सक्षम भारत ममशन

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SPOKEN English Guru
English Speaking eBook

Fully Revised & Reprint Edition: Year 2018-19

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ISBN – 9788193074305

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esjs fiz; fo|kfFkZ;ksa]

eSa vki lHkh dk “Spoken English Guru” YouTube channel dh

bl bafXy‛k Lihfdax dkslZ bZ&cqd esa Lokxr djrk g¡wA

vki lHkh ds fy, cukbZ x;h bl bZ&cqd esa eSaus gj lEHko iz;kl fd;k gS fd
vkidks gj VkWfid vPNs ls le>k ikš] dkWUlsIV ds lkFk&2 izSfDVl ,Dljlkbt+ o VSLV
isilZ ds t+fj,A tc Hkh vki esjk dksbZ Hkh ohfM;ks ySDpj YouTube ij ns[krs gSa] rks
mlds ckn bl bZ&cqd ls izSfDVl t+:j fd;k dfj,] rkfd ml VkWfid ij vkidh idM+
etcwr gks ik;sA

vkt Hkh dbZ ,sls xk¡o o NksVs ‚kgj gSa tgk¡ bafXy‛k lh[kus ds fy, vPNs
bafLVV~;wV ugha gSa vkSj fgUnh ehfM;e Ldwyksa esa i<+us okys cPpksa dks rks ekgkSy rd
ugha fey ikrkA eSa ;s le> ldrk gw¡ D;ksafd eSaus Hkh ml nkSj dks eglwl fd;k gSA

,d xjhc o fefMy Dykl O;fDr ds thou esa f‛k{kk gh ,dek™k t+fj;k gS viuh
[kqn dh igpku cukus dk vkSj bl la?k’kZ esa bafXy‛k dk egRo dkSu ugha tkurkA ns‛k ds
dbZ ,sls cPpksa dks bafXy‛k fl[kkus esa eSa viuk NksVk lk ;ksxnku ns ikÅ¡] pkgs
YouTube ds ek/;e ls ;k fQj viuh bl fdrkc ds ek/;e ls] cl ;gh esjk y{; gSA

blh lksp us tUe fn;k & EnglishWale.com vkSj “Spoken English Guru”
YouTube channel ds "सक्षम भारत ममशन" dksA

vkils cl bruh lh vihy gS fd bl bZ&cqd dks gj xk¡o o ‚kgj rd igq¡pkus esa

esjh enn dfj,A WhatsApp vkSj Facebook ds ek/;e ls ‚ks;j o QkWjoMZ dfj,]
D;k irk vkidk o esjk ,d NksVk lk iz;kl fdlh ds thou ds fy, egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gksA

vkids lg;ksx ds fy, fny ls /kU;oknA

vkids vkHkkjh]
vkfnR; lj

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 Course Content (dkslZ dh varoZLrq)
Lesson ¼ikB½ (Page No.)

1) Before we start ¼‚kq#vkr djus ls igys½ 8-17

 Letters of Hindi & English Alphabet ¼fgUnh o vaxzst+h o.kZekyk ds v{[email protected]½
 Greeting ¼vfHkoknu½
 Manners ¼f‛k’Vkpkj½
 What is the time? ¼le; fdruk gqvk½ & vaxzst+h esa le; crkuk
 Numerals & Their Pronunciations ¼la[;k,¡ o muds mPpkj.k½
 Punctuation Marks ¼fojke fpUg½
 Seven Days of a Week ¼g¶rs ds lkr fnu½
 Twelve Months of a year ¼lky ds ckjg eghus½
2) Few Basics of English (vaxzst+h dh dqN ewy ckrsa) 18-28
 Sentences & Their Types ( okD; o mlds izdkj½
 Parts of a sentence ¼fdlh okD; ds Hkkx½
 Subjects Types ¼Subjects(drkZ) ds izdkj½
 1st Person, 2nd Person, 3rd Person “Singular-Plural” Concept
 Use of “This, That, These, Those” ¼“This, That, These, Those” dk iz;ksx½
 Difference between Living & Non Living ¼ltho o futhZo ds chp QdZ½
 Use of Apostrophe s ¼ ‟s dk iz;ksx ½
 Let‟s cram a few things ¼vkb, dqN pht+sa jV ysa½
3) Pronunciation ¼izuufl,‛ku½ & mPpkj.k 29-35
 Pronunciation of vowels ¼Lojksa dk mPpkj.k½
 Sound of „A‟ („A‟ dh /ofu½
 Sound of „E‟ („E‟ dh /ofu½
 Sound of „I‟ („I‟ dh /ofu½
 Sound of „O‟ („O‟ dh /ofu½
 Sound of „U‟ („U‟ dh /ofu½
 Miscellaneous Pronunciation ¼fofo/k mPpkj.k½
 Pronunciation of “l” and “'k” ¼“l” vkSj “'k” dk mPpkj.k½
 Sound of “'k” - Few exceptions (‚k dh /ofu & dqN viokn½
 Sound of “t”, “t+” and “'k+” (“t”, “t+” vkSj “'k+”dh /ofu½
 Words starting with „S‟, not followed by „h‟
(„S‟ ls ‚kq# gksus okys ‚kCn ftuesa „S‟ ds rqjUr ckn „h‟ u vk;s½
 Sound of TH – „da‟ & „tha‟ (TH dk mPpkj.k & „n‟ vkSj „Fk‟)
 „S‟ follows „tion‟ – Sound „shcha‟ („S‟ ds ckn „tion‟ gks & ^‚p^ dh /ofu½
 Pronunciation of „C‟ – „sa‟ & „ka‟) ( „C‟ dk mPpkj.k & ^l^ vkSj ^d^½
 Pronunciation of „G‟ – „ga‟ & „ja‟) ( „G‟ dk mPpkj.k & ^x^ vkSj ^t^½
4) Vocabulary & Pronunciation Exercises & ‚kCnkoyh ,oa mPpkj.k dk vH;kl 36-49
5) WH Family (WH ifjokj½ 50-52
6) Parts of Speech- ‚kCn Hksn 53
7) Noun ¼laKk½ 54-58
 Proper Noun ¼O;fDrokpd laKk½

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  Common Noun ¼tkfrokpd laKk½
 Collective Noun ¼lewgokpd laKk½
 Material Noun ¼inkFkZokpd laKk½
 Abstract Noun ¼Hkkookpd laKk½
 Gerund¼tSjUM½ & ¼fØ;kokpd laKk½
 Countable & Uncountable Noun ¼x.kuh; o vx.kuh; laKk½
 The Noun: Gender (fyax)
 The Noun: Number ¼opu½
 The Noun: Always ending with „s‟ ¼ftuds vUr esa „s‟ gks½
8) Pronoun ¼loZuke½ 59-60
 Subjective, Objective, Possessive & Reflexive Pronoun
 Difference between possessive cases e.g. My – Mine, Our – Ours
9) Adjective ¼fo‛ks’k.k½ 61-63
 Three degrees of adjectives - Use of „er‟ / „est‟
 Three degrees of adjectives - Use of more/most
 Three degrees of adjectives - Irregular pattern
10) Verbs ¼fØ;k,¡½ 64-67
 Types of Verbs - Main Verb & Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb
¼fØ;k ds izdkj & eq[; fØ;k ,oa lgk;d fØ;k½
 Three forms of the verbs ¼fØ;kvksa ds rhu #i½
11) Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k½ 68-71
 Three degrees of adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks"k.kksa dh rhu Jsf.k;k¡½
 Few Examples of Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks"k.kksa ds dqN mnkgj.k½
12) Interjection ¼foLe;kfncks/kd½ 72
13) Articles (A{,}, An{,su}, The{n ;k nh}) 73-77
 When to use „A‟ and when to use „An‟ ¼dgk¡ ij „A‟ vkSj dgk¡ ij „An‟½
 How to pronounce – „the‟ or „thee‟ (“The” dks dgk¡ ij ÞnÞ vkSj dgk¡ ij ÞnhÞ cksysa½
 When to use „The‟ („The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij½
 When not to use „The‟ („The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij ugha½
14) Prepositions ¼lEcU/k lwpd vO;; vFkok iwoZlxZ½ 78-92
15) Determiners ¼fMVjfeulZ½ & ¼fu/kkZjd½ 93-95
 Articles (A, An, The)
 Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)
 Possessives (His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its)
 Quantifiers (Each, Every, Few, Some, Little, Any, All, More, Less etc.)
16) Simple Sentences ¼ljy okD;½ 96-109
 Simple Present
 Category I: „Is/Am/Are‟
 Category II: „Has/Have‟
 Simple Past
 Category I: „Was/Were‟
 Category II: „Had‟
 Simple Future
 Category I: „Will be‟

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  Category II: „Will have‟
 Simple Sentences-Practice Exercise
 Simple Sentences-Test Papers
17) There ¼nsvj½ 110-117
 Concept
 Concept No 1
 Concept No 2
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
18) Position Sense ¼fLFkfr dk Kku½ 118-123
 Concept
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
19) Tense & ¼dky½ 124-156
 Concept
 Present Indefinite Tense
 Present Continuous Tense
 Present Perfect Tense
 Present Perfect Continuous Tense
 Past Indefinite Tense
 Past Continuous Tense
 Past Perfect Tense
 Past Perfect Continuous Tense
 Future Indefinite Tense
 Future Continuous Tense
 Future Perfect Tense
 Future Perfect Continuous Tense
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
20) It ¼bV½ & ¼;g] ;s½ 157-166
 Concept
 Concept No 1
 Concept No 2
 Concept No 3
 Concept No 4
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
21) Modals ¼eksMkYl½ & #ikRed fØ;k,¡ 167-178
 Concept
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
22) Conjunctions ¼dutaD‛kUl½ & leqPp; cks/kd vO;; 179-202
 Concept
 Practice Exercise

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  Test Papers

23) Imperative Sentences & ¼vkKklwpd okD;½ 203-210

 Concept
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
24) Let & ¼djus nsuk½ 211-218
 Concept
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
25) Causative Verbs (Get & Make) 219-226
 Concept
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
26) Active & Passive Voice 227-239
 Concept
 Passive of „Tenses‟
 Passive of „Modals‟
 Passive of „Let‟
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
27) Special Cases 240-249
 Concept
 Practice Exercise
 Test Papers
28) Fillers 250
29) Question Tags 251-252
30) Phrasal Verbs 253-260
31) Prepositional Phrases 261-262
32) Confusing Similar Words ¼Hkzfer djus okys ,d tSls ‚kCn½ 263-268
 Exercise – I
 Exercise – II
33) One Word Substitution ¼iwjk okD; flQZ ,d ‚kCn esa½ 269-270
34) Special & Complex Sentences 271-282
35) Extensive Translation Exercise 283-294
36) Objective Exercises 295-307
 Verbs
 Articles
 Prepositions
37) Sentence Correction Exercises 308-319
 Exercise – I
 Exercise – II
38) Mixed Practice Exercises 320-321
39) Mixed Test Papers 322-331
40) Translation Exercises 332-337

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  English to Hindi Translation Exercises
 Hindi to English Translation Exercises

41) Written Conversations 338-364

 Conversation-1 ¼okrkZyki & 1½ & Rakesh at Dr. Bansal‟s Clinic
 Conversation-2 ¼okrkZyki & 2½ & Shopping (Seema is buying a Teddy Bear)
 Conversation-3 ¼okrkZyki & 3½ & Teacher & Student
 Conversation-4 ¼okrkZyki & 4½ & Two friends: Sagar & Kamal
 Conversation-5 ¼okrkZyki & 5½ & Two friends: Ram & Shyam
 Conversation-6 ¼okrkZyki & 6½ & Rohit & Shalini
 Conversation-7 ¼okrkZyki & 7½ & Teacher & Student (Priya)
 Conversation-8 ¼okrkZyki & 8½ & Gyming
 Conversation-9 ¼okrkZyki & 9½ & Living away from Home
 Conversation-10 ¼okrkZyki & 10½ & Mr. Goyal & his servent
 Conversation-11 ¼okrkZyki & 11½ & A Family
 Conversation-12 ¼okrkZyki & 12½ & Brother & Sister
 Conversation-13 ¼okrkZyki & 13½ & Two friends
 Conversation-14 ¼okrkZyki & 14½ & Professor & his student
 Conversation-15 ¼okrkZyki & 15½ & Two passengers
 Conversation-16 ¼okrkZyki & 16½ & Two friends over the phone
 Conversation-17 ¼okrkZyki & 17½ & Banker & Customer
 Conversation-18 ¼okrkZyki & 18½ & Bus conductor & Aman
 Conversation-19 ¼okrkZyki & 19½ & Manager & his employee Pooja
 Conversation-20 ¼okrkZyki & 20½ & Shopping (Ruby is purchasing a suit)
 Conversation-21 ¼okrkZyki & 21½ & A family conversation
 Conversation-22 ¼okrkZyki & 22½ & Aditya (Teacher) & Pavitra (Student)
 Conversation-23 ¼okrkZyki & 23½ & Sagar at Doctor‟s clinic
 Conversation-24 ¼okrkZyki & 24½ & Two friends (Ravi & Saleem)
 Conversation-25 ¼okrkZyki & 25½ & Aditya (Teacher) & Vivek (Student)
 Conversation-26 ¼okrkZyki & 26½ & Abhishek & Ayushi (Chat on a social site)
 Conversation-27 ¼okrkZyki & 27½ & Friends (Boby, Himanshu, Nikhil, Sagar)
 Conversation-28 ¼okrkZyki & 28½ & Husband & Wife
 Conversation-29 ¼okrkZyki & 29½ & Bikrant & his uncle (Pushkar Singh Rana)
 Conversation-30 ¼okrkZyki & 30½ & Families meeting in a party.
42) Few Passages 365-367
43) Idioms & Proverbs 368-371
44) Englishwale Certification - Written/Telephonic/Recording Assessment 372
45) Written Interviews 373-381
46) English – Hindi Dictionary (vaxzst+h&fgUnh “kCndks”k) 382-400

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Lesson – 1
Before we start (‚kq#vkr djus ls igys)
vkb,] bl dkslZ ds Concept pSIVlZ dks ‚kq# djus ls igys ge vkidks vaxzst+h Hkk’kk dh dqN
dh tkudkjh nsaA
Before we start concept chapters, we would like to let you know about a few basics of English languag

vkils gekjk igyk iz‛u gS fd vaxzst+h esa fdrus Alphabet gksrs gSa \ gesa mEehn gS fd vkiesa ls dbZ dgsaxs 26A ;g
lgh mŸkj ugha gSA lgh mŸkj gS & ,d (one). Alphabet rks dsoy ,d ‚kCn (word) gS ftldk eryc gksrk gS
o.kZekykA Alphabet ¼o.kZekyk½ rks ,d gh gS] 26 rks v{[email protected] (letters) gksrs gSaA

Our first question to you is “How many alphabets are there in English?” Most of you would answer
“26”. Not really! The correct answer is 1. Why so???? You must wonder!! Alphabet is just a name
given to the group of all the Letters in a language; comprising vowels & consonants.

vaxzsth o.kZekyk esa dqy 26 v{[email protected] gksrs gSa (There are 26 letters in English Alphabet) –

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
, ch lh Mh bZ ,sQ th ,p vkb ts ds ,sy ,se ,su vks
P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
ih D;w vkj ,sl Vh ;w oh MCY;w ,sDl ok; t+SM

vaxzst+h o.kZekyk ds bu 26 o.kksZa dks nks izdkjksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS & Loj (vowel) o O;atu (consonant)
Vowels (Loj) : There are 5 vowels. ¼5 Loj gksrs gSa½ & a, e, i, o, u
Consonants (O;atu) : Rest 21 are consonants. ¼ckdh cps 21 O;atu dgykrs gSa½
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.

fgUnh o.kZekyk esa dqy 46 o.kZ gksrs gSa &

There are 46 letters in Hindi Alphabet –

fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu (Hindi‟s vowels and consonants)

Loj (Vowels)
v vk b à m Š, ,s vks vkS va v%
a aa e/i ee u/o oo/u e/ai ai o au/ou ang ah

O;atu (Consonants)
d [k x ?k ³ p N t ÷k ´ V B M < .k
ka kh ga gha nga cha chha ja jha yan ta tha da dha ana

r Fk n Ëk u i Q c Hk e ; j y o ‚k
th/t th/tha da/th dha na pa pha/fa ba bha ma ya ra la va/wa sh

‘k l g {k = K
sh sa ha ksh tra gya

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vaxzst+h o.kZekyk ds bu 26 o.kksZa dks nks izdkj ls fy[kk tkrk gS &
Upper Case (Capital Letters) cM+s o.kZ – A, B, C, D, E……… W, X, Y, Z.
Lower Case (Small Letters) NksVs o.kZ – a, b, c, d, e……… w, x, y, z.

vaxzst+h ds Loj vkSj O;atu ds lkFk lkFk fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu dh tkudkjh gksuk Hkh csgn t+#jh gSA tc ge vkidks
Articles Chapter i<+k;saxs rks fcuk fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu tkus vki dHkh lgh Article (A, An, The) dk iz;ksx
ugha dj ik;saxsA “The” dks “n” vkSj “nh” nksuksa rjhds ls cksyk tkrk gS ij dgk¡ “n” cksyuk gS vkSj dgk¡ “nh”, ;s Hkh
vki “Article” chapter esa i<+sxs ij fcuk fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu tkus ;s lEHko gh ugha gSA

You must know about vowels & consonants of Hindi Alphabet as well, because when we‟ll teach
you about “Articles” i.e. A, An, The; you would understand how significant it is to know about it.

Ë;ku nhft, (Please pay attention) &

fiNys ist esa geus crk;k fd “Å” dks “oo/u” fy[ksaxsA ij vxj vki ns[ksa rks ,d ‚kCn gS “cook”. ;gk¡ ij “oo” gS ij
bldk mPpkj.k “dwd” ugha cfYd “dqd” gSA ;kfu cM+h “Å” ugha cfYd NksVh “m” dk iz;ksx gqvkA blls ;s irk pyrk gS
fd gj ckj fl[kk;k x;k fu;e gh lgh ugha gksrk] dbZ viokn (exceptions) Hkh gksrs gSaA
blh rjg vkius ns[kk gksxk fd dgha ij ÞtÞ ds uhps ,d fcUnq yxk;k gksrk gS tSls ¼t+½
vkSj dgha ij ÞtÞ ds
uhps fcUnq ugha gksrkA nksuksa ds mPpkj.k esa cgqr T+;knk QdZ gksrk gS !
‚kCnksa ds mPpkj.k (Pronunciation) dks vki vkus okys Pronunciation pSIVj esa foLrkj (detail) ls i<+us okys gSaA

D;k vki tkurs gSa (Do you know?) &

Letters form a word. v{kjksa ls feydj 'kCn curk gSA

Words form a sentence. 'kCnksa ls feydj okD; curk gSA
Sentences form a paragraph. okD;ksa ls feydj iSjkxzkQ curk gSA

mnkgj.k & “Mojib is a good guy. He is my best friend. I love him a lot.”

Åij fn;s x;s iSjkxzkQ esa rhu okD; gSa & There are 3 sentences in above paragraph -
1) Mojib is a good guy. 2) He is my best friend. 3) I love him a lot.

15 ‚kCn vkSj 43 v{kj gSaA There are 15 words and 43 letters.

Mojib Good Is Friend Him

Is Guy My I A
A He Best Love lot

vfHkoknu (Greeting)

vfHkoknu dk rjhdk bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd ftl O;fDr dk vki vfHkoknu djuk pkgrs gSa oks vkils mez esa] fj‛rs
esa ;k fQj vksgns esa cM+k gS] NksVk gS ;k fQj gemez ;kfu leku mez dk gSA
Choosing words while Greeting someone depends on the age, relation and position of
the person whom you need to greet at time.

vDlj vius ls cM+s o ftuls vki T+;knk reht+ ls is‛k vkrs gSa tSls eqgYys ds dksbZ vady vkaVh] vkWfQl esa ckWl ;k dksbZ
lhfu;j] muds lkFk vkidks le; ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg, &

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lqcg ls ysdj nksigj 12 cts rd& Good Morning (feyus ij)
Bye / Take care / See you / Have a nice day (fonk ysus ij)

nksigj 12 cts ls ysdj ‚kke 5 cts rd& Good Afternoon (feyus ij)
Bye / Take care / See you / Have a nice day (fonk ysus ij)

‚kke 5 cts ls lksus rd& Good Evening (feyus ij)

Good Night / Take care / Bye / See you (fonk ysus ij)

eku yhft, vki jkr ds 8 cts fdlh ls feys rks feyrs oDr D;k dgsaxs \ ;s er lksfp, fd vaËksjk gks x;k gS rks vki
Good night dgsaxsA tSlk crk;k x;k gS fd jkr ds 11 cts Hkh vxj vfHkoknu djuk iM+s rks feyus ij Good
Evening gh dguk gksxk vkSj fonk ysus ij Good Night dguk lcls csgrj fodYi gSA

gk¡] vxj vki vius fdlh nksLr ;k HkkbZ&cgu ;k fQj dksbZ [kkl ftlds lkFk vki cgqr frank gksa ;k fQj vkils mez esa
;k vksgns (position) esa NksVk dksbZ] ls feysa rks vki Hi, Hello dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA

Basically, if you need to be formal with someone whom you greet, you can use Good
Morning / Good Afternoon / Good Evening, however in informal/casual meet, you can
certainly use “Hi”, “Hello” etc.
f‛k’Vkpkj (Manners)

vPNs f‛k’Vkpkj dks fn[kkus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ckrksa dk csgn Ë;ku j[ksa &
To show your good manners, keep in mind –

1- vki fdlh ls dqN ek¡x jgs gksa rks “Please”, “Kindly” tSls ‚kCnksa dk iz;ksx dfj,A
If you are asking someone for something, use “Please”, “Kindly” sort of words.

