use Canva as their presentation platform. The platform is easy to be
utilized and makes presentation more attractive.

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QUESTION 4 (b)

COVID-19 pandemic makes media more useful for the learning and teaching experience due
to the closure of educational institution. Two examples of media that can be used for the
secondary school students during the pandemic are online video learning such as 1)
Google Meet or Zoom Meeting and online assessment such as 2) Google Classroom.
Google Meet and Zoom Meeting can be used as online-based learning to provide students
with classroom-like environment through instructional media. The platform can be access by
the students easily from different place and time. Online video by using Google Meet and
Zoom Meeting also can be recorded which make it accessible for the students that have poor
internet connection where they can replay the video or download it after the online class.
Google Classroom can be used by the teacher for students’ assessment such as for quizzes or
tests. Students can access the class and sit for the assessment anytime and anywhere as long
they have computer and internet connection. Both of these instructional mediums suitable to
be used by secondary students because most of students at this age already have the
knowledge on computer literate skills which make it easier for them to use the media.

The first aspect that needs to be considered while choosing the instructional media is
characteristics of the students. Characteristics that need to be focus included age, gender
and ethnicity. Age of students will be characterized based on their level such as primary
school, secondary school or university students. Instructional media that can be used for the
primary school students will focused more on the interactive and fun website-based learning
because their attention span are shorter compared to higher level students. Instructional media
for the secondary and university students will be focused more on the individual-based such
as Youtube video, Canva presentation or Google Classroom. Students’ also cannot be
categorized based on gender. The education need to be balance for both genders. For
example, if boys are more talkative, they can present the presentation slide made by the girls.
Therefore, there will be equality between both genders. The ethnicity also needs to take into
consideration while selecting the instructional media because each student has their own level
of thinking and capabilities. For example, instructional media cannot use only single
language in Mandarin because other students may not understand the language which makes
them unable to learn and understand the lesson.

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The second aspect that needs to be considered is special needs of the students. There are
different kinds of students that need to take into consideration such as students with
communication disabilities, medical disabilities, learning and behavioral problems or even
psychiatric disabilities. Therefore, selection of instructional media need to consider this
aspect to ensure that, the learning experience of a student achieve the goals and objectives.
For example, for a student that has reading disability, teacher can use visual aid for them to
understand better. Utilization of visual aid such as flashcard and photograph will make them
more attracted to the lesson provided in class. Other than that, if students have attention
problem, video or interactive fun learning may increase their attention span instead of just
using the plain and straightforward presentation slide.

The third aspect that will be discussed is aptitudes and learning styles of the students. Each
student has their own tendencies in studying. Therefore, different approaches need to be
considered in choosing instructional media. Different aptitudes and learning styles have
different types of strategies to enhance engagement. For example, visual learners prefer
representation of presented media such as picture, photograph and flowchart while for verbal
learners that are more active prefer written and spoken presentation. Therefore, for visual
learners, method that can be used are drawings, poster or photograph while for verbal
learners, method that may be used are slide presentation, chalk board presentation or
individual presentation that make them able to translate the understanding verbally.

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QUESTION 5 (a)

Technology should be used in school because of these 4 reasons. The first reason is to
prepare the students for the workforce. To thrive in the 21st century, students should be
able to use technology for their work. People nowadays use many technologies as daily basis
for example, mobile phone, web-based system and teleconferencing. Students should be
prepared for this advancement in order to move forward with the people with different kinds
of capabilities. Without the knowledge, students will drop out in the current modernity. By
integrating the technology in curriculum, educational institution will prepared the generation
that well prepared for the current work environment. Technology also gives the chance for
students to learn subject outside of the syllabus such as technology and social media ethics
which is important to create an ethical person in the future.

