Calculus Formulas

n +1 d
[ f (x ) ⋅ g (x )] = f (x ) ⋅ g ' (x ) + f ' (x ) ⋅ g (x )
∫
d n x
Power Rules: x = nx n −1 and x n dx = +c Product Rule:
dx n +1 dx
d ⎡ f (x ) ⎤ g (x ) ⋅ f ' (x ) − f (x ) ⋅ g ' (x ) d ⎡ 1 ⎤ − g ' (x )
Quotient Rule: ⎢ ⎥= Reciprocal Rule: ⎢ ⎥=
dx ⎣ g (x ) ⎦ [g (x )]2 dx ⎣ g (x ) ⎦ [g (x )]2

Chain Rule:
d
( f o g )(x ) = f ' [g (x )] ⋅ g ' (x ) Integration-by-Parts: ∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du
dx

Trigonometric Functions Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Derivative Integral Derivative Integral
d −1 1
∫ sin x dx = − cos x + c
d sin x =
sin x = cos x
dx 1− x2
∫
dx 1 u
dx = sin −1 +c
d −1 a −u2 2 a
cos −1 x =
∫ cos x dx = sin x + c
d
cos x = − sin x
dx dx 1− x2

d
tan x = sec 2 x
∫ tan x dx = ln sec x + c d
tan −1 x =
1
dx
∫ sec x dx = tan x + c dx 1 + x2
2

∫a
1 1 u
dx = tan −1 + c
∫ cot x dx = ln sin x + c + u2
2 a a
d d −1
cot x = − csc 2 x cot −1 x =
dx
∫ csc x dx = − cot x + c dx 1+ x2
2

d
sec x = sec x ⋅ tan x
∫ sec x dx = ln sec x + tan x + c d
sec −1 x =
1
dx x x2 −1
dx
∫ sec x ⋅ tan x dx = sec x + c
∫u
1 1 u
dx = sec −1 + c
∫ csc x dx = ln csc x − cot x + c u2 − a2 a a
d −1
d
csc x = − csc x ⋅ cot x csc −1 x =
dx x x2 −1
dx
∫ csc x ⋅ cot x dx = − csc x + c
⎧ 2 1 + cos 2 x
⎪sin x + cos x = 1 sin 2 x = 2 sin x cos x cos 2 x =
2
2
⎪
⎪ 1 − cos 2x
Identities: ⎨1 + cot 2 x = csc 2 x cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x sin 2 x =
⎪ 2
⎪tan 2 x + 1 = sec 2 x cos(x + y ) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y sin (x + y ) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
⎪
⎩

Exponential Functions Logarithmic Functions

Derivative Integral Derivative Integral
d x
dx
( )
e = ex ∫e
x
dx = e x + c
d
dx
(ln x ) = 1
x ∫ x dx = ln x + c
1

d x
dx
( )
b = (ln b )b x
∫ b x dx =
bx
+c
d
dx
(log b x ) = ( 1 )
ln b x
ln b
ln x log x
Definition of Log base b: log b N = x ⇔ b x = N Change of Base Formula: log b x = =
ln b log b

( )
⎧⎪ln e x = x e ln x = x ln e = log 10 = log b b = 1
( )
Identities: ⎨
⎪⎩log b b x = x b log b x
=x ln 1 = log 1 = log b 1 = 0
 Infinite Series: Definitions & Tests
⎧ ∞

∑
⎪ a n = a1 + a 2 + a 3 + ... (Infinite Series )
⎪ n =1
⎪ n
⎪
1. Series: ⎨s n =
⎪ i =1
∑a i = a1 + a 2 + ... + a n (nth Partial Sum )

⎪ ∞
⎪if lim s = s where s ∈ ℜ then
⎪ n →∞ n ∑
a n = s (Infinite Sum )
⎩ n =1

∞ ⎧ a
⎪ , if r < 1
2. Geometric Series: ∑
n =0
ar n = a + ar + ar 2 + ar 3 + ... = ⎨1 − r
⎪diverges, if r ≥ 1
⎩
∞
⎧converges, if p > 1
∑n
1
3. P-Series: ⇒⎨
⎩diverges, if p ≤ 1 if p = 1, the series is called the harmonic series.
p
n =1

⎧ ∞
∞ ⎪⎪if lim a n ≠ 0, then a n diverges∑
4. Quick Divergence Test: Given
n =1
∑
a n ⇒ ⎨ n →∞ n =1
⎪if lim a = 0, then No Conclusion! Do another test!
⎪⎩ n→∞ n
⎧ ∞ ∞

∞ ⎪⎪ c ∫
⎪if a n dn converges then a n converges ∑
∑
n =c
5. Integral Test: Given a n , a n > 0, a n decreasing ⇒ ⎨
∞ ∞
⎪
∑
n =c
⎪ if
⎪⎩ c
a n dn ∫
diverges then
n =c
a n diverges

⎧∞
∑
⎪ a n converges, when p < 1,
⎪ n =c
∞ ⎪∞
⎪
∑a ∑
a n +1
6. Ratio Test: Given n, a n > 0 ⇒ if lim = p then ⎨ a n diverges, when p > 1,
n →∞ an
n =c ⎪ n =c
⎪ No Conclusion, when p = 1
⎪
⎪
⎩
⎧∞
∑
⎪ a n converges, when p < 1,
⎪ n =c
∞ ⎪∞
⎪
∑ ∑
1
7. Root Test: Given n ( )
a n , a n > 0 ⇒ if lim a n = lim a n n = p then ⎨ a n diverges, when p > 1,
n →∞ n→∞
n =c ⎪ n =c
⎪ No Conclusion, when p = 1
⎪
⎪
⎩
∞ ∞ ⎧ an
⎪ if nlim = p, p > 0, p finite
8. Limit Comparison Test:
n =c
a ∑
n and
n =c
b n , a ∑
n > 0, b n > 0 ⇒ ⎨ → ∞ bn
⎪then both series converge or both diverge
⎩
∞ ∞
⎧ if bn converges then a n converges,
9. Comparison Test: ∑
n =c
a n and ∑b
n =c
n , a n ≥ 0, bn ≥ 0, a n ≤ bn ⇒ ⎨
⎩if a n diverges then bn diverges
∞ ∞
10. Alternating Series Test: Given ∑ (− 1) a
n =c
n
n , if a n > 0, a n +1 < a n , lim a n = 0, then
n →∞
∑ (− 1) a
n =c
n
n converges