2- vkidks dqN fn;k x;k ;k vkidh fdlh ckr dks egRo fn;k x;k rks “Thanks” dguk er Hkwfy,A
If your were given something or given importance , always say “Thanks”.
( “Thank you” is more formal than “Thanks”.)

3- vxj dksbZ vkidk /kU;okn djs rks dgsa “Welcome” ;k “Mention not” ;k “My pleasure” ;k “It‟s
ok” vkfnA
If someone thanks you for something, you can say: “Welcome”, “Mention not”, “My
pleasure”, “It‟s ok”, “It‟s alright” etc.

4- tc vki fdlh ls Qksu ij ckr dj jgs gksa vkSj dksbZ ckr ;k ‚kCn vki lqu ugha ik;s rks dqN bl rjg dfg, &
“I beg your pardon” ;k “I am sorry” ;k “I didn‟t get it” ;k “Excuse me” ;k uezrk ls dg
ldrs gaS “Will you please repeat, I didn‟t get you” vkfnA
While talking over the phone, if you couldn‟t hear something, you can say – “I beg
your pardon” or “I am sorry” or “I didn‟t get it” or “Excuse me” or you may politely
say “Will you please repeat, I didn‟t get you” etc.

5- vki fdlh efgyk ;k fdlh vius ls cM+s dks ;k fdlh cqtqxZ dks jkLrk nsrs oDr dgsa & “After you” bldk vFkZ
gS fd vki dguk pkgrs gSa igys vki] fQj eSaA
While giving a way/path to a lady, someone older/elder or elderly person, politely
say “After you”. It simply implies that you respect that person and gives him/her
more importance than yourself.
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 6- vxj dksbZ vkils iwNs “How are you?” rks vkerkSj ij vki dgrs gSa “I am fine.” ysfdu lkFk gh lkFk
vkidks ml O;fDr dk gky pky Hkh iwNuk pkfg,A vki dg ldrs gSa & “I am fine. What about
you?”
;k “Great. You tell?” ;k “Fine and you?” vkfnA
If someone asks you “How are you?”; it‟s pretty common, you say “I am fine.” But it‟s
better to ask him/her as well about how he/she is. You can rather say - “I am fine.
What about you?” or “Great. You tell?” or “Fine and you?” etc.

7- vxj vki fdlh dh ckr chp esa gh jksddj viuh ckr dguk pkgsa rks dqN bl rjg dfg, & “Sorry to
interrupt you” or “Sorry to intervene” vkSj tc oks O;fDr vki ij /;ku ns rks viuh ckr jf[k,A
If you wish to cut someone short or interrupt, say politely – “Sorry to interrupt you”
or “Sorry to intervene” and then proceed.
tc vki yksxksa ds lkFk ckr djrs gSa vkSj vPNk O;ogkj fn[kkrs gSa rks vkidks lekt esa bT+t+r nh tkrh gSA ;s Hkh ;kn jgs
fd dsoy bu ‚kCnksa ;k okD;k‛kksa dk iz;ksx djuk gh dkQh ugha] cfYd tks Hkh cksysa] uezrk vkSj izse ls cksysaA f‛k’Vkpkj ;gha
ij [kRe ugha gksrk] cfYd tSls&2 oDr ds lkFk vki vaxzsth Hkk’kk dh xgjkbZ dks vkSj csgrj le÷ksaxs] dbZ u;h ckrsa vkids
lkeus vk;saxhA
When you behave civilized & cultured, you are given respect in society. Just a mere use of
such words or phrases is not enough, you need to be polite and humble in your speaking as
well. It doesn‟t end here, rather newer ideas will emerge with time when you delve more
into this foreign language.

le; fdruk gqvk (What is the time?)

vkb, lh[ksa fd vxj dksbZ vkils iwNs fd “fdrus cts gSa \” rks bafXy‛k esa vki dSls crk;saxsA fgUnh esa vki dqN bl rjg
dgrs gSa & “ik¡p cts gSa” ;k “ik¡p ctdj nl feuV” ;k “lkr ctus esa nks feuV” ;k “lok nks” ;k “lk<+s rhu” vkfnA

igys lef÷k, &

2 cts dks dgsaxs & 2 o‟clock ( 2 vks DykWd)
11 cts dks dgsaxs & 11 o‟clock ( 11 vks DykWd)
7 cts dks dgsaxs & 7 o‟clock ( 7 vks DykWd)
vc lef÷k,
& “brus ctdj brus feuV” dk QkWeqZyk gS & { feuV + past + ?k.Vk }

vxj vkidks dguk gS “ik¡p ctdj nl feuV” gq, gSaA lksfp, feuV fdrus gq, gSa & 10 vkSj ?kaVs fdrus gq, gSa & 5 rks
QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 10 past 5.

vxj “vkB ctdj chl feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 20 past 8. V~osUVh ikLV ,sV
vxj “lkr ctdj iPphl feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs& 25 past 7. V~osUVh Q+kbo ikLV lsou
vxj “nks ctdj ckbZl feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 22 past 2. V~osUVh Vw ikLV
Vw
vxj “ik¡p ctdj N% feuV” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 6 past 5. flDl ikLV Q+kbo

“brus ctus esa brus feuV” dk QkWeZqyk gS & { feuV + to + ?k.Vk }

vxj vkidks dguk gS “ik¡p ctus esa nl feuV” gSaA lksfp, feuV fdrus cps gaS & 10 vkSj dkSu lk ?kaVk gksus ds fy,
& 5 rks QkWeZwys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 10 to 5.

vxj “vkB ctus esa chl feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 20 to 8. V~osUVh Vq ,V
vxj “nks ctus esa ckjg feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 12 to 2. V~osYo Vq Vw
vxj “X;kjg ctus eas ckjg feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 12 to 11. V~osYo Vq
11
bysou vxj “rhu ctus es ik¡p feuV” gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs & 5 to 3.
Q+kbo Vq Fkzh

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uksV & 1 ?kaVs esa 60 feuV gksrs gSaA 60 feuV dk vk/kk 30 feuV gksrk gS blfy, 30 feuV dks gkQ (half) dgrs gSa vkSj
30 feuV dk Hkh vk/kk 15 feuV gksrk gS blfy, 15 feuV dks DokVj (quarter) dgrs gSaA lef÷k, &

tSlk fd vkius i<+k

vxj “vkB ctdj iUnzg feuV” ;kfu “lok vkB” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
& 15 past 8 ¼fQ+¶Vhu ikLV ,V½
;gk¡ ij 15¼fQ+¶Vhu½ dh txg vki DokVj dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vkSj dg ldrs gaS
& Quarter past 8 ¼DokVj ikLV ,V½

blh rjg
vxj “vkB ctus esa iUnzg feuV” ;kfu “ikSus vkB” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
& 15 to 8. ¼fQ+¶Vhu Vq ,V½
;gk¡ ij 15¼fQ+¶Vhu½ dh txg vki DokVj dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vkSj dg ldrs gaS
& Quarter to 8 ¼DokVj Vq ,V½

Bhd blh rjg

vxj “vkB ctdj rhl feuV” ;kfu “lk<+s vkB” gq, gSaA rks QkWeZqys ds vuqlkj vki dgsaxs
& 30 past 8. ¼FkVhZ ikLV ,V½
;gk¡ ij 30¼FkVhZ½ dh txg vki gkQ+ dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA vkSj dg ldrs gSa
& Half past 8 ¼gkQ+ ikLV ,V½

vxj dkWUlSIV dks i<+dj le÷kus esa t+jk Hkh fnDdr vk jgh gks rks ?kcjkb, ugha] uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.k le÷kus dk
iz;Ru djsa] vkWfM;ks ySDpj Hkh lqfu;s] fQ+j Hkh dksbZ ijs‛kkuh vk;s rks www.englishwale.com ds LVwMSUV gSYiMSLd
esa viuk iz‛u jf[k;s ;k gesa bZesy ds t+fj, lEidZ dfj;sA

vkb, ns[ksa dqN mnkgj.k &

11 cts – 11 o‟clock
5 cts – 5 o‟clock
7 cts – 7 o‟clock
11 ctdj chl feuV – 20 past 11
1 ctus esa lkr feuV – 7 to 1
2 ctdj rhl feuV – Half past 2 ;k Half to 3
(D;ksafd 2 ctdj rhl feuV dks 3 ctus esa rhl feuV Hkh rks dg ldrs gSaA)
lok vkB – 15 past 8
10 ctus esa 10 feuV – 10 to 10
ikSus 5 – Quarter to 5
lk<+s 10 – Half past 10
<kbZ cts – Half past 2

jkr ds ckjg cts ds ckn ls nksigj ds ckjg cts ls igys rd ds le; ds lkFk “AM” dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSa tcfd
nksigj ds ckjg cts ds ckn ls jkr ds ckjg cts ls igys rd ds le; ds lkFk “PM” dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA

jkr ds 12 cts - 12 AM nksigj ds 12 cts - 12 PM

jkr ds 1 cts - 1 AM nksigj ds 1 cts - 1 PM
lqcg ds 5 cts - 5 AM ‚kke ds 5 cts - 5 PM
lqcg ds 10 cts - 10 AM ‚kke ds 7 cts - 7 PM
lqcg ds 11 cts - 11 AM jkr ds 11 cts - 11 PM
lqcg ds 11 ctdj 59 feuV - 11.59 AM jkr ds 11 ctdj 59 feuV - 11.59 PM
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 la[;k,¡ o muds mPpkj.k (Numerals & their Pronunciations)

1 One (ou) ,d 15 Fifteen (fQ+¶Vhu) iUnzg

2 Two (Vw) nks 16 Sixteen (flDlVhu) lksyg
3 Three (Fkzh) rhu 17 Seventeen (lSouVhu) l«kg
4 Four (Q+ksj) pkj 18 Eighteen (,Vhu) vBkjg
5 Five (Q+kbo) ik¡p 19 Nineteen (ukbuVhu) mUuhl
6 Six (flDl) N% 20 Twenty (V~osUVh) chl
7 Seven (lSou) lkr 30 Thirty (FkVhZ) rhl
8 Eight (,V) vkB 40 Forty (Q+kWVhZ) pkyhl
9 Nine (ukbu) ukS 50 Fifty (fQ+¶Vh) ipkl
10 Ten (VSu) nl 60 Sixty (flDlVh) lkB
11 Eleven (bySou) X;kjg 70 Seventy (lSouVh) lRrj
12 Twelve (V~oSYo) ckjg 80 Eighty (,Vh) vLlh
13 Thirteen (FkVhZu) rsjg 90 Ninety (ukbuVh) uCcs
14 Fourteen (Q+ksVhZu) pkSng 100 Hundred (gUMªSM) lkS

1000 Thousand (Fkkmt+SUM) gt+kj

100000 Lac / Lakh (ySd@yS[k ) yk[k
1000000 Ten Lacs (VSu ySDl) nl yk[k ;k ,d fefy;u (Million)
10000000 Crore (djksj) djksM+
1000000000 Arab (vjc) vjc ;k ,d fcfy;u (Billion)

vki dkSu lh Dykl esa gSa & Which class you are in –

First 1st Q+LVZ igyh Seventh 7th lSoUFk lkroha

Second 2 nd lsdaM nwljh Eight 8th ,V~Fk vkBoha
Third 3 rd FkMZ rhljh Nineth 9th ukbUFk uoha
Fourth 4 th Q+ksFkZ pkSFkh Tenth 10th VSaFk nloha
Fifth 5 th fQ+¶Fk ik¡poh Eleventh 11th bySoUFk X;kjgoha
Sixth 6 th flDlFk NBh Twelth 12th V~oSYFk ckjgoha
;k fQj (or in)
Graduation xzStq,‛ku Lukrd
Post Graduation iksLV xzStq,‛ku LukrdksŸkj

fxykl fdruk Hkjk gS & How much is the glass filled –

1/2 Half vk/kk 1/5 One fifth ,d dk ik¡pok Hkkx

1/3 One third ,d frgkbZ 2/3 Two third nks frgkbZ
1/4 One fourth ,d pkSFkkbZ 3/4 Three fourth rhu pkSFkkbZ

fdrus xquk gS & “How fold” or “How many time” -

,d xquk Single flaxy

nks xquk ¼nqxquk½ Double / Twice / Two fold Mcy ;k V~okbl ;k Vw Q+ksYM
rhu xquk Three times/ Three fold/ Thrice Fkzh Vkbe ;k Fkzh Q+ksYM ;k Fkzkbl
,d xquk Four times/ Four fold Q+ksj Vkbe ;k Q+ksj Q+ksYM
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 fojke fpUg (Punctuation Marks)
fdlh Hkh ckr dks fy[krs oDr fojke fpUg dk cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ jksy gksrk gSA fojke fpUgksa ds ek/;e ls okD; ds izdkj o
Bgjko (Pauses & Stops) dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA fdlh ds }kjk dgh x;h ckr dks flQZ fy[k nsus ls ;g irk ugha
pyrk fd og ckr fdl vankt+ esa cksyh x;hA fojke fpUgksa ds ek/;e ls ;g irk py tkrk gS fd og okD; pkSadrs gq,
cksyk x;k ;k fQj dqN iwNk x;k ;k dqN crk;k x;kA vkb,] dqN izk;% iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys fojke fpUgksa dks i<+rs gSa &

1) Question Mark Dos‛pu ekdZ ( ? ) – iz‛uokpd fpUg

;g fpUg iz‛uokpd okD;ksa ds vUr esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSsls fd &
This mark is used at the end of Interrogative Sentences. For example -

a) Who are you? gw vkj ;w \ rqe dkSu gks \

b) What is he doing? oV bt+ gh Mwbax \ oks D;k dj jgk gS \
c) Do you love your mom? Mq ;w yo ;kSj ekWe \ D;k vki viuh eEeh ls I;kj djrs gks \

2) Exclamation Mark ,DlDyses‛ku ekdZ ( ! ) – foLe;kfn cks/kd fpUg

;g fpUg ,sls okD;ksa ds vUr esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftuesa vPkkud mRiUu gqbZ Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr fd;k tk;sA vpkud gqbZ
fdlh ?kVuk ls eu dh Hkkoukvksa dk O;Dr gksuk tSls [kq‛kh ;k nq[k izdV djuk] gSjku gksuk] ukjkt+xh t+kfgj djuk] ‚kkck‛kh
nsuk] nqvk nsuk vkfnA uhps fn;s x;s dqN mnkgj.kksa dks ;kn dj yhft, vkSj tc ekSdk feys] iz;ksx dhft,A

Hkxoku vkidks vk‛khZokn ns! God bless you! xkWM CySl ;w!
okg! ] xt+c! ] cgqr cf<+;k! Wow! , Wonderful! oko! oUMjQ+qy!
Hkxoku dh n;k ls!] izHkq dh —ik ls! By God‟s grace ! ck; xkWM~l
xzsl!
fdrus nq[k dh ckr gS!] fdruk nq[kn! How sad! , How tragic! gko lSM! gko
VªSftd! mldh bruh fgEer! How dare he! gko Msvj gh!
vksg I;kjs! ¼tc fny esa I;kj meM+s½ Oh honey! , Oh dear! vksg guh! ] vksg fM;j!
cgqr cM+h xyrh! Terrible mistake! VSfjcy feLVsd!
vfo‛oluh;!] cgqr gh tcjnLr! Incredible!, Amazing!, Awesome! bUØSfMcy! vesft+ax! vkWle!
cdokl! Absurd! , Nonsense ! Aweful! ,sCt+MZ! ukulSUl! vkWQ+y!
Hkxoku dk ‚kqØ gS! Thank God! FkSad xkWM!
;s gqbZ u ckr! ¼thr dh [kq‛kh½ Hurry! , That‟s it! gqjsZ! ] nSV~l bV!
ut+j u yxs! Touch wood! , Finger crossed! Vp oqM! ] fQ+Uxj ØkWLM!
t+#j!] D;ksa ugha! iDdk! Sure! , Why not!, of course! ‚;ksj! ] ok; ukWV! ] vQ+ dkst+!
‚kkckl! Well done! oSy Mu!
D;k [kcj gS! ¼[kq‛kh ls dguk½ What a news! oV v U;wt+!
lp esa! ¼pkSadrs gq,½ Really! , Is it! fj;yh! ] bt+ bV!
cgqr&2 /kU;okn! Thanks a lot! FkSaDl v ykWV!
c/kkbZ gks! Congratulations! dkWUxzSpqys‛kUl!
D;k vkbfM;k gS! What an idea! oV ,su vkbfM;k!

3) Full Stop Q+qy LVkWi ( . ) – iw.kZ fojke

Qqy LVkWi dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkh ,sls okD; ds vUr esa fd;k tkrk gS tks u gh iz‛uokpd gks vkSj u gh foLe;kfn cks/kd okD;]
cfYd ftl okD; esa ckr iw.kZr% lekIr gksA QqyLVkWi yxkus dk lh/kk lk eryc gS fd okD; [kRe gks x;k gSA tSls &

15
Full stop indicates the end of a sentence; used with sentences which are neither interrogative
nor exclamatory.

eSa vk jgk g¡wA I am coming. vkbZ ,se dfeaxA

jke vPNk yM+dk gSA Ram is a good boy. jke bt+ v xqM ckW;A

Qqy LVkWi dk iz;ksx Abbreviations ¼vczhfo;s‛kUl½ ds lkFk Hkh gksrk gSA vki ;s tkuuk pkgsaxs fd Abbreviations D;k
gksrs gaS \ Abbreviations fdlh Hkh ‚kCnksa ds lewg dk laf{kIr #i gksrs gSaA
Full stops are used with abbreviations too. Abbreviations are basically the short form of a
group of words. Examples are given below:

M.P. - Member of Parliament lkaln

M.L.A.- Member of Legislative Assembly fo/kk;d
P.M. - Prime Minister iz/kkuea«kh
B.A. - Bachelor of Arts vkV~Zl esa Lukrd
e.g. - exempli gratia (a latin word) bldk eryc gksrk gS “for example” ;kfu “mnkgj.k
ds rkSj ij”
i.e. - id est (a latin word) bldk eryc gksrk gS “that is” ;kfu “tks gaS”
etc. - etcetera ¼,sVlSVªk½ bR;kfn] vkfn

 eSa dbZ ;¡«k ctk ldrk g¡w mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij fxVkj] flrkj] fi;Suks vkfnA
I can play many instruments e.g. Guitar, Sitar, Piano etc.

 eSa dsoy 3 ;¡«k ctk ldrk g¡w tks gSa fxVkj] flrkj vkSj fi;kuksA
I can play only 3 instruments i.e. Guitar, Sitar and Piano.

4) Comma dkSek ( , ) – vYi fojke

tc vkidks fdlh okD; dks cksyrs gq, chp esa t+jk lk fojke nsuk gks rks dkSek dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA uhps dqN mnkgj.k
fn;s x;s gSa &
While speaking, when you need to give a short pause in a sentence, “comma” is used. Few
examples are given below:

i) Ram, come here.

jke] ;gk¡ vkvksA
ii) I have many friends such as Aman, Amit, Sandeep etc.
esjs dbZ nksLr gSa tSls veu] vfer] lanhi vkfnA
iii) He will come on Monday, 20th September.
oks@og lkseokj] 20 flrEcj dks vk;sxkA
iv) If he comes, I will not come.
vxj oks vk;k rks eSa ugha vkšxkA
v) Ram, my best friend, is his brother.
jke] esjk lcls vPNk nksLr] mldk HkkbZ gSA

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 5) Quotation mark dksVs‛ku ekdZ
( “ ) – ‚kq# esa At the beginning
( ” ) – vUr esa At the end
fdlh dh dgh gqbZ ckr dks dksVs‛ku ekdZ ds vUnj fy[k ldrs gSaA
Saying of someone can be written inside the quotation marks.

a) Ram said, “I am the best”. jke us dgk] “eSa lcls vPNk g¡w”A
b) Manager says, “Customer is very important”. eSustj dgrs gSa] “dLVej cgqr egRoiw.kZ gksrk gS”A
vxj vki /;ku nsa rks dksVs‛ku ekdZ dks fy[kus dk rjhdk okD; ds ‚kq#vkr o vUr esa vyx&2 gksrk gSA okD; ds ‚kq# esa
( “ ) gS tcfd vUr esa ( ” ) gSA
If you notice, the way you write inverted comma at the beginning of the quoted sentence and
at the end of the quoted sentence; both are different.