The second reason to be discussed is technology will help the students to access to the
information easily. Technology such as online search engine will help students to get the
information quickly and accurately. There is other alternative that can be used instead of
textbook and reference book. The information also can easily be access anywhere and
anytime they wanted. Instead of the teacher in class, students can learn and get information
from e-tutor ranging from inside of country to the whole world. Introducing technology
advancement to the students will help them be prepared for the future learning potential.
Technology also needs to be used in school to give students freedom in accessing educational
materials in only one button click. It helps them especially in the preparation of examination
and assignment.

The third reason of why technology should be used in school is to add fun factor to the
learning. Students especially in primary school lack of attention span. They need something
that attracts their mind to focus more on class-based learning. Technology such as online-
based quizzes, questionnaire and video can gain their attention in the classroom. If they can
focus more in class, retention on the lesson learned will be more encouraging. Therefore,
knowledge transfer can happen. That is why technology is essential in school in current 21 st
century. Using the technology, students also can enjoy the game-based learning where they
can participate actively in class instead of just sitting there hearing the verbal lecture for

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hours. Technology also can allow students to be creative and explore different method to
present their understanding with teachers and classmates.

The fourth reason why technology should be use in school is to support different learning
styles. Different students will have different style to learn. With technology, teachers can
explore the diversity of students in learning style and experiences. Many students with
different kind of abilities and special needs will feel included which help them to write, spell,
read and do mathematical calculation in the class. Technology approaches will help students
that need special types of learning style, an alternative for them to be inclusive in the
classroom. Technology will help them to be creative, learn new concept, expressing ideas and
develop critical thinking skills. For example, a student with low ability to read can express
their creativity through drawing in the online-based website with fun icons and colorful
interface which can attract them to learn more.

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QUESTION 5 (b)

As technology grows in the world, there are also barriers that need to be faced. The first
barrier to be discussed is internet and computer access availability. Even though access to
the internet is worldwide, however there are students who do not have computer or internet
connection for the technology access. This will cause certain group of students fall behind
and cannot follow the current trends of modernization. Some families may have financial
problems to afford internet and computer for the education purpose. This is especially true
with the families with multiple children and low or average monthly income. Moreover, there
is certain group of students who lives in the niche area where internet access is poor even in
school. This problem may develop barrier for them to learn using the technology.

The second barrier of technology integration in school is parental involvement on the usage
of technology. Some parents may oppose the use of technology because of certain reason
involving their children. For example, some of them may oppose the initiative because of the
fear in the technology will distract their children. The students may be addicted to the
technology even after school as the use of it may be too attractive for them. Parents may not
encourage the usage of technology as it is time consuming activity and decrease their children
involvement in physical activities. Students may also misuse the technology when they are
free from the adults monitoring. As an approach, educational institution should reassure the
parents that there is limitation of the technology usage among students in school. So, there is
no misuse of technology issue among their children.

The third barrier of the integration of technology is lack of teachers’ knowledge on the
technology. Technology is considered as new alternative in education. Therefore, most of
teachers in Malaysia did not used to the implementation of technology in the school
especially for the senior teachers. There still lack of training for teachers in the usage of
technology. Some teachers may be demotivated due to their ‘slow technology adaptation’
among other educators which making the learning and teaching experience ineffective. In this
technology advancement, computer literacy among teachers is important to ensure that the
students did not fall behind as result of the incapable teachers. As technology grows in the
world, some teachers may not be able to catch-up the advancement and unable adapt with the

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current situation in the fast changing environment. Therefore, supports and training is
important for the teachers so that they not building any more blocks for the technology usage.

The fourth barrier for the usage of technology in school will focus on the subject culture
and continuous delivery of the technology. In educational institution, some subject may not
suitable to use the technology. The subject may need more physical engagement and
interaction from students and teachers instead of just using the computer and internet. For
example, sport physical education that need students to physically attend the class to learn or
baking class which need students to be visible in making the cake. Therefore, technology
alone will be no use for this kind of subject. Moreover, technology also did not promise
continuous delivery of information for the particular subject. The capacity of technology to
provide students with continuous learning, experience and performance is still questionable.
Some subject culture also did not suit the concept of technology which becomes the barrier to
its implementation.

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