6) Colon dksyu (:)

izk;% dksyu dk eryc gS “tSls fd”A dksyu dk iz;ksx vf/kdrj rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vki O;fDr;ksa] phtksa ;k txgksa
vkfn dh lwph ds ckjs esa crkrs gSaA uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa dks /;ku ls lef÷k,A
Colon is often used when you enumerate a list of persons, things, places etc. Look at the
following examples.

a) I met many people: Binita, Anjali, Kuldeep, Dimpal, and Seema.

eSa dbZ yksxksa ls feyk tSls fd fcuhrk] vatfy] dqYnhi] fMEiy vkSj lhekA

b) I have many things: book, pen, vegetables, sugar, rice etc.

esjs ikl dbZ phtsa+ gSa tSls fd fdrkc] iSu] lfCt+;k¡] phuh] pkoy bR;kfnA

7) Semicolon lsehdksyu ( ; ) – v/kZ fojke

lsehdksyu dks le÷kus ds fy, uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.k ij /;ku nsaA
Semicolon‟s basic usage can be understood through following example:

a) Meeting was held on 25th October, 2008, 15th January, 2010 and 23rd March, 2012. (Incorrect)
b) Meeting was held on 25th October, 2008; 15th January, 2010; and 23rd March, 2012. (Correct)
ehfVax 25th vDVwcj 2008] 15th tuojh 2010 vkSj 23rd ekpZ 2012 dks gqbZA

okD; (a) xyr gS tcfd okD; (b) lghA nsf[k, ;s ckr lkQ gS fd ehfVax rhu vyx&2 fnuksa esa gqbZ : 25th vDVwcj 2008]
15th tuojh 2010 vkSj 23rd ekpZ 2012 dksA ysfdu vxj okD; (a) dks /;ku ls ns[ksa rks dkSek ds iz;ksx dh otg ls ,slk
yxrk gS fd ehfVax rhu vyx&2 fnuksa esa ugha cfYd ik¡p vyx&2 fnuksa esa gqbZ : 25th vDVwcj dks] 2008 esa] 15th
tuojh dks] 2010 esa vkSj 23rd ekpZ 2012 dksA blfy, okD; (b) esa 2008 ds ckn dkSek dh ctk; lsehdksyu dk iz;ksx
djuk iM+kA

8) Apostrophe vikslVªkWQh (‟)-

vikslVªkWQh dk iz;ksx izk;% nks ekSdksa ij gksrk gS&
Apostrophe is generally used in two situations –

17
 i) tc vki dgrs gSa & jke dk] fdrkc dk] cPpksa dk] eEeh dk vkfnA bls bafXy‛k esa (possession) it+s‛ku
dgrs gSaA
jke dk & Ram‟s, fdrkc dk & Book‟s, cPpksa dk& Children‟s, eEeh dk& Mother‟s
ii) nks ‚kCnksa dks ,d cukus ds fy,A bu nks ‚kCnksa esa ls ,d ‚kCn lgk;d fØ;k gksuh pkfg, o nwljk ‚kCn ;k rks
loZuke gks ;k “not”
To make two words one. One of these words needs to be a helping verb and the other
one either a “pronoun” or “not”

Does not (Mt+ ukWV) – Doesn‟t (Mt+UV) ;k (Mt+u)

Is not (bt+ ukWV) – Isn‟t (bt+UV) ;k (bt+u)
Do not (Mw ukWV) – Don‟t (MksUV)
Has not (gSt+ ukWV) – Hasn‟t (gSt+UV) ;k (gSt+u)
I have (vkb gSo) – I‟ve (vkbo)
You are (;w vkj) – You‟re (;ksj)
;gk¡ ij “does”, “is”, “do”, “have”, “are”, “has” lgk;d fØ;k,¡ (helping verbs) gSa vkSj “I” o “you” loZuke
(pronoun) gSaA loZuke ds ckjs esa ge vkus okys loZuke pSIVj esa foLrkj ls i<+saxsA

g¶rs ds lkr fnu (Seven Days of a Week)

lkseokj & Monday eaMs

eaxyokj & Tuesday V~;wt+Ms
cq/kokj & Wednesday osUt+Ms¼ osMuslMs o osUt+Ms nksuksa rjhdksa ls mPpkj.k fd;k tkrk gSA ½
c`gLifrokj & Thursday Fkt+ZMs
‚kqØokj & Friday ÝkbMs
‚kfuokj & Saturday lSVjMs
jfookj & Sunday laMs

lky ds ckjg eghus (Twelve Months of a year)

tuojh & January tSU;qjh tqykbZ & July tqyk;

Q+jojh & February Q+Scjjh vxLr & August vkWxLV
ekpZ & March ekpZ flrEcj & September lSIVSEcj
vizSy & April ,fizy vDVwcj & October vkWDVkscj
ebZ & May es uoEcj & November uoSEcj
twu & June twu fnlEcj & December fMlSEcj

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

nce English Grammar Topics Hkh ij tkdj vki i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd,
l esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
r djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsaxhA –

18
 Lesson – 2
Few Basics of English (vaxzst+h dh dqN ewy ckrsa)
vkb,] vaxzst+h ds Basics dh FkksM+k vkSj tkudkjh ysaA bl pSIVj ds vUr esa fn;s x;s NksVs&2
dks Hkh vPNh rjg ;kn dj yhft,A vkidks budk egRo vkus okys pSIVlZ dks le÷krs oDr eglwl gksxkA

Sentences ¼okD;½

gj Hkk’kk esa dqN Hkh dgus ;k fy[kus ds fy, ‚kCnksa ds lewgksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA ‚kCnksa dk og lewg ftlesa fdlh ckr dk
Hkko iw.kZr% Li’V gks] mls okD; dgrs gSaA nwljs ‚kCnksa esa ge dg ldrs gSa fd okD; os gSa ftuls lquus okys dks iw.kZ lans‛k dk
irk py ik;sA
In every language, there is a need of group of words to communicate. Such group of words that
communicate a complete message is called a sentence.

eku yhft, vkius eq÷kls iwNk “D;k vkWfQl tkvksxs\”, eSaus mÙkj fn;k “ugha”. vki le÷k x;s fd eSa vkWfQl ugha tkÅ¡xkA
vkidk iz‛u “D;k vkWfQl tkvksxs\” Hkh ,d okD; gS vkSj esjk mÙkj “ugha” Hkh ,d okD; gSA ;s ckr vyx gS fd esjk okD;
flQZ ,d ‚kCn ls cuk gS] dbZ ‚kCnksa ls ughaA egRoiw.kZ ;g ugha fd okD; esa ‚kCn fdrus gSa] egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd dgs x;s
okD; }kjk fn;k x;k lans‛k i;kZIr gS ;k ughaA vxj vki /;ku ls lkspsa rks esjs dgus dk rkRi;Z Li’V Fkk fd “eSa vkWfQl
ugha tkÅ¡xk” ] blfy, esjk okD; iw.kZ o i;kZIr gSA

Sentence Types:
Classification 1

okD;ksa dks muds Hkko o vFkZ ds vk/kkj ij fuEufyf[kr 4 oxksaZ esa oxhZd`r fd;k tkrk gS &
On the basis of their sense & meaning, sentences are classified in following 4 categories –

1. Assertive or Declarative Sentences (LohdkjkRed ;k dFkkRed okD;):

,sls okD;ksa esa dqN crk;k tkrk gS ;k fdlh ckr dk o.kZu gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh ckr pkgs oks ,d rF; gks ;k ,d lkspA
Such sentences state a fact, opinion or idea.

mnkgj.k (Example):
1. Ayansh is my son. ¼v;k¡‛k esjk csVk gSA½
2. Aman is not at home. ¼veu ?kj ij ugha gSA½
3. Arnavi doesn‟t go to school. ¼vjuoh Ldwy ugha tkrh gSA½
4. Mom scolds me. ¼eEeh th eq÷ks Mk¡Vrh gaSA½

Åij fn;s x;s lHkh okD;ksa esa dqN crk;k x;k gS vFkkZr~ fdlh ckr dk o.kZu gSA vke cksypky esa lcls vf/kd tks okD;
iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa os blh oxZ ds gksrs gSaA

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2. Interrogative Sentences (iz‛uokpd okD;):

,sls okD; ftuesa dksbZ iz‛u iwNk tkrk gSA

Sentences, where a question is asked.
mnkgj.k (Example):
1. Is Aman not at home? ¼D;k veu ?kj ij ugha gS\½
2. Do you play? ¼D;k rqe [ksyrs gks\½
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa iz‛u iwNs x;s gSaA bl rjg ds okD; ge vDlj lqurs
gSaA

3. Imperative Sentences (vkKklwpd okD;):

,sls okD; tks vkKk] vkns‛k ;k izkFkZuk O;Dr djsaA

Sentences, which are used to permit, command or request are known as imperative sentences.
mnkgj.k (Example):
1. Sit there. ¼ogk¡ cSBksA½
2. Let me go. ¼eq÷ks tkus nksA½
Åij fn;s x;s igys okD; esa vkns‛k fn;k x;k gS tcfd nwljs okD; esa izkFkZuk vFkkZr fuosnu fd;k x;k gSA bl rjg ds
okD; ge vkxs vkus okys “Imperative Sentences” pSIVj esa i<+saxsA

4. Exclamatory Sentences (foLe;kfncks/kd okD;):

,sls okD; ftuesa vpkud mRiUu gqbZ Hkkoukvksa tSls nq[k] [kq‛kh] gSjkuh] Mj vkfn dh vfHkO;fDr gksA
Sentences, which are used to express sudden emotions such as joy, grief, shock, fear etc.
mnkgj.k (Example):
1. Wow! ¼xtc! ;k cgqr cf<+;k!½
2. Thank God! ¼Hkxoku dk ‚kqØ gS!½
Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa eu esa vpkud mRiUu gqbZ Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr gSA bl rjg ds okD; ge fiNys pSIVj esa i<+
pqds gSa vkSj vkxs vkus okys “Interjection” pSIVj esa Hkh i<+saxsA

Classification 2
nwljs oxhZdj.k ds vuqlkj okD; fuEufyf[kr pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSa &

Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1

(Sentence Type) Example-1
Affirmative¼ldkjkRed½ jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gSA
,sls okD; ftuesa u “ugha” dk iz;ksx gks] u gh dksbZ iz‛u iwNk x;k gksA Ram is a good boy.
Negative¼udkjkRed½ jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gSA
,sls okD; ftuesa “ugha” dk iz;ksx rks gks ij dksbZ iz‛u u iwNk x;k gksA Ram is not a good boy.
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½ D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gS\
,sls okD; ftuesa “ugha” dk iz;ksx u gks ij iz‛u iwNk x;k gksA Is Ram a good boy?
Negative Interrogative¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½ D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gS\
,sls okD; ftuesa “ugha” dk iz;ksx Hkh gks vkSj iz‛u Hkh iwNk x;k gksA Is Ram not a good boy?

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 okD; ds rhu Hkkx (Three parts of a sentence)

1. Subject ¼lctSDV½ & drkZ

Subject oks gksrk gS ftlds ckjs esa okD; esa ;k rks ckr gks jgh gks ;k fQj oks tks fdlh fØ;k ;kfu dke dks dj
jgk gksA nwljs ‚kCnksa esa] Subject fdlh Hkh okD; dk izeq[k dsUæ gksrk gSA
Subject is the one whom/which we talk about or the one who performs an action.

2. Verb ¼fØ;k½ & deZ] dke ;k dk;Z

fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
Verb is the one, which describes the action or the state of the subject.

vkb, le÷ksa (Let‟s understand) &

ekuk eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA” bl okD; esa gS Subject gS & v;k¡‛k vkSj Verb gS & lksukA bl okD; esa
Subject ds }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA ;gk¡ ij Subject lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA
blh rjg] eku yhft, eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA” Subject gS & v;k¡‛kA ;gk¡ ij v;k¡‛k dksbZ dk;Z ugha
dj jgk cfYd mlds ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd og 8 eghus dk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd
voLFkk@fLFkfr dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA voLFkk dk lh/kk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Subject fdl le; esa & orZeku esa] chrs gq,
dy esa ;k fQj vkus okys dy esa fdl voLFkk@fLFkfr esa gSA

xkSj dfj, &

Ayansh is sleeping. ¼v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA½

¼v;k¡‛k lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh is 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA½

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd orZeku voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh was 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk FkkA½

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd chrs gqbZ le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh will be 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gksxkA½

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd vkus okys le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

ftu okD;ksa esa Subject fdlh dk;Z dks dj jgk gks ,sls okD; “Tenses(dky)” esa vkrs gaS vkSj ftu okD;ksa esa Subject
dksbZ dk;Z u dj jgk gS] dsoy Subject dh voLFkk@fLFkfr ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gks] ,sls okD; “Simple
Sentences(ljy okD;)” esa vkrs gSaA nksuksa rjg ds okD;ksa dks vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls i<+saxsA

fØ;k,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa (Verbs are of two types):

a½ eq[; fØ;k (Main Verb)

;g fØ;k subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh nsrh gSA eq[; fØ;k dk lh/kk lk eryc gS dksbZ Hkh dke tSls ukpuk]
xkuk] lkspuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk] ns[kuk] fgyuk] ;kn djuk] ihVuk vkfnA
Main verb describes the action of the subject such as to dance, to sing, to think, to read, to
write, to see, to move, to miss, to beat etc.

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 t+#jh ugha fd dke ogh gks tks gkFk iSjksa ls fd;k tk jgk gks ;kfu physical gksA vxj vki dqN lksp jgs gSa rks
Hkh fnekx dke dj jgk gS ;kfu Mental work rks gks gh jgk gS blfy, lkspuk Hkh ,d dk;Z gh gSA
Action doesn‟t only mean the physical work. When you think, your brain works, so „to think‟
is also an action ; hence it is a verb.

b½ lgk;d fØ;k (Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb)

;g fØ;k subject dh voLFkk ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA Subject ds vuqlkj o le;dky ¼orZeku] Hkwr o Hkfo’;½ ds
vuqlkj budk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA budk iz;ksx vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls le÷ksaxsA
Examples:
is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will etc.

3. Object ¼vkWctSDV½ & dkjd

dkjd og gksrk gS ftl ij drkZ ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk dk izHkko iM+rk gSA
Object is the one, which gets affected by the action or the state of the subject.

uhps nh x;h rkfydk esa dqN mnkgj.k fn;s x;s gaS (A few examples are appended in the table) &

Main Verb
Sentence ¼okD;½ Subject Object
¼eq[; fØ;k½
jke esjk nksLr gSA jke esjk nksLr &
oks ikxy ugha gSA oks Ikkxy &
ge lc eEeh ds lkFk FksA ge lc eEeh &
jkgqy ;gk¡ ugha gSA jkgqy ;gk¡ &
ikik [ksyrs gSaA ikik & [ksyuk
ikik ikdZ esa [ksyrs gSaA ikik ikdZ [ksyuk
jke vk;sxkA jke & vkuk
eSa rqEgsa ;kn djrk g¡wA eSa Rkqe ;kn djuk
jkgqy ds ikl iSls ugha gSaA jkgqy iSls &
jf'e dh pkj cgusa FkhA jf'e pkj cgusa &
jke ikdZ esa FkkA jke ikdZ
rqe esjs fny esa jgrs gksA rqe esjk fny jguk
oks Ldwy ugha tkrk FkkA oks Ldwy tkuk
cPps D;k ns[krs gSa\ cPps & ns[kuk

Subjects nks rjg ds gksrs gSa (Subjects are of two types) –

Singular - flUxqyj ¼,dopu½ tc Subject ,d O;fDr] ,d oLrq ;k ,d LFkku dk cks/k djk;sA

When the subject refers to one person/place/thing.

Plural – IY;wjy ¼cgqopu½ tc Subject ,d ls T+;knk O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku dk cks/k djk;sA
When the subject refers to more than one person/place/thing.

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 Singular ¼,dopu ½ Plural ¼cgqopu ½
Ram ¼,d yM+dk gS½
Shyam ¼,d yM+dk gS½ Ram & Shyam ¼,d ls T+;knk ;kfu nks yM+ds gS½
Sky ¼vkleku ,d gS½ People¼yksx½
This- ;g] ;s ¼,d ds fy,½ Crowd¼HkhM+½
That- og] oks ¼,d ds These- ;g] ;s ¼,d ls T+;knk ds fy,½
fy,½ It- ;g] ;s ¼,d ds Those og] oks] os ¼,d ls T+;knk ds fy,½
fy,½ Pens ¼,d ls T+;knk iSuksa dh ckr gks jgh gSA½
Pen ¼,d iSu dh ckr gks jgh gSA½

Personal Pronoun Subjects: Singular & Plural

First Person, Second Person & Third Person

Person Singular Plural

First Person
I ¼eSa½ We ¼ge½
The person or people speaking
Thou¼rqe ;k vki {,d O;fDr}½ You¼rqe ;k vki
Second Person
(Obsolete now & replaced with {,d ls T+;knk
The person or people being spoken to „You‟ in present English) O;fDr}½
He ¼og {,d yM+ds ds fy, }½ They - os ¼,d
Third Person
She ¼og {,d yM+dh ds fy, }½ ls T+;knk yksxksa
The person or people being spoken about ds fy, ½

ekuk eSa vkils jke ds ckjs esa ckr djk g¡w] rks ;gk¡ ij eSa¼I½ First Person g¡w , vki ¼You½ Second Person gks vkSj
jke¼Ram½ Third Person gSA

/;ku nhft,] vki ¼You½ pkgs ,d O;fDr gksa ;k ,d ls vf/kd] vaxzst+h Hkk’kk esa You dks cgqopu dh rjg gh iz;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS o You ds lkFk ogh lgk;d fØ;k,¡ iz;ksx dh tkrh gSa ftUgsa cgqopu subject ds lkFk iz;ksx djrs gSa tSls
are, have, do etc.
“You” is always treated as a plural subject & its singular form is obsolete now. That‟s why, “You”
is always followed by the helping verbs, which are used with Plural subjects.

“This, That, These, Those” dk iz;ksx (Use of “This, That, These, Those”)

vkb, le>sa fd This, That, These & Those dk iz;ksx dSls djuk gSA
Let‟s understand how to use This, That, These & Those.

Singular ¼,dopu½ Plural ¼cgqopu½

Near ¼ikl½ This ¼;s] ;g½ These ¼;s] ;g½

Far ¼nwj½ That ¼og] oks] os½ Those ¼og] oks] os½

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vxj dksbZ O;fDr] oLrq ;k LFkku gekjs lkeus gS] rks Åij nh x;h Vscy ds vuqlkj ge ;k rks „this‟ dk iz;ksx djsaxs ;k
fQj „these‟ dkA vxj ,dopu gS rks „this‟ vkSj vxj cgqopu gS rks „these‟ A blh rjg vxj dksbZ O;fDr] oLrq ;k
LFkku gels nwj gS] rks Vscy ds vuqlkj ge ;k rks „that‟ dk iz;ksx djsaxs ;k fQj „those‟ dkA vxj ,dopu gS rks
„that‟ vkSj vxj cgqopu gS rks „those‟ A

If a person, place or thing is nearby, as per the table we must use either „this‟ or „these‟. If it is
singular then „this‟ and if plural then „these‟. Similarly if a person, place or thing is afar, we must
use either „that‟ or „those‟. If it is singular then „that‟ and if plural then „those‟.

bls vkSj csgrj le÷kus ds fy, uhps nh x;h rkfydk dks le÷ksaA
This concept can be better understood with the help of the table below:

;g@;s fdrkc This book fdrkc ikl gS vkSj ,dopu gS blfy, „this‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA vxj fdrkc
nwj gksrh rks eSa Þ;g@;s fdrkcÞ ugha cfYd Þoks@og fdrkcÞ dgrkA
Book is near and singular, hence used „this‟.
og@oks fdrkc That book fdrkc nwj gS vkSj ,d gS blfy, „that‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Book is afar and singular, hence used „that‟.
;s@;g fdrkcsa These books fdrkcsa ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „these‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Books are near and plural; hence used „these‟.
Okks@og@os Those books fdrkcsa nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „those‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
fdrkcsa Books are afar and plural, hence used „those‟.
os cPps Those/They cPps nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „those‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA p¡wfd cPps
children ltho gSa blfy, „they‟ dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Children are afar and plural, hence used „those‟. Since
Children are living being so we can also use „they‟.
;s eNfy;k¡ These fishes eNfy;k¡ ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „these‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
Fishes are near and plural, hence used „these‟.
;s lc yM+ds These all yM+ds ikl gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „these‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA
boys Boys are near and plural, hence used „these‟.
oks nksuksa yM+ds Those/They yM+ds nwj gaS vkSj ,d ls T+;knk gSa blfy, „those‟ dk iz;ksx fd;kA p¡wfd
both boys yM+ds ltho gaS blfy, „they‟ dk iz;ksx Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
Boys are afar and plural, hence used „these‟. Since boys
are living being so we can also use „they‟.

ltho o futhZo dk QdZ (Difference between Living & Non-Living)

 ltho mls dgrs gSa ftlesa tku gksrh gS ;kfu tks lk¡l ysrk gSA
Living is the one that breathes.
 futhZo mls dgrs gSa ftlesa tku ugha gksrh ;kfu tks lk¡l ugha ysrk gSA
Non-living is the one that doesn‟t breath.
ltho ds mnkgj.k & bUlku] tkuoj] isM+ ikS/ks vkfnA
futhZo ds mnkgj.k & dksbZ pht@oLrq vkfnA

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rkTtqc gksrk gS fd isM+ ikS/ks ltho dSls gaS ! ij lR; ;gh gS fd os ltho gSa D;ksafd oks Hkh bUlku dh rjg lk¡l ysrs
gSA QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd bUlku lk¡l ysrs oDr vkWDlhtu vUnj ysrk gSa vkSj dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM ckgj fudkyrk gSa
tcfd isM+ ikS/ks dkcZu MkbZ vkWDlkbM vUnj ysrs gSa vkSj vkWDlhtu ckgj fudkyrs gSaA

lHkh ltho uhps fn;s x;s lkrksa dk;Z djrs gSa] tcfd futhZo ughaA
1. Feeding
2. Breathing
3. Excretion(Removal of waste)
4. Growth
5. Reproduction

‟s dk iz;ksx (Use of Apostrophe S)

jke dk iSu Ram‟s pen / Pen of Ram

egRoiw.kZ ckr & tSlk fd Åij fy[kk x;k gS] pkgs Ram‟s pen dgsa ;k fQj Pen of Ram] ckr ,d gh gS ij
egRoiw.kZ QdZ ;g gS fd igys rjhds ls fy[kus esa jke dks T+;knk egRo fn;k x;k gS iSu dks ugha tcfd nwljs rjhds esa
iSu dks T+;knk egRo fn;k x;k gS jke dks ughaA

lhrk dk HkkbZ Seeta‟s brother / Brother of Seeta

jkgqy dh eEeh Rahul‟s mother / Mother of Rahul
yM+dh dk HkkbZ Girl‟s brother / Brother of the girl
yM+fd;ksa ds HkkbZ Girls‟ brothers / Brothers of the girls
esjs ikik ds nksLr dh csVh My father‟s friend‟s daughter / The daughter of my father‟s friend
esjs HkkbZ dk iSu My brother‟s pen / The pen of my brother
esjs HkkbZ;ksa ds iSu My brothers‟ pen / The pens of my brothers
esjs fny dh ckr My heart‟s feelings / The feeling of my heart
rqEgkjs eksckbZy dh vkokt+ Your mobile‟s sound / The sound of your mobile
‚ksj dh ngkM+ Lion‟s roar / Roar of the lion
xhrk dh vkokt+ Geeta‟s voice / Voice of Geeta

/;ku nhft,] vxj eSa dg¡w ÞyM+dh dk HkkbZÞA yM+dh ,d gh gS blfy, ÞyM+dh dkÞ ds fy, ge girl‟s dgsaxsA ij vxj
eaS dg¡w ÞyM+fd;ksa dk HkkbZÞA yM+fd;k¡ ,d ls T+;knk gS blfy, ÞyM+fd;ksa dkÞ ds fy, ge girls‟s ugha dgsaxs cfYd
flQZ girls‟ dgsaxsA gksrk ;s gS fd vxj dksbZ cgqopu ‚kCn ftlds vUr esa s gks vkSj ml ‚kCn ds lkFk ‟s yxkuk gks rks
apostrophe( ‟ ) ds ckn okyk s ugha yxk;k tkrkA

If I say „girl‟s brother‟, it is clear that there is only one girl but if there are more than
one girl, then I can‟t say „girls‟s brother‟, rather I would say „girls‟ brother‟. Whenever
we need to use ‟s after a plural word ending with s, as per the rule we must not use „s‟
after apostrophe.

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 vkb, dqN pht+sa jV ysa (Let‟s cram a few things)

uhps fn;s x;s NksVs&2 ‚kCn lewgksa dks ;kn dj ysus ls vkidks dkQh enn feyxh vkus okys pSIVlZ esaA
Words or group of words given below will help you in coming chapters so you are
requested to learn them.

Both ¼nksuksa½
ge nksuksa We both / Both of us oh cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ vl
rqe nksuksa You both / Both of you ;w cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ ;w
os@oks nksuksa They both / Both of them ns cksFk @ cksFk vkWQ+ nSe

All ¼lc ;k lHkh½

ge lHkh We all / All of us
rqe lHkh You all/ All of you
;s lHkh These all ¼ltho@futhZo ds fy,½ (For living & non living)
oks lHkh Those all ¼ ltho@futhZo ds fy,½ (For living & non living)
os@oks lHkh Those/They all ¼ltho ds fy,½ (For living being)
;s lHkh fdrkcsa These all books / All of these books
oks lHkh iSu Those all pens / All of those pens
oks lHkh yksx Those / They all people

ftruk gks lds] ;kn dj yhft,A buls vkidks dkQh enn feysxhA ;s lHkh okD;ksa esa vDlj iz;ksx esa vkrs gSaA
Learn the following. It will help you significantly while making sentences.

ge We three / Three of us oh Fkzh@Fkzh vkWQ+ vl

rhuksa We four / Four of us oh Q+ksj@Q+ksj vkWQ+ vl
ge pkjksa They five/Those five ns Q+kbo@nkst+ Q+kbo
oks ik¡pksa Your voice ;kSj okWbl
rqEgkjh vkokt+ Ram‟s voice jkEl okWbl
jke dh vkokt+
rqEgkjs eksckby dh vkokt+ Your mobile‟s Sound ;kSj eksckbZYl lkmUM
rqEgkjs dEI;wVj dh vkokt+ Your computer‟s sound ;kSj dEI;wVlZ lkmUM
,slk rksgQk Such a gift lp v fx¶V
,sls rksgQs Such gifts lp fx¶V~l
,slh dgkuh Such a story lp v
,slh dgkfu;k¡ Such stories LVksjh lp
,slk fnu Such a day LVksjht+
,sls fnu Such days lp v Ms
,sls yksx Such people lp Mst+
rqEgkjh ckrsa Your words lp ihiy
esjh ;knsa My memories ;kSj oM~Zl
rqEgkjk xqLlk Your anger ek; eSejht+
vkidk cM+Iiu Your kindness ;kSj ,sUxj
esjh et+hZ My will ;kSj dkbUMusl
esjh bPNk My desire ek; foy
ek; fMt+k;j
ml yM+ds ds iSls That boy‟s money nSV ckW;t+ euh
bu cPpksa ds fy, For these children/kids Q+kj nht+ fpYMªu@fdM~l
26
esjs [okc My dreams ek; MªhEl

27
mldh ckrsa His/Her words fgt+@gj oM~Zl
ge nksuksa dh fdrkcsa Books of we both cqDl vkWQ+ oh cksFk
dejs dh f[kM+fd;k¡ Room‟s windows dejs dh f[kM+fd;k¡
eNfy;ksa dk [kkuk Fishes‟ food fQ+‛kt+ QwM
gj iy dh [kcj Every moment‟s news ,ojh ekWeSUV~l U;wt+
fdlh dk nksLr Someone‟s friend leoUl ÝSUM
fdlh ds lkFk With someone fon leou
fdlh vkSj ds lkFk With someone else fon leou ,sYl
fdlh dk HkkbZ Someone‟s brother leoUl cznj
dqN@FkksM+k ikuh Some water le okWVj
esjs eksckby dh dher My mobile‟s cost ek; eksckbYl dkWLV
fdlh vkSj dh dgkuh Someone else‟s story leou ,sYlt+ LVksjh
fdlh vkSj dk ?kj Someone else‟s house leou ,sYlt+ gkÅl
dksbZ vkSj Someone else leou ,sYl
dksbZ vkSj ugha No one else uksou ,sYlt
fQj dHkh Some other time le vnj VkbZe
vkSj fdlh fnu Some other day le vnj Ms
,slk gh dqN Something like this lefFkax ykbd fnl
,slk dqN ugha Nothing as such ufFkax ,st+ lp
Qkyrw esa Unnecessarily vuuSlslSfjyh
Tkkucw>dj Knowingly uksbaxyh
vuTkkus esa Unknowingly vuuksbaxyh
fny yxkdj Whole heartedly ÝkWe n dksj vkWQ+ ek; gkVZ@gksy gkVZsMyh
fdlh vkSj ds lkFk With someone else fon leou ,sYl
fny dk nnZ The pain of heart n isu vkWQ+ gkVZ
ek¡ dk fny Mother‟s heart enlZ gkVZ
cPPkksa dh lksp Thinking of children fFkafdax vkWQ+ fpYMªu
esjk HkkbZ My brother / Brother of mine ek; cznj@cznj vkWQ+ ekbu
esjs HkkbZ My brothers/ Brothers of mineek; cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ ekbu
mlds HkkbZ ¼fdlh yM+ds ds½ His brothers / Brothers of his fgt+ cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ fgt+
mlds HkkbZ ¼fdlh yM+dh ds½ Her brothers / Brothers of hersgj cznlZ@cznlZ vkWQ+ glZ
rqEgkjk crkZo Your behaviour ;kSj fcgsfo;j
rqEgkjk jkLrk Your way ;kSj os
rqEgkjs tSlk Like you ykbd ;w
fcYdqy rqEgkjs tSlk Just like you tLV ykbd ;w
mldh dgkuh His story fgt+ LVksjh
mlds fcuk Without him fonkmV fge
rqEgkjs fcuk Without you fonkmV ;w
rqEgkjs fy, For you Q+kWj ;w
flQZ rqEgkjs fy, Only for you vksUyh Q+kWj ;w
ml yM+ds ds lkFk With that boy fon nSV ckW;
esjs fy, For me Q+kj eh
rqEgkjs ckjs esa About you vckmV ;w
fdlh ds ihNs Behind Someone fcgkUM leou
nhokj ds ihNs Behind the wall fcgkUM n okWy
unh ds fdukjs At the bank of river ,sV n cSad vkWQ+ fjoj
unh ds ml ikj Across the river vØkWl n fjoj
28
lM+d ds ml ikj Across the road vØkWl n jksM
isM+ ds ihNs Behind the tree fcgkUM n Vªh
gekjh rjQ Towards us VqoM~Zl vl
rqEgkjs ?kj dh rjQ Towards your home VqoM~Zl ;kSj gkse
esjs vkxs Ahead of me vgsM vkWQ+ eh
lc yksxksa ds vkxs Ahead of all the people vgsM vkWQ+ vkWy n ihiy
esjs lkeus In front of me bu ÝUV vkWQ+ eh
jfo ds cxy esa Next to Ravi / Adjacent Ravi / Beside Ravi / By Ravi
uSDLV Vq jfo @,tlSUV jfo@fclkbM jfo@ck; jfo
dqN yksxksa ds ckjs esa About few people vckmV ¶;w ihiy
esjh gFksyh ij On my palm vkWu ek; ike
Vscy ds uhps Under the table vUMj n Vscy
esjs ikik ds ckjs esa About my dad vckmV ek; MSM
lcls vkxs Ahead of all vgsM vkWQ+ vkWy
fiadh ds lkeus In front of Pinki/Before Pinki bu ÝUV vkWQ+ fiadh@fcQksj fiadh
phrs ds cxy esa Next to tiger uSDLV Vw Vkbxj
esjs ckjs esa About me vckmV eh
ml Vscy ij On that table vkWu n Vscy
fnYyh dh rjQ Towards Delhi VqoM~Zl MSgyh
lcls ihNs Behind all fcgkUM vkWy
rqEgkjs I;kj ds fy, For your love Q+kj ;kSj yo
esjs flj ds Åij On my head vkWu ek; gSM
‚;ke ds cxy esa Next to Shyam uSDLV Vw ‚;ke
jke ds lkFk With Ram fon jke
mldh dgkuh ds fy, For his story Q+kj fgt+ LVksjh
VwVk gqvk fny Broken heart czksdu gkVZ
VwVk gqvk dk¡p Broken glass czksdu XYkkl
gekjh [okfg‛ksa Our desires vkj@voj fMt+k;lZ
f‛ko dh iwtk Worship of Lord Shiva ojf‛ki vkWQ ykWMZ f‛kok
lkspus dk rjhdk The way of thinking n os vkWQ+
fFkafdax [kkus dk rjhdk The way of eating n os vkWQ+ bZfVax
pyus dk rjhdk The way of walking n os vkWQ+ okWfdax
rqEgkjh otg ls Due to you / because of you M~;w Vq ;w@fcdt+ vkWQ ;w
jke dh otg ls Due to Ram / because of Ram M~;w Vq jke@fcdt+ vkWQ
jke
cPpksa ds dkj.k Due to children / because of children M~;w Vq fpYMªu@fcdt+ vkWQ fpYMªu
iSls ds dkj.k Due to money / because of money M~;w Vq efu@fcdt+ vkWQ efu
cPps dh otg ls Due to the kid / because of the kid M~;w Vq n fdM@fcdt+ vkWQ n fdM
esjs lkFk With me fon eh
rqEgkjs lkFk With you fon ;w
mlds lkFk With him/her fon fge@gj
gekjs lkFk With us fon vl
muds lkFk ¼T+;knk yksxksa ds lkFk½ With them fon nSe
fdlh ds lkFk With Someone fon leou
lks;k gqvk Asleep vLyhi
txk gqvk Awake vosd
Fkdk gqvk Tired Vk;MZ
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pkSadk gqvk Shocked ‚kkWDM

30
 [kks;k gqvk Lost ykWLV
fiVk gqvk Beaten chVu
Mjk gqvk Scared, Terrified Lds;MZ] VSjhQ+kbM
VwVk gqvk Broken czksdu
eqM+k gqvk Bent cSUV
QVk gqvk Torn VkWuZ
fy[kk gqvk Written fjVu
:dk gqvk Stopped LVkWIM
cSBk gqvk Sitting flfVax
[kM+k gqvk Standing LVSfUMax
x<+k gqvk] nQuk;k gqvk Buried cjhM
fNik gqvk Hidden fgMu
j[kk gqvk Kept dSIV
ltk gqvk Decorated MSdjsVM

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

fference in this world: those who are afraid to try and those who are afraid you will succeed. nks rjg ds yksx vki

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

ance English Grammar Topics Hkh ij tkdj vki i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd
el esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
ur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsaxhA –

31
Lesson – 3
Pronunciation ¼izuufl,‛ku½ & mPpkj.k

lgh mPpkj.k ds fcuk fdlh Hkh Hkk’kk dk egRo de gks tkrk gSA vki Hkys gh fdruh Hkh
There is no significance of a language without proper pronunciation. Irrespective of how good you ar

t+#jh gS fd ge tc Hkh fdlh ‚kCn dks cksysa rks mls lgh rjhds ls cksysaA xyr rjhds ls cksyus ij mldk vFkZ cny tkrk
gSA Always pronounce a word properly or else the meaning of the word can change.

,d ‚kCn gS – Cheek, ftldk eryc gS “xky”A bls cksysaxs – “phd” ij vxj vkius cksyk “fpd” rks fpd(chick)
eryc “eqxhZ dk cPpk”A NksVh b ;k cM+h bZ ls gh dkQh QdZ iM+ tkrk gSA Bhd blh rjg ,d ‚kCn gS – Sleep, ftldk
eryc gS “lksuk”A bls cksysaxs – Lyhi A ij vxj vkius cksyk fLyi rks fLyi (slip) eryc fQlyukA pSIVj dh vkWfM;ks
vkidks nh x;h gSA mls lqudj vki bl pSIVj dks vkSj csgrj le÷k ik;saxsA

,d ckr vkSj] igys rks ;s tkfu, fd “Pronunciation” dk lgh mPpkj.k “izuufl,‛ku” gS] u fd “izukmufl,‛ku”A
yksx vDlj xyrh djrs gSaA gk¡ ;s ckr lgh gS fd “Pronounce” dk lgh mPpkj.k “izukmUl” gS] “izuUl” ughaA

dksbZ Hkh ijQ+SDV gksus dk nkok ugha dj ldrk ij ge ijQ+SD‛ku ds cgqr djhc rks tk ldrs gaS uA rks vkb, iz;kl djsaA

lcls igys tkfu, vaxzst+h o fgUnh ds Loj o O;atu ds ckjs esaA

First of all, Let‟s have a look at vowels and consonants of English & Hindi language.

vaxzsth o.kZekyk esa dqy 26 o.kZ gksrs gaS &

There are 26 letters in English Alphabet -

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
, ch lh Mh bZ ,sQ th ,p vkb ts ds ,sy ,se ,su vks

P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
ih D;w vkj ,l Vh ;w oh MCY;w ,sDl ok; t+SM

vaxzsth o.kZekyk ds bu 26 o.kksZa dks nks izdkjksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS & Loj (vowel) o O;atu (consonant)

Vowels (Loj) : There are 5 vowels. ¼5 Loj gksrs gSa½ & a, e, i, o, u

Consonants (O;atu) : Rest 21 are consonants. ¼ckdh cps 21 O;atu dgykrs gSa½
b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z.

32
fgUnh o.kZekyk esa dqy 46 o.kZ gksrs gSa &
There are 46 letters in Hindi Alphabet –

Loj (Vowels)
v vk b à m Š, ,s vks vkS va v%
a aa e/i ee u/o oo/u e/ai ai o au/ou ang ah

O;atu (Consonants)
d [k x ?k ³ p N t ÷k ´ V B M < .k
ka kh ga gha nga cha chha ja jha yan ta tha da dha ana
r Fk n Ëk u i Q c Hk e ; j y o ‚k
th/t th/tha da/th dha na pa pha/fa ba bha ma ya ra la va/wa sh
‘k l g {k = K
sh sa ha ksh tra gya

izk;% fdlh Hkh ‚kCn dk mPpkj.k ml ‚kCn esa vkus okys Loj ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSA gkyk¡fd viokn gj txg gSa ysfdu tc
vki fdlh Hkk’kk dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa vkxs c<+rs tkrs gSa rks [kqn c [kqn vki bu vioknksa dks tkuus yxrs gSaA Lojksa dk
jksy vge gksus dh otg ls ge ‚kq#vkr Lojksa ds mPpkj.k ls djrs gSa mlds ckn dqN ,sls O;tauksa ds mPpkj.k dks le÷ksaxs
ftuds fcuk vaxzst+h Hkk’kk dks lgh rjhds ls cksyuk ukeqefdu gSA
Often, pronunciation of a word depends on the sound of the vowel in the word itself.
Exceptions are certainly there, but when you keep learning a language, you come to
know such exceptions yourselves. Since the vowels are the base of pronunciation, we
start with vowels first; however, we‟ll cover those consonants too, without knowing
their pronunciation, it is next to impossible to pronounce correctly.

Lojksa dk mPpkj.k (Pronunciation of vowels)

bafXy‛k ds ik¡p Loj & a, e, i, o, u

A dk mPpkj.k
lcls igys ;s tkfu;s fd tc Hkh „a‟ fdlh okD; esa vdsys vkrk gS] rks mls „,‟ ugha cfYd ges‛kk „v‟ dgrs gSaA
A man is standing there. v eSu bt+ LVSfUMax nsvjA
He is a good boy. gh bt+ v xqM ckW;A

A, AI, AY – „,‟ ¼ s ½
Name ¼use½ & uke Fame ¼Q+se½ & izflf) Game¼xse½ & [ksy Rate ¼jsV½ & ewY;
Shame¼‛kse½ & ‚keZ Ape ¼,i½ & yaxwj Shape¼‛ksi½ & vkdkj Same ¼lse½ & leku
Pain ¼isu½ & nnZ Rain ¼jsu½ & ckfj‛k Day ¼Ms½ & fnu Say ¼ls½ & dguk

A – „,s‟ ¼ S ½
Ash ¼,sl½ & jk[k At ¼,sV½ & ij] esa An ¼,su½ & ,d Anchor ¼,sadj½ & ,sadj
Gas ¼xSl½ & xSl Map ¼eSi½ & eSi Man ¼eSu½ & vkneh Cat ¼dSV½ & fcYyh

A – „, v ‟ ¼ sv ½
Rare ¼jsvj½ & nqyZHk Dare ¼Msvj½ & fgEer djuk Share¼‛ksvj½ & feydj djuk

A – „v‟ ¼ k ½
Alert ¼vyVZ½ & lpsr Agree ¼vxzh½ & lger gksuk Ajar ¼vtkj½ & v/k[kqyk
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A – „vk‟ ¼ kk ½
Are ¼vkj½ & ,d lgk;d fØ;k After ¼vk¶+Vj½ & ckn esa Far ¼Q+kj½ & nwj

A, AW – „vkW‟ ¼ W ½
Tall ¼VkWy½ & yEck Hall ¼gkWy½ & cM+k dejk Call ¼dkWy½ & Q+ksu djuk] iqdkjuk
Awesome ¼vkWle½ & cgqr cf<+;k Aweful ¼vkWQ+y½ & cgqr csdkj Awkward ¼vkWdoMZ½ & vViVk

E dk mPpkj.k
E, EE, EA – „ bZ ‟ ¼ h ½ cM+h bZ
Me ¼eh½ & eq÷ks He ¼gh½ & og Be ¼ch½ & gksuk
Week ¼ohd½ & lIrkg Teen ¼Vhu½ & fd‛kksj Keep ¼dhi½ & j[kuk
Weak ¼ohd½ & det+ksj Heap ¼ghi½ & <sj Sea ¼lh½ & lkxj

E – „, s ‟ ¼ S ½
Hen ¼gSu½ & eqxhZ Pen ¼iSu½ & izflf) Enter¼,sUVj½ & izos‛k djuk

E – „ b ‟ ¼ f ½ NksVh b
Example ¼bXtS+Eiy½ & mnkgj.k Eleven¼bySou½ & X;kjg Engagement ¼baxstesaV½ & lxkbZ

I dk mPpkj.k
I – „ b ‟ ¼ f ½ NksVh b
It ¼bV ½ & ;g Is ¼bt+½ & lgk;d fØ;k Injury ¼bUtjh½ & pksV
Sin ¼flu½ & iki Hindustan ¼fgUnqLrku½ & fgUnqLrku] Hkkjr Hill ¼fgy½ & igkM+

I – „ vk; ‟
Hi ¼gk;½ & gSyks] vfHkoknu djuk Hire ¼gk;j½ & fdjk;s ij ysuk Retire¼fjVk;j½ &fjVk;j gksuk
Expire ¼,Dlik;j½ & le; lhek [kRe Attire ¼vVk;j½ & iks‛kkd Dire ¼Mk;j½ & Hk;kud

I – „ vkb ‟
File ¼Q+kby½ & Q+kby Nile ¼ukby½ & uhy unh Grind ¼xzkbUM½ & ihluk Hide ¼gkbM½ & fNikuk
Pile ¼ikby½ & <sj Chile¼pkby½ & fpyh ¼,d ns‛k½ Strike ¼LVªkbd½ & gM+rky Kite ¼dkbV½ & irax

I–„v ‟
Flirt ¼¶yVZ½ & ¶yVZ djuk First ¼QLVZ½ & izFke] igyk Third ¼FkMZ½ & r`rh;] rhljk
Dirt ¼MVZ½ & xanxh Shirt ¼‛kVZ½ & deht+ Shirk ¼‛kdZ½ & Hkkxuk ¼ft+Eesnkjh
ls
½

IE – „ bZ ‟ ¼ h ½ cM+h bZ
Niece ¼uhl½ & Hkrhth Piece ¼ihl½ & VqdM+k Believe ¼fcyho½ & ekuuk] fo‛okl djuk

IO – „ vk; ‟
Lion ¼yk;u½ & ‚ksj Riot ¼jk;V½ & naxk Ion ¼vk;u½ & v.kq ¼HkkSfrdh (physics) esa½

O dk mPpkj.k
O, OW – „ vks ‟ ¼ ks ½
Om ¼vkse½ & Å¡ Old ¼vksYM½ & cw<+k Only ¼vksUyh½ & dsoy] bdykSrk

34
More ¼eksj½ & T+;knk Bold ¼cksYM½ & lkglh] lkgfld Rope ¼jksi½ & jLlh
Bow ¼cks½ & /kuq’k Snow ¼Luks½ & fgeikr] cQZ Eyebrow ¼vkbczks½ & HkkSgsa

35
Yellow ¼;yks½ & ihyk jax Slow ¼Lyks½ & /khek Pillow ¼fiyks½ & rfd;k
OO – „ m ‟ ¼ q ½ NksVh m
Cook ¼dqd½ & jlksb;k Look ¼yqd½ & ns[kuk Good ¼xqM½ & vPNk To ¼Vq½ & dks

OO – „ Å ‟ ¼ w ½ cM+h Å
Too ¼Vw½ & Hkh Shoot ¼‛kwV½ & xksyh ekjuk Groom ¼xzwe½ & nwYgk Loot ¼ywV½ & ywVuk

O–„v‟
Done ¼Mu½ & gks x;k Oppose ¼vikst+½ & fojks/k djuk Occur ¼vdj½ & ?kfVr gksuk Son ¼lu½ & csVk

O – „ vkW ‟
Opt ¼vkWIV½ & pquuk On ¼vkWu½ & ds Åij] ij Stop ¼LVkWi½ & #dks] #duk Lot ¼ykWV½ & cgqr
Chop ¼pkWi½ & dkVuk Hop ¼gkWi½ & dwnuk Shop ¼‛kkWi½ & nqdku Rob ¼jkWc½ & ywVuk

OW – „ vko ‟
Cow ¼dko½ & xk; Shower ¼‛kkoj½ & ugkuk ds fy, Tower ¼Vkoj½ & ehukj How ¼gko½ & dSlk

OU – „ vkm ‟
Doubt ¼MkmV½ & lansg Shout ¼‛kkmV½ & fpYykuk About ¼vckmV½ & ckjs esa Rout¼jkmV½& HkxnM+

OI – „ vkWb ‟
Join ¼tkWbu½ & ‚kkfey gksuk Coin ¼dkWbu½ & flDdk

OY – „ vkW; ‟
Enjoy ¼,sutkW;½ & ets djuk Boy ¼ckW;½ & yM+dk Royal ¼jkW;y½ & jktlh Loyal¼ykW;y½& oQ+knkj

U dk mPpkj.k

U – „ m ‟ ¼ q ½ NksVh m
Bull ¼cqy½ & cSy Full ¼Q+qy½ & Hkjk gqvk Raipur ¼jk;iqj½ & txg dk uke

U–„v ‟
Shut ¼‛kV½ & cUn Run ¼ju½ & nkSM+uk Bulb ¼cYc½ & cYc Under ¼vUMj½ & ds uhps
Utter ¼vVj½ & dguk Urgent ¼vtsZUV½ & t+#jh Cut ¼dV½ & dkVuk But ¼cV½& ysfdu

U – „ ;w ‟
Use ¼;wt+½ & iz;ksx djuk Salute ¼lY;wV½ & lyke Tube ¼V~;wc½& V~;wc Uniform¼;wuhQ+keZ½ & onhZ

U – „ ;ks ‟
Cure ¼D;ksj½ & bykt Tenure ¼VSU;ksj½ & dk;Zdky Sure ¼‛;ksj½& iDdk Allure ¼vY;ksj½ & Qqlykuk

fofo/k mPpkj.k (Miscellaneous Pronunciation)

“l” vkSj “'k” dk mPpkj.k

vxj fdlh ‚kCn esa S ds Bhd vkxs H vk;s rks ßlÞ ugha cfYd Þ'kÞ dk mPpkj.k gksxkA
If in a word, S is followed by H, there will not be „s‟ sound, but „sh‟ sound.

36
 l dh /ofu (Words with „S‟ sound)
S ( l)
Sun¼lu½ & lwjt Saturn¼lSVuZ½ & ‚kfu xzg Saline¼lykbu½ & [kkjk
Salute¼lY;wV½ & lyke Salt¼lkWYV½ & ued Taste¼VsLV½ & Lokn
Safety¼ls¶Vh½ & lqj{kk Sound¼lkmUM½ & /ofu Curse¼dlZ½ & vfHk‛kki
Satire¼lVk;j½ & O;ax Sweet¼LohV½ & ehBk Sweat¼LoSV½ & ilhuk

CE (l)
Peace¼ihl½ & ‚kkfUr Cell¼lSy½ & lSy Century ¼lSUpqjh ½ & lnh
Ice ¼vkbl½ & cQ+Z Center¼lSUVj½ & dsanz Nice ¼ukbl½ & vPNk

‚k dh /ofu (Words with „SH‟ sound)

SH (‚k)
Shirt¼‛kVZ½ & deht+ Shelter¼‛kSYVj½ & vkJ;] ?kj Shoot¼‛kwV½ & xksyh ekjuk
Fish¼fQ+‛k½ & eNyh Crush¼Ø‛k½ & pkgr Trash¼VªS‛k½ & dpjk

TIO (‚k)
Nation¼us‛ku½ & jk’Vª Diction¼fMD‛ku½ & cksyus dk <ax Reaction¼fj,sD‛ku½ & izfrfØ;k
Ratio¼js‛kks½ & vuqikr Rational¼jS‛kuy½ & rdZlaxr Action¼,sD‛ku½ & dk;Z

 (‚k dh /ofu) - Few exceptions ¼¶;w ,sDlsI‛kUl½ & dqN viokn

dqN ,sls ‚kCn Hkh gksrs gaS ftuesa S ds Bhd vkxs H ugha vkrk fQj Hkh mPpkj.k esa ÞlÞ ugha cfYd Þ‛kÞ gksrk gSA
Sugar – phuh] bls lqxj ugha cfYd ‚kqxj dgrs gSaA
Sure – iDdk] bls L;ksj ugha cfYd ‚;ksj dgrs gSaA
Passion¼iS‛ku½ & tks‛k Pressure¼izS‛kj½ & ncko Sugar ¼‛kqxj½ & phuh
Sure¼‛;ksj½ & iDdk Asia¼,f‛k;k½ & ,f‛k;k Russia ¼jf‛k;k½ & #l ¼ns‛k dk uke½

 vUrj lef÷k, & Understand the difference:

See lh ns[kuk
Sea lh leqnz Suit lwV lwV
She ‚kh og ¼,d yM+dh ds fy,½ Shoot ‚kwV xksyh ekjuk

Seat lhV cSBus dh txg Sell lSy cspuk

Sheet ‚khV pknj Sale lsy fcØh
Shell ‚kSy [kksy
Sign lkbu gLrk{kj
Shine ‚kkbu ped Sigh lk; ÷kkSadk
Shy ‚kk; ‚kehZyk
Sip fli ?k¡wV
Ship f‛ki tgkt+ Sort lkWVZ izdkj

Save lso cpkuk Short ‚kkWVZ de

Shave ‚kso gtker
Shower ‚kkoj ugkuk
So lks blfy, Sour lkoj [kV~Vk
Show ‚kks izn‛kZu
37
Shame 'kse 'keZ dh
ckr

38
Same lsse leku
cgqr egRoiw.kZ mPpkj.k ¼t dh /ofu½
t t+ 'k+
1st type 2nd type 3rd type

D;k vkius dHkh lkspk gS fd t ds uhps fcUnq gksus dk D;k eryc gSA
nwljs okys t ds uhps ,d fcUnq (point) gS vkSj rhljs okys esa 'k ds uhps fcUnq (point) gSA
vkidks rkTtqc gqvk gksxk fd ‚k ds uhps fcUnq gksus ls bldk mPpkj.k t dh rjg dSls gks tkrk gSA vki bUgsa dsoy lqudj
gh igpku ldrs gaS vkWfM;ks ,Dljlkbt+ esaA uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa ds ek?;e ls dsoy fy[kus dk rjhdk lef÷k,A

1st type- t & Jug - ¼tx½ & ikuh dk tx

2nd type- t+ & Gazal- ¼xt+y½ & ,d rjg dk xhr vankt+
3rd type- ‚k+ & Television ¼VSyhfo'k+u½ & Vhoh

t& J, G, DG
Magic¼eSftd½ tknw Gadget¼xStV½ ;a«k Pigeon¼fitu½ dcwrj
Japan¼tSiSu½ tkiku Jealous¼tSyl½ tyu Jewellery¼Tkwyjh½ tsoj
Judge¼tt½ tt Courage¼djst½ lkgl Budge¼ct½ fgyuk
Age¼,t½ mez Edge¼,st½ fdukjk] dksuk Bulge¼cYt½ mHkjk gqvk

t+ & Z, S, X
Music¼E;wft+d½ laxhr Magazine¼eSxt+hu½ if«kdk Rise¼jkbt+½ c<+uk
Maze¼est+½ my÷ku Zoo¼t+w½ fpfM+;k?kj Buzz¼ct+½ fHkufHkukuk
Lizard¼fyt+MZ½ fNidyh Was¼okWt+½ Fkk] Fks] Fkh Wizard¼fot+MZ½ tknwxj
Example¼bXt+SEiy½ mnkgj.k Xerox¼t+hjkWDl½ QksVksdkWih Reason¼jht+u½ dkj.k

‚k+ & S, SU, SIO

Vision¼fo‛k+u½ n`f’V Leisure¼yS‛k+j½vodk‛k] [kkyh Television¼VSyhfo‛k+u½Vhoh
Provision¼izksfo‛k+u½ izko/kku Elusion¼bY;w‛k+u½Nykok] tks u gks oks yxuk Revision¼fjfo‛k+u½ la‛kks/ku
Pleasure¼IyS‛k+j½ vkuan Treasury¼VªS‛k+jh½ [kt+kuk Measure¼eS‛k+j½ ukiuk

“S” ls ‚kq# gksus okys ‚kCn ij “S” ds rqjUr ckn “H” u vk;s
Words starting with “S”, not immediately followed by “H”

tc Hkh fdlh ‚kCn dh 'kq#vkr “s” ls gksrh gS (ij “s” ds ckn “h” u vk;s) rks ml ‚kCn dks cksyrs oDr mldh 'kq#vkr
vk/ks l ;kfu “L” ls gksrh gS tcfd dbZ yksx mlds vkxs b yxk nsrs gSaA gks ldrk gS fd vki Hkh ;s xyrh djrs gksaA blds
mnkgj.k Hkh vkWfM;ks ySDpj esa fn;s x;s gSaA

 School - ;s Ldwy gS] u fd bLdwy

 Smile - ;s Lekby gS] u fd bLekby
 Style - ;s LVkby gS] u fd bLVkby
Smile ¼Lekby½ eqLdqjkuk School¼Ldwy½ fo|ky; Style ¼LVkby½ ‚kSyh] vankt+
Stoll ¼LVksy½ ‚kkWy Stool ¼LVwy½ LVwy Start ¼LVkVZ½ ‚kq# djuk
Spice ¼Likbl½ elkyk Strange¼LVªsat½ vuks[kk Slow ¼Lyks½ gYdk] /khek
Screw¼LØw½ isap Strain¼LVªsu½ ruko] VSa‛ku Stress¼LVªSl½ ruko] VSa‛ku
39
 Storm¼LVkWeZ½ vka/kh Skill ¼fLdy½ dkS‛ky] dyk Skull ¼Ldy½ [kksiM+h
TH dk mPpkj.k (Sound of TH)
n Fk
TH – n
The ¼n ;k nh½ & n ;k nh There ¼nsvj½ & ogk¡ That ¼nSV½ & og This¼fnl½& ;g

TH – Fk
Threat ¼FkzSV½ & /kedh Think ¼fFkad½ & lkspuk Theme¼Fkhe½ & fo’k; Thank¼FkSad½& /kU;okn nsuk

S ds ckn TION gks rks mPpkj.k

‚p
Question ¼Dos‛pu½ & iz‛u Suggestion ¼ltS‛pu½ & lq÷kko Digestion ¼MkbtS‛pu½ & ikpu

C dk mPpkj.k
l d
C (l)
Peace¼ihl½ & ‚kkfUr Cell¼lSy½ & lSy Century ¼lSUpqjh ½ & lnh
Ice ¼vkbl½ & cQ+Z Center¼lSUVj½ & dsanz Nice ¼ukbl½ & vPNk

C (d)
Cool ¼dwy½ & BaMk Cute¼D;wV½ & I;kjk Shock ¼‛kkWd½ & ÷kVdk Crime ¼Økbe½ & vijk/k

G dk mPpkj.k
x t
G (x)
Gold¼xksYM½ & lksuk Get¼xSV½ & ikuk Gate ¼xsV½ & xsV
Give¼fxo½ & nsuk Singer¼flaxj½ & xk;d Golf ¼xkWYQ½ & ,d [ksy

G (t)
Magic ¼eSftd½ & tknw Cage¼dst½ & fiatjk Courage¼djst½ & lkgl
mPpkj.k ;gha ij [kRe ugha gqvk] ;s rks ,d ‚kq#vkr gSA vkius flQZ dqN fu;eksa o vioknksa dks le÷kk gSA
vki dbZ ,sls ‚kCnksa ls #c# gksaxs ftuesa vkidks dbZ vkSj mPpkj.k ns[kus dks feysaxsA

40
 Lesson – 4
Vocabulary & Pronunciation Exercises
¼odScyjh ,aM izuufl,‛ku ,Dljlkbt+t+½ & ‚kCnkoyh ,oa mPpkj.k vH;kl
vxj vki bl dkslZ dks vPNh rjg ls lh[kuk pkgrs gSa rks gekjh lykg ;s gS fd bl pSIVj dh
,Dljlkbt+t esa fn;s x;s ‚kCnksa dks fn;s x;s mPpkj.k ds lkFk ;kn djus dk iz;Ru djsaA vxj lH
,Dljlkbt+t o VSLV isijlZ esa bu ‚kCnksa dk iz;ksx gksxk vkSj vxj vkidks vf/kdrj ‚kCn ;kn g
mPpkj.k ds lkFk] rks dkWUlsIV le÷kus] izSfDVl djus ;k VSLV isij lkWYo djus esa vklkuh gksxhA

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

nce English Grammar Topics Hkh ij tkdj vki i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd
el esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
ur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsaxhA –

Exercise-I
;gk¡ fn;s x;s 'kCn dkQh vklku gSaA gks ldrk gS fd vki bUgsa igys ls gh tkurs gkas] fQj Hkh ,d ckj ns[k yhft,] gks
ldrk gS dqN u;s 'kCnksa ls vki #c# gksaA
The words out here are pretty easy. However, have a look at these once, It is possible that you
might not know a few.

1. Move ewo fgyuk ;k fgykuk 18. Come de vkuk

2. Go xks tkuk 19. Laugh ykQ g¡luk
3. Eat bZV [kkuk 20. Learn yuZ lh[kuk
4. Walk okWd ?kweuk] iSny pyuk 21. Ask vkLd iwNuk
5. Drink fMªad ihuk 22. Say ls dguk
6. See lh ns[kuk 23. Tell VSy crkuk
7. Look yqd ns[kuk (/;ku ls) 24. Cheat phV /kks[kk nsuk
8. Watch okp ns[kuk ¼fgyrh pht@O;fDr½ 25. Push iq‛k /kDdk nsuk
9. Write jkbV fy[kuk 26. Pull iqy [khapuk
10. Read jhM i<+uk 27. Play Iys [ksyuk
11. Think fFkad lkspuk 28. Game xse [ksy
12. Speak Lihd ckr djuk 29. Home gkse ?kj
13. Talk VkWd ckr djuk 30. Deaf MSQ+ cgjk
14. Get Up xSV vi mBuk ;k txuk 31. Dumb Me xw¡xk
15. Sleep Lyhi lksuk 32. Lame yse y¡xM+k
16. Stand LVSUM [kM+s gksuk 33. Alive vykbo thfor
17. Sit flV cSBuk 34. Stay LVs Bgjuk
41
35. Find QkbUM ikuk] <w¡<uk 82. Cage dst fiatjk
36. Buy ck; [kjhnuk 83. Cave dso xqQk
37. Here fgvj ;gk¡ 84. Den MSu xqQk (jgus dh) tSls 'ksj dh
38. There nsvj ogk¡ 85. Deep Mhi xgjk
39. Give fxo nsuk 86. Dust MLV /kwy
40. Take Vsd ysuk] ys tkuk 87. Early vYkhZ tYnh
41. Beat chV ihVuk 88. Keep dhi j[kuk
42. Win fou thruk 89. Towards VqoMZ~l dh rjQ+
43. Scold LdkWYM Mk¡Vuk 90. Threaten FkzSVu /kedh nsuk
44. Knife ukbQ pkdw 91. Enter ,sUVj ?kqluk] izos‛k djuk
45. Sword lksMZ ryokj 92. See Off lh vkWQ fonk djuk
46. Cut dV dkVuk 93. Look For yqd QkWj <¡w<uk
47. Bite ckbV nk¡r ls dkVuk 94. Look After yqd vk¶Vj ns[kHkky djuk
48. Bow cks /kuq"k 95. Mosquito ekWfLdVks ePNj
49. Arrow ,sjks rhj 96. Sour lkWj ;k lkoj [kV~Vk
50. Spoon Liwu pEep 97. Bitter fcVj dM+ok
51. Open vksiu [kksyuk 98. Hope gksi vk‛kk] mEehn
52. Close Dyksl [kkl ;kfu djhch 99. Hop gkWi dwnuk
53. Close Dykst+ cUn djuk 100. Miss fel ;kn djuk
54. Smile Lekby eqLdqjkuk 101. About vckmV ckjs esa
55. Brave czso cgknqj 102. Send lSUM Hkstuk
56. Coward dkWoMZ dk;j 103. Gorgeous xkWTkZl cgqr lqUnj
57. Forever QjSoj ges‛kk 104. Perhaps ijgSIl 'kk;n
58. Radish jSfM‛k ewyh 105. Maybe esch 'kk;n
59. Carrot dSjV xkt+j 106. Probably izkscSCyh 'kk;n
60. Pain isu nnZ 107. Blame Cyse nks"k nsuk
61. Lion yk;u 'ksj 108. Roof #Q+ Nr ¼?kj ds vUnj dh rjQ+½
62. Tiger Vkbxj ck?k ;k ydM+cX?kk 109. Terrace VSjl Nr ¼?kj ds Åij dh½
63. Cheetah phrkg phrk 110. Against vXksaLV fo#)
64. Fox QkWDl ykseM+h 111. Loose Ykwt+ <hyk
65. Tall VkWy yEck 112. Lose Ykwt+ [kksuk
66. Short 'kkWVZ NksVk 113. Loss YkkWl uqdlku] gkfu
67. My ek; esjk 114. Lonely yksUyh vdsyk
68. Mine ekbu esjk 115. Tired Vk;ZM Fkdk gqvk
69. His fgt+ mldk 116. Remind fjekbUM ;kn fnykuk
70. Her gj mldk 117. Remember fjeSecj ;kn djuk
71. Hers glZ mldk 118. Leave yho NksM+uk] NqV~Vh
72. Their nsvj mudk (T;knk yksxksa dk) 119. Beg csx ek¡xuk
73. Theirs nsvlZ mudk (T;knk yksxksa dk) 120. Postpone iksLiksu jn~n djuk] fujLr djuk
74. Our voj gekjk (T;knk yksxksa dk) 121. Purchase ijpst+ [kjhnuk
75. Ours volZ gekjk (T;knk yksxksa dk) 122. Break czsd rksM+uk
76. Then nSu rc 123. Succeed lDlhM lQ+y gksuk
77. Few ¶;w FkksMk+] dqN ¼ftls fxu ldrs gaS½ 124. Ascribe vLØkbc Js; nsuk
78. Some le FkksMk] dqN ¼ftls fxu ugha ldrs½ 125. Buyer ck;j [kjhnus okyk
79. Blanket CySUdSV dEcy 126. Seller lSyj cspus okyk
80. Bring fczax ykuk] ys tkuk 127. Mouse ekml pqfg;k
81. Bunch cUp xqPNk 128. Rat jSV pwgk
42
129. Past ikLV chrk gqvk 133. Awful vkWQ+y cdokl] csdkj
130. Future ¶;wpj vkus okyk dy 134. Awkward vkWdoMZ vViVk
131. Amazing vesft+ax tcjnLr 135. Marriage eSfjt ‚kknh
132. Awesome vkWle csgrjhu

Exercise – II

1. tgk¡ dgha Wherever 40. Achieve ikuk] izkIr djuk

2. When tc ;k dc 41. dgha ugha Nowhere
3. Then rc 42. Somewhere dgha
4. Few dqN 43. Patrol x‛r yxkuk tSls iqfyl dh x‛r
5. Above Åij 44. Hop mNydwn djuk
6. ,slk D;ksa Why so 45. tks dqN Hkh Whatever
7. iwNuk Ask 46. tc dHkh Whenever
8. Able ;ksX;] leFkZ 47. Little FkksM+k] NksVk
9. dghsa Hkh Anywhere 48. Enter izos‛k djuk] ?kqluk
10. Her mldk ¼yM+dh dk½ 49. vc ls From now, Now onwards
11. Blanket dEcy 50. His mldk ¼yM+ds dk½
12. Below uhps 51. Ever dHkh
13. Bit FkksM+k] VqdM+k 52. See off fonk djuk
14. ykuk Bring 53. dkSu lk Which
15. Bunch xqPNk 54. fdldk Whose
16. Cage fiatjk 55. Footfall dneksa dh vkokt+
17. Cave xqQk 56. Look for <¡w<uk
18. ,slk D;ksa Why so 57. ns[kHkky djuk Look after, see after
19. Den xqQk ¼jgus dh½ 58. Remind ;kn fnykuk
20. Dust /kwy 59. Awake txk gqvk] mBk gqvk
21. Early tYnh 60. ePNj Mosquito
22. Get up mBuk 61. Rainbow bUnz/kuq"k
23. Below uhps 62. HkkSaduk Bark
24. In front of ds lkeus 63. Petrol isVªksy ¼xkM+h dk½
25. yVdkuk] yVduk Hang 64. Sour [kV~Vk
26. Hold idM+uk 65. Hope mEehn djuk
27. dgk¡ ls From where 66. Miss ;kn djuk
28. Keep j[kuk 67. ihNs Behind
29. Memorize ;kn djuk 68. Right now bl oDr
30. dc rd Until when 69. Something dqN
31. Towards dh rjQ 70. Cheat /kks[kk nsuk
32. Threaten /kedh nsuk 71. cky >M+uk Hair fall
33. Fist eqB~Bh 72. Hkstuk Send
34. Sound vkokt+ 73. Tremble dk¡iuk] FkjFkjkuk
35. Suggestion lq>ko 74. Escape cp fudyuk] Hkkx tkuk
36. Enough dkQh 75. dM+ok Bitter
37. Much T+;knk 76. Extremely cgqr T+;knk
38. dbZ Many 77. Gorgeous cgqr lqUnj
39. fcydqy ughsa Not at all 78. Perhaps ‚kk;n

43
 79. deh Lack, Discrepancy 111. Pretty lqUnj] cgqr
80. gYdk Light 112. gkj ekuuk Give in
81. Feverish cq[kkj tSlk 113. cxy esa Beside, next to, adjacent
82. Drop in come (vkuk) 114. Ekkeyk Matter, issue, concern
83. pkjksa rjQ All around 115. However fQj Hkh
84. Fully packed [kpk[kp Hkjk gqvk 116. Than rqyuk esa
85. Forever ges‛kk ds fy, 117. Lonely vdsyk
86. Absolutely fcYdqy] iwjh rjg ls 118. yxHkx Almost, approximately
87. /;ku nsuk Pay attention 119. mnklhu Aloof
88. A lot cgqr T+;knk 120. Learner lh[kus okyk
89. Hence blfy, 121. Ckpiu Childhood
90. [kjk mrjuk Live up to 122. vkokt+ Voice, Sound
91. Regret [ksn gksuk] nq[k gksuk 123. rc Hkh Then also/ Even then
92. vlqfo/kk Inconvenience 124. Asleep lks;k gqvk
93. Finalize QSlyk djuk 125. Away nwj
94. Blame nks"k nsuk 126. Ban izfrca/k yxkuk
95. Very first lcls igyk 127. jt+kbZ Quilt
96. dks;y Cuckoo 128. Bow /kuq"k
97. tYn gh Soon, very soon 129. Tired Fkdk gqvk
98. Unwell rfc;r Bhd u gksuk 130. lqjk[k Hole
99. Against fo#) 131. Drain ukyk
100. n`<+ fu‛p; Firm determination 132. Flock ny] xqPNk
101. Surely iDdk 133. uk[kqu Nail
102. igys ls gh Already, beforehand 134. Spread QSykuk
103. Your place rqEgkjs ;gk¡ 135. ekQ djuk Forgive
104. At this time bl le;] bl iy 136. Crazy ikxy ¼fdlh pht+ ;k O;fDr ds fy,½
105. At the moment bl le;] bl iy 137. fdl ls From whom
106. As per ds vuqlkj 138. Ascribe Js; nsuk
107. tc ls Ever since 139. Kind n;kyw
108. tc rd By the time 140. Keen mRlqd gksuk
109. rc rd Till then, By then 141. Alternative fodYi
110. HkxnM+ Stampede 142. Incredible csgrjhu] tcjnLr

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

Definiteness of purpose is the starting point of all achievement.

mn~ns‛; dk izcy gksuk lHkh miyfC/k;ksa dh igyh lh<+h gSA ¼MCY;w DySesUV LVksu½

Fortune favors the brave.

fdLer cgknqjksa dk lkFk nsrh gSA

In most of the cases, you will have to fight a battle more than once to win it.
vf/kdka‛kr%] fdlh yM+kbZ dks thrus ds fy, vkidks mls ,d ls vf/kd ckj yM+uk gksxkA

44
 Exercise – III

1) At once ,d lkFk
ge ,d lkFk fpYyk;sA we shouted at once.
2) In a while FkksM+h nsj esa
eSa FkksM+h nsj esa vk tkšxkA I will come in a while.
3) For a while FkksM+h nsj ds fy,
eq>s FkksM+h nsj ds fy, viuk eksckby ns nksA Give me your mobile for a while.
4) Quite often vDlj
eSa vDlj ogk¡ tkrk gw¡A I go there quite often.
5) Quite iwjh rjg ls
vc eSa iwjh rjg Bhd gw¡A I am quite well now.
6) Similarly blh izdkj
eSa x;k vkSj mlls feyk] blh rjg ls oks Hkh feykA I went and met him. Similarly, he met too.
7) Simultaneously ,d gh le; ij] ,d gh lkFk
eSa i<+ jgk gw¡A lkFk esa tkWc Hkh dj jgk gw¡A I am studying, working simultaneously.
8) Needless t+:jr ugha
dgus dh t+:jr ugha] fd oks ikxy gSA Needless to say that he is mad.
iwNus dh t+:jr ugha] oks igys ls gh tkurk gSA Needless to ask, he already knows.
9) Continuously yxkrkj
Ckkfj‛k yxkrkj gks jgh gSA It is raining continuously.
10) Continually :d :d dj
Ckkfj‛k :d :d dj gks jgh gSA It is raining continually.
11) Pass by cxy ls xqtjuk
oks esjs cxy ls xqtjhA She passed by me.
12) Of no use/avail dksbZ Qk;nk ugha
eSa MkWDVj ds ikl x;k ij dksbZ Qk;nk ugha gqvkA I went to doctor but of no use.
;s iSls fdlh dke ds ughaA This money is of no use.
13) Worthwhile Qk;ns dk lkSnk] ykHknk;d
;s Qk;ns dk lkSnk ugha gSA It‟s not worthwhile.
D;k ogk¡ tkuk Qk;nsean gS \ Is it worthwhile going there?
14) After a long cgqr nsj ckn
jke cgqr nsj ckn vk;kA Ram came after a long.
15) Cup of tea cl dh ckr gksuk
;s esjs cl dh ckr ugha gSA It is not my cup of tea.
dkWy lsUVj dh tkWc esjs fy, ugha gSA Call center job is not my cup of tea.
16) All the while iwjs fnu] iwjs oDr] lkjk oDr
eSa lkjs fnu i<+rk jgkA I kept on studying all the while.
oks lkjs oDr Vhoh ns[k jgk FkkA He was watching TV all the while.
17) Rip off ywVuk] csodwQ cukuk
lCt+h okyk eq>s ywV jgk FkkA Vegetable seller was ripping me off.
18) Shirk th pqjkuk] Hkkxuk
eSa ft+Eesnkfj;ksa ls dHkh th ugha pqjkrkA I never shirk responsibilities.
19) At large idM+ ls ckgj
vijk/kh idM+ ls ckgj gSA Criminal is at large.
45
20) Impose Fkksiuk
rqe eq> ij viuh et+hZ Fkksi jgs gksA You are imposing your will on me.
21) Offhand fcuk fdlh rS;kjh ds
eSa bUVjO;w esa fcuk fdlh rS;kjh ds x;kA I went for interview off hand.
22) Over cast cknyksa ls Hkjk gqvk
vkleku cknyksa ls f?kjk gqvk gSA The sky is over cast.
23) Sigh of relief pSu dh lk¡l ysuk
eSaus pSu dh lk¡l yhA I sighed of relief.
rqe vc pSu dh lk¡l ys ldrs gksA Now you can sigh of relief.
24) Fond of ‚kkSdhu
eSa dkjksa dk ‚kkSdhu gw¡A I am fond of cars.
25) Unnecessarily csotg] Qkyrw esa
rqe Qkyrw esa ;gk¡ cSBs gksA You are unnecessarily sitting here.
26) Knowingly tku cw>dj
mlus tkucw>dj esjk fny nq[kk;kA He hurt me knowingly.
27) Unknowingly vutkus esa
mlus vutkus esa eq>s nq[k igq¡pk;kA He hurt me unknowingly.
28) Remind ;kn fnykuk
rqe eq>s jke dh ;kn fnykrs gksA You remind me of Ram.
rqEgkjk psgjk eq>s fdlh dh ;kn fnykrk gSA Your face reminds me of someone.
29) Negligence ykijokgh
rqEgsa ykijokgh dh ltk feysxhA You will be punished for negligence.
30) Altogether iwjh rjg ls
ge iwjh rjg ls vyx gSaA We are different altogether.
31) Put out cq>kuk
vkx cq>k nksA Put out the fire.
32) Get in / on fdlh okgu esa p<+uk
eSa cl esa p<+kA I got in/on the bus.
33) Get off fdlh okgu ls mrjuk
eSa cl ls mrjkA I got off the bus.
34) Stand by lkFk nsuk
eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjk lkFk nsrk gw¡A I always stand by you.
35) Bring up ikyuk] ikyu iks"k.k djuk
esjs ekek us rqEgsa ikykA My maternal uncle brought you up.
eSa fnYyh esa iyk c<+kA I was brought up in Delhi.
36) Materialize lp dj nsuk] lkdkj dj nsuk
mlus lkspk vkSj lp dj fn;kA He thought and materialized.
lius lkdkj dj nw¡xk eSaA I will materialize the dreams.
37) Pass away eqR;qZ gks tkuk] xqt+j tkuk
mlds ikik fiNys lky xqt+jsA His father passed away last year.
38) Chill out ets djuk] VSa‛ku u ysuk
vktdy eSa dksbZ VSa‛ku ugha ys jgk gw¡A I am chilling out these days.
39) Ascribe Js; nsuk
eSa viuh lQyrk dk Js; esjs viuksa dks nsrk gw¡A I ascribe my success to my real ones.
40) Go on pyuk
vktdy D;k py jgk gS \ What is going on these days?

46
 41) Ooze fdlh nzo ;k fyfDoM dk fudyuk
?kko ls [kwu fudy jgk gSA Blood is oozing from the wound.
42) Lisp rqrykuk
NksVs cPps rqrykrs gaSA Small kids lisp.
43) Stammer gdykuk
oks gdyk jgk FkkA He was stammering.
44) Whisper QqlQqlkuk
rqe mlds dku esa D;k QqlQqlk jgs gks \ What are you whispering in his ear?
45) Totter yM+[kM+kuk
Hkkjr ikfdLrku ds fo#) yM+[kM+k jgk gSA India is tottering against Pakistan.
46) Fumble VVksyuk
eSa vyekjh esa dqN VVksy jgk gw¡A I am fumbling something in Almirah.
47) Peel off fNydk mrkjuk] fNyuk
lhrk vkyw Nhy jgh gSA Seeta is peeling off the potatoes.
48) Like anything cqjh rjg
oks cqjh rjg esgur dj jgk gSA He is working hard like anything.
oks cgqr tcjnLr rjhds ls yM+kA He fought like anything.
49) At least de ls de
de ls de ,d ckj rks vkvksA Come at least once.
50) Etcetera (Full form of etc.) vkfn] bR;kfn
esjs ikl dbZ pht+sa gaS tSls iSu] fdrkc bR;kfnA I have many things such as pen, book etc.

Exercise-IV

1. Hair gsvj cky 23. Throat FkzksV xyk

2. Head gSM flj 24. Shoulders 'kksYMj~l da/ks
3. Forehead QksjgSM ekFkk 25. Collar dkWyj xnZu vkSj da/ks ds chp
4. Skull Ldy [kksiM+h dk fgLlk
5. Eyebrow vkbczks HkkSgsa 26. Arms vkEl Hkqtk] ckgq
6. Eyelid vkbfyM iyd 27. Hand gSUM gkFk (dykbZ ls uk[kqu rd
7. Eyelash vkbyS‛k iyd dk cky dk fgLlk)
8. Eyeball vkbckWy vk¡[k dh iqryh 28. Elbow ,sYcks dksguh
9. Eyes vkbt+ vk¡[ksa 29. Wrist fjLV dykbZ
10. Ear bvj dku 30. Palm ike gFksyh
11. Nose ukst+ ukd 31. Fist fQLV eqV~Bh
12. Mouth ekmFk eq¡g 32. Finger fQUxj m¡xyh
13. Tooth VqFk nk¡r 33. Thumb FkEc v¡xwBk (gkFk dk)
14. Face Qsl psgjk 34. Nail usy uk[kqu
15. Tongue Vax thHk 35. Chest pSLV Nkrh (iq#"k dh)
16. Lips fyIl gksaB 36. Breast czSLV Nkrh (efgyk dh)
17. Cheek phd xky 37. Stomach LVed isV
18. Jaw tkW tcM+k 38. Belly CkSyh rksan
19. Chin fpu Bks<+h ;k BqM~Mh 39. Abdomen ,scMkseu mnj
20. Mustache eq‛VSp ew¡N 40. Waist osLV dej
21. Beard fc;MZ nk<+h 41. Leg ysx iSj
22. Neck uSd xnZu 42. Thigh Fkkb tk¡?k

47
43. Knee uh ?kqVuk 47. Bone cksu gM~Mh
44. Calf dkQ+ ?kqVus o ryos ds chp dk fgLlk 48. Skeleton LdSySVu dadky
45. Feet QhV ryok 49. Lungs yaXl QsQM+s
46. Toe Vks iSj dk v¡xwBk 50. Lever fyoj xqnkZ

Exercise – V

1) Materialize ¼eVhfjvykbt+½ lp@lkdkj dj nsuk 38) Groom ¼xzwe½ nwYgk

2) Allure ¼,sY;kSj½ ykyp nsuk] yqHkkuk 39) Bride ¼czkbM½ nqYgu
3) Momentous ¼ekWeSUVl½ egRoiw.kZ] cgqr t+#jh 40) Worship¼ojf‛ki½ iwtk djuk
4) Exonerate ¼bXt+kujsV½ funzks"k djkj dj nsuk 41) Pliers ¼Iyk;lZ½ Iykl
5) Sneeze ¼Luht+½ Nhaduk 42) Corrupt¼djIV½ Hkz"V] csbZeku
6) Testy ¼VSLVh½ fpM+fpM+k] xqLlSy 43) Spendthrift¼LiSUMfFkz¶V½ [kphZyk O;fDr
7) Aspect ¼vkliSDV½ igyw 44) Genuine¼tSuqvu½ vlyh
8) Futile ¼¶;wVkby½ Qkyrw] fujFkZd 45) Ridiculous¼fjMhfdyl½ cdokl] csdkj
9) Confluence ¼dkWU¶yqvUl½ laxe tSls ufn;ksa dk 46) International¼bUVjuS‛kuy½ vUrZjk"Vªh;
10) Conquer ¼dUDoSj½ thruk] dCt+k djuk 47) Zoo¼t+w½ fpfM+;k?kj
11) Consequence¼dkWfUlDosUl½ ifj.kke 48) Extraordinary¼,DlVªkWMujh½ vlk/kkj.k
12) Conservative¼dUTk+josfVo½ #f<+oknh] tks 49) Unbelievable¼vufcyhoscy½ vfo‛oluh;
iqjkus [;kykrksa esa thrk gks
50) Engineer ¼baftfu;j½ baftfu;j
13) Conservatory¼dUt+josVjh½ ,d ,slh txg
tgk¡ ukt+qd isM+ ikS/kksa dks mxk;k tkrk gS 51) Entertaining¼,UVjVsfuax½ euksjatd
14) Absolutism¼,scLY;wfVt+e½ fujadq‛krk ;kfu 52) Astrology ¼,LVªkWyth½ T;ksfr"k foKku
tgk¡ fdlh vkSj dh ckr u lquh tk;s 53) Australia¼vkWLVªsfy;k½ ,d ns‛k dk uke
15) Waist ¼osLV½ dej 54) Belgium¼cSfYt;e½ ,d ns‛k dk uke
16) West ¼oSLV½ if‛pe fn‛kk 55) Shoot ¼‛kwV½ xksyh ekjuk] ‚kwfVax djuk
17) Affluence ¼v¶yw,Ul½ vehjh 56) Russia ¼jf‛k;k½ ,d ns‛k dk uke
18) Protest ¼izksVsLV½ fonzksg 57) Rural ¼#jy½ xzkeh.k
19) Ailment ¼,yesUV½ chekjh 58) Algorithm ¼,syxkWfjne½ eSFkseSfVDl dk VkWfid
20) Imitate ¼bfeVsV½ udy djuk 59) Necessarily ¼uSlslSfjyh½ t+#jh gS] vfuok;Zr%
21) Debris ¼MScfjl½ dpjk] eyck 60) Unnecessarily¼vuuSlslSfjyh½ t+#jh ugha gS
22) Mist ¼feLV½ dksgjk 61) Perfect ¼ijQSDV½ ,dne lgh
23) Fog ¼QkWx½ dksgjk] /kq¡?k 62) Present ¼izStS+aV½ mifLFkr gksuk] fx¶V
24) Hail ¼gsy½ vksys] vksys iM+uk 63) Enhance ¼,sugkUl½ c<+kuk] T+;knk dj nsuk
25) Brutal ¼czqVy½ fuZn;h] Øwj 64) Window ¼foUMks½ f[kM+dh
26) Masticate ¼eSLVhdsV½pckuk] dwVuk] ihluk 65) Fantastic¼QSUVSfLVd½ cgqr gh cf<+;k
27) Credulous ¼ØSMqyl½ Hkksyk Hkkyk 66) Zebra ¼tS+czk½ tkuoj dk uke
28) Accomplish ¼vdfEIy‛k½ iwjk@lQy dj nsuk 67) Z ¼tS+M½ vaxzst+h dk v{kj
29) Rapture ¼jSIpj½ [kq‛kh 68) Shy ¼‛kk;½ ‚kehZyk] ‚kekZuk
30) Though ¼nks½ ;|fi] gkyk¡fd 69) Shameless¼‛kseySl½ cs‛keZ
31) Extensive ¼,sDlVSfUlo½ foLr`r] O;kid 70) Exile ¼,sXt+kby½ cuokl
32) Retaliate ¼fjVSfy,V½ djkjk tokc nsuk 71) Standard¼LVSUMMZ½ Lrj] #rck
33) Thoroughfare¼FkjQs;j½ vke jkLrk 72) Shelter ¼‛kSYVj½ ‚kj.k] iukg
34) Tribute ¼fVªC;wV½ J)k¡tfy 73) Zodiac Sign¼tkSfM;sd lkbu½ jkf‛k dk uke
35) Admire ¼,Mek;j½ iz‛kalk djuk 74) Pisces ¼ikbflt+½ ehu jkf‛k
36) Proximity ¼izkSfDlfeVh½ fudVrk 75) Abortion ¼vckW‛kZu½ xHkZikr
37) Destroy¼fMLVªkW;½ cckZn dj nsuk 76) Foeticide¼QhVlkbM½ Hkzw.kgR;k
48
77) Example¼bXt+SEiy½ mnkgj.k 89) Poverty ¼ikWoVhZ½ xjhch
78) Exams ¼bXt+SEl½ ijh{kk 90) Evil ¼bfoy½ cqjkbZ
79) Poison ¼ikWbt+u½ t+gj 91) Permission¼ifeZ‛ku½ vkKk
80) Discriminate¼fMfLØfeusV½ i{kikr djuk 92) Ingredient¼buxzhfM,UV½ iz;ksx dh lkexzh
81) Infanticide ¼buQSfUVlkbM½ f‛k‛kq gR;k 93) Harass ¼gjkl½ rax djuk] lrkuk
82) Mortality¼ekWVSZfyVh½ e`R;qnj 94) Television¼VSyhfo‛k+u½ Vhoh
83) Abnormality¼,cukeSZfyVh½ vViVk O;ogkj gksuk 95) Melt ¼eSYV½ xyuk
84) Generations¼tujs‛kUl½ ihf<+;k¡ 96) Prefer ¼izSQj½ roTtks nsuk
85) Suggestion¼ltS‛pu½ lq>ko 97) Priority ¼izk;kSfjVh½ roTtks nsuk
86) Question¼DoS‛pu½ iz‛u 98) Politics¼ikWfyfVDl½ jktuhfr
87) Literacy¼fyVªSlh½ lk{kjrk 99) Gasp ¼xSLi½ gk¡Quk
88) Majority¼eStkWjsVh½ cgqer 100) Facial ¼Qsf‛k;y½ psgjs dh ekfy‛k

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Dream big and dare to fail.

cM+k liuk ns[kks vkSj gkj lgus dh fgEer j[kksA

2. The only way to do great work is to love what you do. (Steve Jobs)
egku dk;Z djus dk flQZ ,d gh rjhdk gS] vki tks Hkh djks mls fny ls djksA ¼LVho tkWCl½

3. People will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never
forget how you made them feel.
yksx Hkwy tk;saxs vkius D;k dgk] yksx Hkwy tk;saxs vkius D;k fd;k] ij yksx dHkh ugha Hkwysaxs fd vkius mUgsa dSlk
eglwl djok;kA

4. I am not a product of my circumstances. I am a product of my decisions.

eSa gkykrksa ls fufeZr izk.kh ugha] esjk fuekZ.k esjs QSlyksa ls gqvk gSA

5. What's the point of being alive if you don't try to do something remarkable.
thfor jgus ds D;k ek;us vxj vki dqN vlk/kkj.k djus dk iz;Ru u djsaA

6. There are two types of people who will tell you that you cannot make a difference in this
world: those who are afraid to try and those who are afraid you will succeed.
nks rjg ds yksx vkidks ;s dgsaxs fd vki bl nqfu;k esa dqN vyx ugha dj ldrs & ,d oks tks [kqn iz;kl djus
ls Mjrs gSa vkSj nwljs oks ftUgsa vkids lQy gksus dk Mj gSA

7. Don't wish it were easier, wish you were better.

;s er pkgks fd dke vklku gks] cfYd ;s pkgks fd vki csgrj gksaA

8. When everything seems to be going against you, remember that the airplane takes
off against the wind, not with it. (Henry Ford)
tc lc dqN vkids f[kykQ gks jgk gks] rks ;s ckr ;kn djuk fd gokbZtgkt Hkh gok ds fo#) gh mM+ku Hkjrk gS]
mlds lkFk ughaA ¼gSujh QksMZ½

9. Give me six hours to chop down a tree and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.
(Abraham Lincoln)
vki eq÷ks ,d isM+ dkVus ds fy, 6 ?kaVs nsaxs rks eaS igys 4 ?kaVs dqYgkM+h dh /kkj rst djus esa yxkÅ¡xkA¼vczkge
fyadu½
10. He that has patience can achieve anything that he wants.
ftlds ikl /kS;Z gS oks tks pkgs ik ldrk gSA

49
 Exercise – VI

1. Military ¼fefyVjh½ lsuk 41. Niece¼uhl½ Hkk¡th ;k Hkrhth

2. Opportunity¼vkWijP;wfuVh½volj] ekSdk 42. Nephew ¼usO;w½ Hkk¡tk ;k Hkrhtk
3. Bicycle ¼ckbfldy½ lkbZfdy 43. Agree¼vxzh½ lger gksuk
4. Tiffin box ¼fVfQu ckWDl½ fVfQu ckWDl 44. Musician¼E;wt+hf‛k;u½ laxhrK
5. Heel¼ghy½ ,M+h 45. Essential¼blSfU‛kvy½ cgqr t+#jh
6. Sugar¼‛kqxj½ phuh 46. Spacious¼LiS‛kl½ cM+h txg
7. Water¼okWVj½ ikuh 47. Zoom¼t++we½ vkdkj esa c<+kuk
8. Was¼okWt+½ Fkk] Fks] Fkh 48. Shift¼f‛k¶V½ f[klduk
9. Because¼fcdt+½ D;ksafd 49. Echo¼,sdks½ vkokt+ xw¡tuk
10. Gorgeous¼xkWjtl½ cgqr lqUnj 50. University¼;wfuoflZVh½ fo‛ofo|ky;
11. Government¼xoesaV½ ljdkj 51. Noise¼ukWbt+½ gYyk] ‚kksj
12. Pressure¼izS‛kj½ ncko 52. Altogether¼vkWyVqxSnj½ iwjh rjg ls
13. Wednesday¼osUt+Ms½ cq/kokj 53. Yamaha ¼;ekgk½ ,d dEiuh
14. Saturday¼lSVjMs½ ‚kfuokj 54. Honda¼gksUMk½ ,d dEiuh
15. April¼,fizy½ vizSy dk eghuk 55. And¼,sUM½ vkSj
16. May¼es½ ebZ dk eghuk 56. End¼,UM½ vUr] vkf[kj
17. August ¼vkWxLV½ vxLr dk eghuk 57. Sit¼flV½ cSBuk
18. November¼uoSEcj½ uoEcj dk eghuk 58. Stand¼LVSUM½ [kM+k gksuk
19. December¼fMlSEcj½ fnlEcj dk eghuk 59. Communication¼dE;wfuds‛ku½ lapkj.k
20. January ¼tSU;qjh½ tuojh dk eghuk 60. Enjoy ¼,UtkW;½ ets djuk
21. Development¼fMoSyIkeSUV ;k MoyieSUV½fodkl 61. Neither ¼uhnj ;k ukbnj½ ugha
22. Phenomenal¼fQukWfeuy½ tcjnLr 62. Also ¼vkWYlks½ Hkh
23. Secondary¼lSdsUMjh½ nwljk 63. Although¼vkWYnks½ ;|fi] gkyk¡fd
24. Guardian ¼xkjfM;u½ laj{kd] vfHkHkkod 64. However¼gkoSoj½ fQj Hkh] tcfd
25. Question¼DoS‛pu½ iz‛u 65. Idle¼vkbMy½ [kkyh gksuk
26. Suggestion¼lts‛pu½ lq>ko 66. Ideal¼vkbfM;y½ vkn‛kZ
27. Aries¼,vjht+½ es"k jkf‛k 67. Idol¼vkbMy½ ewfRkZ
28. Technology¼VSDukWyth½ rduhd 68. Pour¼iksj½ mM+syuk
29. Soil¼lkWby½ t+ehu] feV~Vh 69. Feverish ¼Qhofj‛k½ cq[kkj tSlk
30. Spoil¼LikWby½ cckZn@[kjkc dj nsuk 70. Rumour ¼j~;wej½ vQokg
31. Thoroughfare¼FkjQs;j½ vke jkLrk 71. Quarrel ¼D+okjy½ >xM+k
32. Though ¼nks½ ;|fi] gkyk¡fd 72. Headache¼gSMsd½ fljnnZ
33. Mountain ¼ekmuVsu½ ioZr 73. Holiday ¼gkWfyMs½ NqV~Vh
34. Telecommunication¼VSyhdE;wfuds‛ku½ nwjlapkj 74. Vegetable¼oSftVscy½ lCt+h
35. Data¼MsVk½ vk¡dM+s 75. Afar¼vQkj½ cgqr nwj
36. Grammar ¼xzSej½ O;kdj.k 76. Aloof¼vywQ½ vdsyk o pqi&pqi
37. Typhoid ¼VkbQkbM½ ,d chekjh 77. Forty¼QkWVhZ½ 40
38. Penniless¼iSfuYkSl½ daxky] iSls u gksuk 78. Fourteen¼QksVhZu½ 14
39. Perhaps ¼ijgSIl½ ‚kk;n 79. Exaggerate¼bXt+StjsV½ c<+k p<+kdj dguk
40. Determine¼fMVjfeu½ fu/kkZfjr djuk 80. Almirah ¼,yfejk½ vyekjh

50
 Exercise – VII

1. Sell ¼lSy½ cspuk (Verb) 46. Wind ¼foUM½ gok

2. Sale ¼lsy½ fcØh (Noun) 47. Able ¼,cy½ ;ksX; gksuk
3. Shall ¼‛kSy½ ,d lgk;d fØ; 48. Society ¼lqlkbVh½ lekt
4. Again ¼vxSu½ nksckjk 49. Didn‟t ¼fMUV ;k fMMUV½ lgk;d fØ;k
5. Bother ¼ckWnj½ ijs‛kku djuk 50. Formality¼QkWjeSfyVh½ vkSipkfjdrk
6. Ooze ¼Åt+½ fdlh nzo dk fudyuk 51. Conversation¼dkWUojls‛ku½ okrkZyki
7. Leisure time¼yS‛k+j VkbZe½ [kkyh le; 52. Usage ¼;wlst½ mi;ksx
8. Negligence ¼uSXyhtSUl½ ykijokgh 53. Ancient ¼,uf‛k,UV½ izkphu] iqjkuk
9. Dowry ¼Mkmjh½ ngst+ 54. Island ¼vk;ySUM½ ,d }hi
10. Proposal ¼Ikzikst+y½ izLrko 55. Only ¼vksUyh½ dsoy
11. Would ¼oqM½ ,d lgk;d fØ;k gS 56. Hospitality¼gkWfLiVSfyVh½ esgeku uokth
12. Guardian ¼xkjfM;u½ vfHkHkkod 57. Vehicle ¼Okfgdy½ okgu] xkM+h
13. Pity ¼fiVh½ n;k 58. Enough ¼,uQ ;k buQ½ dkQh
14. Skill ¼fLdYk½ gquj] dkfcfy;r 59. Alarm ¼vykeZ½ ?kaVh
15. Least ¼yhLV½ lcls de 60. Sheep ¼‛khi½ HksM+
16. Seek ¼lhd½ <w¡<uk] dksf‛k‛k djuk 61. Ship ¼f‛ki½ tgkt
17. Cooperate¼dqvkWijsV½ lg;ksx djuk 62. Project ¼izkStSDV½ izkStSDV
18. Obey ¼vkscs½ ikyu djuk 63. Seven ¼lSou½ lkr
19. Correspondence¼dkWjLikWUMSUl½i«kkpkj 64. Millionaire¼feyusvj½ y[kifr
20. Memory ¼eSejh½ ;kn] Le`fr 65. Billionaire ¼fcyusvj½ djksM+ifr
21. Quotient ¼dks‛ksUV½ HkkxQy 66. Towel ¼VkWoy½ rkSfy;k
22. Certain ¼ljVsu½ fuf‛pr 67. Bottle ¼ckWVy½ cksry
23. Recognize ¼jSdXukbt+½ igpkuuk 68. Deposit ¼fMikWft+V½ tek djuk
24. America ¼veSfjdk½ ,d ns‛k dk uke 69. Agree ¼vxzh½ lger gksuk
25. Portugal ¼ikSpZqxy½ ,d ns‛k dk uke 70. Restaurant¼jSLVªkaa ½ jsLVªka
26. Kerala ¼dSjyk½ ,d jkT; dk uke
71. Square ¼LD+oS;j½ oxkZdkj
27. Foreign ¼QkWjSu½ fons‛k
72. Voice ¼okWbl½ vkokt+ ¼ltho dh½
28. Executive ¼bDtS+D;fVo½ izfrfuf/k] dk;Zdkjh
29. Employee ¼beIykWb½ deZpkjh 73. Sound ¼lkmUM½ vkokt+ ¼futhZo dh½
30. Vision ¼fo‛k+u½ lksp] n`f"Vdks.k 74. Oral ¼vksjy½ tqckuh ckr
31. Favourite ¼QsojsV½ lcls T+;knk ilUn 75. Confirmation¼dkWUQesZ‛ku½ iqf"V djuk
32. Machine ¼e‛khu½ e‛khu 76. Permanent¼ijekuSUV½ LFkk;h
33. Deodorant ¼fM;ksMªssUV½ ij¶;we 77. Rapport ¼jSiks½ viuh izfr"Bk
34. Success ¼lDlSl½ lQyrk 78. Driven ¼fMªou½ 3 form of Drive
rd

35. General ¼tSujy½ lk/kkj.k 79. Psychology¼lkbdkWyth½ ekuo eu dk foKku

36. Possessive ¼it+sflo½ vf/kdkj le>uk 80. Astrology ¼,LVªkWyth½ T;ksfr"k ‚kkL«k
37. Departure ¼fMikpZj½ fdlh txg ls fudyuk 81. Biology ¼ckbvkWyth½ tho foKku
38. Bear ¼csvj½ fc;j tks ih tkrh gS 82. Social ¼lks‛ky½ lkekftd
39. Bear ¼csvj½ Hkkyw 83. Wallet ¼okWysV½ cVqvk (of male)
40. Bear ¼fcvj½ lguk 84. Purse ¼ilZ½ cVqvk (of female)
41. Hour ¼vkoj ;k vkj½ ?kaVk 85. Another ¼vunj½ nwljk
42. Our ¼voj ;k vkj½ gekjk 86. Bad ¼cSM½ cqjk
43. Flour ¼¶ykWj½ vkVk 87. Bed ¼C;M½ fcLrj
44. Floor ¼¶yksj½ eafty] Q‛kZ 88. Annual ¼,suqvy½ lkykuk
45. The ¼n ;k nh½ ,d vkfVZdy gSA 89. Yours ¼;kslZ½ rqEgkjk
51
52
 90. Escape ¼bLdsi½ cp fudyuk] Hkkx tkuk 96. Police ¼iqyhl½ iqfyl
91. Liquor ¼fydj½ ‚kjkc 97. Whistle ¼foly½ lhVh ctku
92. Fidelity ¼fQMSfyVh½ oQknkjh 98. Wholesome¼gksyle½ ykHknk;d
93. Use ¼;wt+½ iz;ksx djuk 99. Own ¼vksu½ viuk
94. Direction ¼fMjSD‛ku ;k Mk;jsD‛ku½ fn‛kk 100. Financial ¼QkbuSfU‛k;y½ foŸkh;
95. Broom ¼czwe½ >kM+w

Exercise – VIII

1. Tourism ¼VwfjTk+e½ i;ZVu 36. Women ¼fofeu½ ,d ls T+;knk vkSjrsa

2. Wash ¼okW‛k½ /kksuk 37. Man ¼eSu½ ,d vkneh
3. Breakfast ¼czSdQLV½ lqcg dk Hkkstu 38. Men ¼E;u½ ,d ls T+;knk vkneh
4. Feast ¼QhLV½ mRlo] nkor 39. Equal ¼bZDoy½ cjkcj] ,d tSlk
5. Shower ¼‛kkoj½ ckSNkj] Qqgkjk 40. Skull ¼Ldy½ [kksiM+h
6. Vein ¼osu½ ‚kjhj dh ul] jx 41. Violence ¼okW;ySUl½ fgalk
7. All ¼vkWy½ lc 42. War ¼okWj½ yM+kbZ] ;q)
8. Onion ¼vfu;u½ I;kt+ 43. Altogether¼vkWyVqxSnj½ iwjh rjg ls
9. Potato ¼iVSVks½ vkyw 44. Colleague¼dyhx½ lkFkh
10. Tomato ¼VeSVks½ VekVj 45. Tiny ¼Vk;uh½ cgqr NksVk
11. Rainbow ¼jsucks½ bUnz/kuq"k 46. Chew ¼P;w½ pckuk
12. Relative ¼jSySfVo½ lxs laca/kh 47. Tap ¼VSi½ uy
13. Year ¼;h;j½ lky] o"kZ 48. Said ¼lsM½ dgk
14. Ear ¼bvj½ dku 49. Shade ¼‛ksM½ Nk;k
15. Air ¼,;j½ gok 50. Sad ¼lSM½ nq[kh
16. Ocean ¼vksf‛ku½ egklkxj 51. Spread ¼LizSM½ QSykuk

17. Sure ¼‛;kSj½ iDdk 52. Honesty ¼vkWuSLVh½ bZekunkjh

18. Continuous¼dkWufVuqvl½ yxkrkj 53. Hesitate ¼gSt+hVsV½ fgpfdpkuk
19. Everybody¼,sojhcMh½ gj dksbZ 54. Leave ¼yho½ NksM+uk
20. Begin ¼fcfxu½ ‚kq# djuk 55. Die ¼Mk;½ ejuk
21. Began ¼fcxSu½ fcfxu dh nwljh QkWeZ 56. Dye ¼Mkb½ flj ij yxkus okyk jax
22. Hide ¼gkbM½ fNiuk 57. Live ¼ykbo½ tks bl oDr gks jgk gks
23. Later ¼ysVj½ ckn esa 58. Live ¼fyo½ jguk

24. Letter ¼ySVj½ i«k 33. Palm ¼ike½ gFksyh

25. Won ¼ou½ thrk 34. Calf ¼dkQ½ xk; dk cPpk
26. Want ¼okWUV½ pkguk 35. Woman ¼oqeu½ ,d vkSjr
27. Adjacent¼,stlSUV½ cxy esa
28. Alternative¼vkWYVjusfVo½ fodYi] nwljk rjhdk
29. Percent ¼ijlSUV½ izfr‛kr
30. Associate¼vlksf‛k,V½ lg;ksxh] lk>snkj
31. Career ¼dfj;j½ is‛kk] Hkfo";
32. Towards ¼VqoMZl½ dh rjQ

53
59. Namesake¼uselsd½,d tSlk uke okyk
60. Handshake¼gSUM‛ksd½ gkFk feykuk
61. Appetite ¼,siSVkbV½ Hkw[k] vfHkyk"kk] bPNk
62. Realize ¼fjvykbt+½ eglwl djuk
63. Scissors ¼lht+lZ½ dSaph
64. Talkative¼VkWdSfVo½ ckrwuh tks cgqr ckr djs
65. During ¼M~;wfjax½ nkSjku
66. Yet ¼;V½ vHkh rd] fQj Hkh
67. Huge ¼g~;wt½ cgqr cM+k] fo‛kkydk;
68. Binoculars¼ckbukWdqylZ½ nwjchu
69. Premises¼izSeSflt+½ ifjlj] nk;jk
70. Hurt ¼gVZ½ nq[k igq¡pkuk] pksV igq¡pkuk

54
71. Heart ¼gkVZ½ fny 86. Ointment¼vkWbUVeSUV½ ?kko dk ejge
72. Breed ¼czhM½ tUe nsuk 87. Auspicious¼vkWfLi‛kl½ ‚kqHk
73. Bread ¼cSzM½ cSzM tks ge [kkrs gaS 88. Enigma ¼bfuXek½ igsyh
74. Chapati ¼pikrh½ jksVh 89. Footfall ¼QqVQkWy½ dneksa dh vkokt+
75. Sweat ¼LoSV½ ilhuk vkuk 90. Bulge ¼cYt½ mHkjk gqvk
76. Sweet ¼LohV½ ehBk 91. Fatal ¼QsVy½ ?kkrd
77. Sweets ¼LohV~l½ feBkbZ 92. Consent ¼dUlSUV½ lgefr
78. Always ¼vkWYkost+½ ges‛kk 93. Stampede¼LVSEihM½ HkxnM+
79. Puppet ¼iiSV½ dBiqryh 94. Indebted¼bUMSfVM½ dtZnkj] _.kh
80. Shiver ¼f‛koj½ dk¡iuk 95. Smile ¼Lekby½ eqLdqjkuk
81. Suppose ¼likst+½ ekuk] eku yksA 96. Music ¼E;wft+d½ laxhr

82. Almost ¼vkWYeksLV½ yxHkx 97. School ¼Ldwy½ fo|ky;

83. Familiar ¼QSehfyvj½ igys ls gh tkudkjh 98. Saline ¼lykbu½ [kkjk
gksuk 99. Recipe ¼jSflih½ [kkus dk uqL[kk
84. Occupy ¼vkWD;wik;½ ?ksjuk] vf/kdkj esa ys ysuk 100. Volkswagen¼QksDlosxu½ dkj dh dEiuh
85. Endeavor¼bfUM,oj½ iz;kl ;k iz;Ru djuk

Exercise – IX

1. Acrid¼,sfØM½ [kkus esa dM+ok ;k LoHkko esa dM+ok 27. Avid ¼avfoM½ ykyp djuk
2. Betray¼fcVªs½ fo‛okl?kkr djuk ;k /kks[kk nsuk 28. Deplete ¼fMIyhV½ [kkyh@de dj nsuk
3. Turmeric ¼VeZfjd½ gYnh 29. Forbid ¼QkWjfcM½ euk@fu"ks/k djuk
4. Prosperity ¼izkSLiSjVh½ vehjh 30. Anguish ¼,afXo‛k½ cgqr nq[k] osnuk
5. Disparity ¼fMLiSjVh½ i{kikr] vlekurk 31. Reign ¼jsu½ ‚kklu djuk
6. Obstinate ¼vkWfCLVusV½ vfM+;y ] ft+n~nh 32. Garnish ¼xkjfu‛k½ ltkuk
7. Keen ¼dhu½ mRlqd 33. Constitution¼dk¡fLVV~;w‛ku½lafo/kku
8. Coriander ¼dkWfj,sUMj½ /kfu;k 34. Deduce ¼fMM~;wl½ fu"d"kZ fudkyuk
9. Arrogant ¼,sjxsUV½ ?kaeaMh 35. Deluge ¼fMY;wt½ ck<+
10. Dazzling ¼MSt+fyax½ pdkpkSa/k dj nsuk 36. Cabbage ¼dScSt½ iRrkxksHkh
11. Dormitory¼MkWehZVfj½ fuokl LFkku] ‚k;ud{k 37. Vague ¼osx½ /kq¡/kyk
12. Dupe ¼M~;wi½ /kks[kk nsuk 38. Prohibit ¼izksfgfcV½euk@fu"ks/k djuk
13. Arid ¼vkfjM½ catj] lw[kk] uhjl 39. Flaw ¼¶ykW½ deh
14. Delude ¼fMY;wM½ /kks[kk nsuk 40. Fictitious¼fQfDV‛kl½ dkYifud
15. Guava ¼Xokok½ ve#n 41. Ginger ¼ftatj½ vnjd
16. Embellish ¼becSfy‛k½ ltkuk] laokjuk 42. Garlic ¼xkfyZd½ yglqu
17. Virulent ¼fo:ySUV½ izpUM 43. Agony ¼,sxuh½ cgqr nq[k ;k nnZ

18. Stumble ¼LVecy½ Bksdj yxuk] gdykuk 24. Radish ¼jSfM‛k½ ewyh
19. Stammer ¼LVSej½ gdykuk 25. Exhilarating¼,sfDt+yjsfVax½ [kq‛k djuk
20. Consequence¼dkWfUlDoSUl½ ifj.kke 26. Bizarre ¼fct+kj½ vuks[kk] cgqr gh cf<+;k
21. Abduct ¼,cMDV½ vigj.k djuk
22. Dorm ¼MkWeZ½ fuokl LFkku] ‚k;ud{k
23. Carrot ¼dSjV½ xkt+j

55
44. Theology¼fFk;kWyth½ /kkfeZd Kku
45. Provoke ¼izksoksd½ mdlkuk] HkM+dkuk
46. Civilized ¼flfoykbT+M½ lH;
47. Bliss ¼fCyl½ cgqr T+;knk [kq‛kh
48. Fascinate¼QSfLkusV½ cgqr [kq‛k dj nsuk
49. Abrupt ¼,sCjIV½ vpkud] vdLekr
50. Splendid ¼LIySfUMM½ ‚kkunkj
51. Riot ¼jk;V½ naxs
52. Flood ¼¶+YM½ ck<+

56
53. Epigram ¼bfixze½ pqVdqyk 72. Phobia ¼Qksfc;k½ Mj
54. Authentic ¼vkWFkSfUVd½ vlyh] fo‛oluh; 73. Scrutinize ¼LØwfVukbt+½ tk¡puk ij[kuk
55. Apparent ¼,sijSUV½ tkfgj lh ckr] Li"Vr;k 74. Refrain ¼fjÝsu½ ijgst+ djuk
56. Barren ¼cSju½ catj 75. Ravishing¼jSfof‛kax½ csgrjhu
57. Captive ¼dSifVo½ canh 76. Oath ¼vksFk½ ‚kiFk ysuk
58. Stubborn ¼LVcuZ½ ft+n~nh 77. Convivial ¼dUohfo;y½ feyulkj
59. Petrified ¼iSV~fjQkbM½ Mjk gqvk 78. Dilemma ¼Mk;yek½ nqfo/kk] vleatl
60. Cordial ¼dkWfMZ;y½ gkfnZd] Lusgiw.kZ 79. Haughty ¼gkWVh½ ?keaMh
61. Unique ¼;wuhd+½ vuks[kk] tcjnLr 80. Glitter ¼fXyVj½ pedus okyh pht+
62. Massacre ¼eSlSdj½ gR;kdk.M] [kwu[kjkck 81. Obsolete ¼vkWClksyhV½ iz;ksx esa ugha
63. Outstanding¼vkmVLVSfUMax½ tcjnLr 82. Delusion ¼fMY;w‛k+u½ Hkze
64. Pinnacle ¼fiudy½ f‛k[kj] pksVh] ‚kh"kZ 83. Discord ¼fMLdkWMZ½ >xM+k] eueqVko
65. Conceited ¼dUlhfVM½ ?keaM 84. Debase ¼Mhcsl½ vieku djuk
66. Jovial ¼tksfo;y½ cgqr [kq‛k 85. Omnipotent¼vkseuhiksVsUV½ loZ‛kfDreku
67. Antique ¼,sUVhd½ izkphu] iqjkus le; dk 86. Intercept ¼bUVjlSIV½ chp esa dkVuk
68. Bitter ¼fcVj½ dM+ok 87. Terrified ¼VSfjQkbM½ Mjk gqvk
69. Infertile ¼bUQVkZby½ catj] lw[kk 88. Curious ¼D;wfj;l½ mRlqd] ftKklw
70. Diversity ¼Mk;ofLkZVh½ fofo/krk] dbZ pht+ksa@/keksaZ 89. Eclipse ¼bfDyIl½ xzg.k tSls lw;Z xzg.k
dk ,d lkFk gksuk 90. Adobe ¼vMksc½ dPpk edku
71. Hostage ¼gkWLVSt½ ca/kd] canh

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. Opportunities are not always given, but created.

volj ges‛kk feyrs ugha cfYd cuk;s tkrs gSaA

2. Winning isn‟t everything, but strong desire to win is.

thruk ugha cfYd thrus dh izcy bPNk djuk lcdqN gSA

3. Certain things catch your eyes, but you pursue only those that touch the heart.
dqN pht+sa vkidh ut+jksa dks Hkkrh gaS ysfdu vki ihNk mUgha pht+ksa dk djrs gks tks vkids fny dks Nw ysA

4. Either write something worth reading or do something worth writing. (Benjamin

Franklin)
;k rks dqN ,slk fy[kks tks i<+us yk;d gks] ;k fQj dqN ,slk djks tks fy[kus yk;d gksA ¼cSatfeu ÝSadfyu½

5. Don't let the fear of losing be greater than the excitement of winning.
gkjus ds Mj dks thrus dh [kq‛kh ls T+;knk er c<+us nksA

6. If you think of something difficult, that means you have not understood it well.
vxj vkidks dqN eqf‛dy yxrk gS] rks bldk ;gh eryc gS fd vkius mls <ax ls le÷kk ughaA

7. Dream big and dare to fail.

cM+k liuk ns[kks vkSj gkj lgus dh fgEer j[kksA

8. The only way to do great work is to love what you do. (Steve Jobs)
egku dk;Z djus dk flQZ ,d gh rjhdk gS] vki tks Hkh djks mls fny ls djksA ¼LVho tkWCl½

57
Lesson – 5
WH Family (WH ifjokj)
WH Family ds vUrZxr os ‚kCn vkrs gSa ftuesa W vkSj H v{kjksa dk iz;ksx gksrk gS rFkk ftUgsa izk;%
iz‛u iwNus gsrq iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;s ‚kCn gSa & What, When, Where, Whose, Who,
How, Whom, Why o Which.

bl pSIVj esa ;s ‚kCn vkSj buds iz;ksx ds lkFk cus vf/kdrj iz;ksx esa vkus okys ‚kCn lewg fn;s x;s gSa ftUgsa
vPNh rjg ;kn dj yhft, rkfd vkus okys ikBksa esa vki budk iz;ksx vklkuh ls le÷k ik;saA
vki bu ‚kCnksa o ‚kCn lewgksa dk mPpkj.k vkWfM;ks ySDpj ds ek?;e ls lqfu;sA

,d ckr vkSj] tSlk fd igys mnkgj.k esa fn;k x;k gS „What‟ dk vFkZ gS „D;k ‟ ;k „tks ‟] vkids eu esa
,d ckr vk;sxh fd „What‟ dk vFkZ gS „D;k‟ ] ;s ckr rks eq÷ks irk gS] ij „What‟ dk ,d vkSj vFkZ gS
„tks‟ ] ;s ckr dqN le÷k ugha vk;hA rF; ;g gS fd tc „What‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh iz‛uokpd okD; esa fd;k
tkrk gS rks ogk¡ ij „What‟ dk vFkZ gksrk gS „D;k ‟ vkSj tc „What‟ dk iz;ksx „Conjunction‟
dh rjg gksrk gS rks „What‟ dk vFkZ gksrk gS „tks ‟A vc vki lkspsaxs fd „Conjunction‟ D;k gS! tc
vki „Conjunction‟ pSIVj i<+saxs] lc le÷k vk tk;sxkA /kS;Z jf[k;s] fQygky bUgsa vPNh rjg ;kn
dj ysaA

WH Family words are those, which comprise the letters “W” & “H” and used
primarily in Interrogative sentences. These are: What, When, Where, Whose,
Who, How, Whom, Why and Which.

WH family words & related group of words given in this lesson must be learnt by
heart. Listen to its pronunciation too.

In the very first example, you can see two different meanings of „What‟; one is „D;k
‟ and another one is „tks ‟. Fact is, when „What‟ is used in interrogative sentences,
it‟s meaning is „D;k ‟ but when „What‟ is used as a conjunction, it‟s meaning is
„tks‟. You will be taught about „Conjunctions‟ in detail a bit later.

1. What okWV ¼oV½ D;k] tks

2. Why ok; D;ksa
3. When oSu dc] tc
4. Where os;j dgk¡] tgk¡
5. How gko dSls
6. Who gw dkSu] tks ¼fdlh O;fDr+ ds fy,½
7. Which fop dkSu lk] tks ¼fdlh pht+ ds fy,½
8. Whose gwt+ fdldk] ftldk
9. Whom gwe fdls] fdlls] fdldks
10. How many gko eSuh fdrus (ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS)
11. How much gko ep fdruk (ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk)
12. Until when vafVy oSu dc rd
13. Since when flUl oSu dc ls
58
14. From when ÝkWe oSu dc ls
15. For how long QkWj gko yk¡x dc ls
16. With whom fon gwe fdlds lkFk
17. For whom QkWj gwe fdlds fy,
18. About whom vckmV gwe fdlds ckjs esa
19. Towards whom VqoMZ~l gwe fdldh rjQ+
20. By whom ck; gwe fdlds }kjk
21. From where ÝkWe os;j dgk¡ ls] tgk¡ ls
22. For what QkWj oV fdlfy,] ftlfy,
23. What for oV QkWj fdlfy, ] ftlfy,
24. How beautiful gko C;wfVQqy fdruh lqUnj
25. How far gko Qkj fdruk nwj
26. How good gko xqM fdruk vPNk
27. How long gko yk¡x fdruk yEck
28. How old gko vksYM fdruk iqjkuk ;k fdruk cM+k ¼mez esa½
29. How soon gko lwu fdruh tYnh
30. In what way bu oV os fdl rjg ls
31. At what way ,V oV os fdl rjg ls
32. What else oV ,sYl vkSj D;k
33. Whatever oVSoj tks dqN Hkh
34. Whatsoever oVlks,soj tks dqN Hkh
35. What then oV nSu rks D;k] rc D;k] fQj D;k
36. What type of oV Vkbi vkWQ fdl rjg dk
37. Whenever oSuSoj tc dHkh
38. When so ever oSuSlks,soj tc dHkh
39. Whence oSUl dgk¡ ls] tgk¡ ls
40. Whereas os;j,st tcfd
41. Where in os;j bu ftlesa
42. Whichever fop,soj tks dqN Hkh
43. Which so ever foplks,soj tks dqN Hkh
44. Which type fop Vkbi fdl rjg dk] fdl izdkj dk
45. Whoever gw,soj tks dqN Hkh
46. Whosoever gwlks,soj tks dqN Hkh
47. Why so ok; lks ,slk D;ksa
48. From which office ÝkWe fop vkWfQl fdl vkWfQl ls
49. From whose office ÝkWe gwt+ vkWfQl fdlds vkWfQl ls
50. With which boy fon fop ckW; fdl yM+ds ds lkFk
51. Towards which city VqoMZ~l fop flVh fdl 'kgj dh rjQ+
52. From which street ÝkWe fop LVªhV fdl xyh ls
53. For which company ÝkWe fop dEiuh fdl dEiuh ds fy,
54. By which gun ck; fop xu fdl cUnwd ls
55. In which glass bu fop Xykl fdl fxykl esa
56. With who people fon gw ihiy fdu yksaxksa ds lkFk
57. For whose son QkWj gwt+ lu fdlds csVs ds fy,

59
 58. Which brother of mine fop cznj vkWQ ekbu esjk dkSu lk HkkbZ
59. Which sister of yours fop flLVj vkWQ ;kSlZ rqEgkjh dkSu lh cgu
60. How many brothers gko eSuh cznlZ fdrus HkkbZ
61. How many hairs gko eSuh gsvlZ fdrus cky
62. How many stars gko eSuh LVklZ fdrus rkjs
63. How much money gko ep euh fdruk ikuh
64. How many such people gko eSuh lp ihiy ,sls fdrus yksx
65. How much sugar gko ep ‚kqxj fdruh phuh
66. What kind of people oV dkbZUM vkWQ ihiy fdl rjg ds yksx
67. How come gko de fdl rjg / dSls
68. At what time ,sV oV Vkbe fdl le;
69. What kind of book oV dkbUM vkWQ cqd fdl rjg dh fdrkc
70. Which girl’s brother fop xYlZ cznj fdl yM+dh dk HkkbZ
71. Which school’s student fop LdwYl LVwMSaV fdl Ldwy dk fo/kkFkhZ
72. How many Kilograms of sugar gko eSuh fdyksxSzEl vkWQ ‚kqxj fdrus fdyksxzke phuh
73. How many glasses of milk gko eSuh Xyklst+ vkWQ feYd nw/k ds fdrus fxykl
74. How many brothers of mine gko eSuh cznlZ vkWQ ekbu esjs fdrus HkkbZ
75. How many brothers of yours gko eSuh cznlZ vkWQ ;kSlZ rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

nce English Grammar Topics Hkh ij tkdj vki i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd
el esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
ur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsaxhA –

60
Lesson – 6
Parts of Speech- “kCn Hksn
fdlh Hkh okD; dks fy[kus o cksyus ds fy, ‚kCnksa ds lewg dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA okD; esa
dksbZ u dksbZ uke fn;k tkrk gSA tSls & laKk] loZuke] fØ;k vkfnA
‚kCnksa ds lgh iz;ksx dks le÷kus ds fy, gh bUgsa 8 oxksaZ esa ck¡Vk x;k gS ftUgsa ‚kCn Hk

Group of words are used together in a specific manner to write or speak a sentence. Every single word in a sen
To understand the sequence of words so that the sentence delivers the correct message, these words are c

8 Parts of speech; with their one-liner definitions are:

1. Noun (laKk) fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq ds uke dks laKk dgrs gSaA
2. Pronoun (loZuke) loZuke dk iz;ksx laKk dh txg ij fd;k tkrk gSA
3. Verb (fØ;k) fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh
tkudkjh feyrh gSA
4. Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k) tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke dh fo‛ks’krk crkrs gSa ;k muds ckjs esa dqN
vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
5. Adverb (fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k) tks fdlh fØ;k dh] fdlh fo‛ks’k.k dh ;k fdlh nwljs fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k dh
fo‛ks’krk crkrs gaS ;k muds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
6. Preposition (lEcU/k lwpd vOo; ;k iwoZlxZ) Prepositions oks ‚kCn gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke vkSj
okD; ds nwljs Hkkx ds chp ds laca/k dks n‛kkZrs gSaA
7. Conjunction (la;kstd) ;g nks ‚kCnksa ;k okD;ksa dks tksM+ nsrs gSaA blls okD; NksVk gks tkrk gS
fcuk vFkZ cnysA
8. Interjection (foLe;kfncks/kd) Hkkoukvksa dh vfHkO;fDr djus okys ‚kCn o ‚kCnksa ds lewgA
vki buds ckjs esa vkus okys ikBksa esa foLrkj ls le÷kus okys gSaA

egRoiw.kZ rF; (Important Facts):

1. dgha dgha Articles (A/An vkSj The) dks Hkh vyx ‚kCn Hksn ekuk tkrk gS ysfdu vf/kdka‛kr% ;s Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k)
gh dgs tkrs gSa D;ksafd ;s fdlh laKk ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA
tSls & ,d iSu (A Pen)A ;gk¡ ij “iSu” ,d laKk gS vkSj “A” dk iz;ksx djus ls ;s irk pyrk gS fd iSu
fdrus gSa vFkkZr “A” dk iz;ksx djus ls “iSu” ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk feyrh gSA ;g ckr vki rc csgrj le÷k
ik;saxs tc vki vkus okys pSIVjksa esa lHkh ‚kCn Hksnksa dks vPNh rjg le÷k ysaxsA
Generally, Articles are not considered a separate part of speech; rather classified as adjectives because
they modify nouns by mentioning their quantity i.e. as a number (A pen means one pen).

2. tc ge fdlh laKk dh ek«kk ds ckjs esa crk;sa tSls 1 vkneh] 2 iSu] 3 yksx] 50 dcwrj vkfnA rks bl rjg ls laKk dh
ek«kk ds ckjs esa crkus okyh ;s la[;k,¡ Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ dgykrh gSaA ;g Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ Hkh
Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k) gh ekus tkrs gaS D;ksafd buds dkj.k fdlh laKk ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk feyrh gSA ;g dkWUlsIV Hkh
vki vkxs vkus okys Determiners ¼fu/kkZjd½ pSIVj esa i<+saxsA
Determiners are also classified as adjectives because they modify a noun.

61
Lesson – 7
Noun ¼laKk½
ge cpiu ls ;gh i<+rs gq, vk jgs gSa fd laKk fdlh O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq dk uke gksrk gSA ;s ifjHkk"kk xy
;k fQj fdlh tkuoj dk] mls laKk gh ekuk tkrk gSA
,d ckr vkSj & ,d ‚kCn gS „I;kj ‟A ;g ,d Hkkookpd laKk gSA gekjk iz‛u ;g gS fd ;s rks fdlh

Since childhood, we have been taught that a noun is the name of a person, place or thing. This d
! The fact is, name of any creature is a noun; be it a human or an animal. Similarly, „love‟

1) Proper Noun ¼O;fDrokpd laKk ½

O;fDrokpd laKk fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dk uke gksrk gSA
Proper Noun is the name of a Creature, place or thing.
Ram ¼fdlh izk.kh dk uke gS½ (Name of a Creature)
Tuffy ¼fdlh izk.kh dk uke gS½ (Name of a Creature)
Dehradun ¼fdlh txg dk uke gS½ (Name of a Place)
Parker pen ¼fdlh oLrq dk uke gS½ (Name of a Thing)
Usha Fan ¼fdlh oLrq dk uke gS½ (Name of a Thing)

2) Common Noun ¼tkfrokpd laKk ½

tkfrokpd laKk fdlh Hkh izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dh tkfr ds ckjs esa crkrk gSA
Common Noun denotes the class of a Creature, Place or thing.

1- pfy, le>saA ekuk vkids lkeus nks eksckby j[ks gq, gSaA ,d gS uksfd;k eksckbZy vkSj nwljk gS lSelax eksckbZyA
nksuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ nksuksa eksckby gSaA blfy, ÞeksckbyÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu nksuksa dh tkfr
ÞeksckbyÞ gSA
Suppose, there are two mobiles. One is nokia‟s and another one is Samsung‟s. What is
common in both? They both are mobile. So „mobile‟ is a common noun.

2- ekuk vkids lkeus nks yM+ds [kM+s gSaA ,d gS jke vkSj nwljk gS jktwA nksuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ nksuksa yM+ds gSaA
blfy, ÞyM+dkÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu nksuksa dh tkfr ÞyM+dkÞ gSA
Suppose there are two boys; Ram and Raju. What is common in both? They both are
boys. So „boy‟ is a common noun.

62
 3- ekuk vkids lkeus rhu QSu j[ks gq, gSaA ,d gS m"kk QSu] nwljk gS [ksrku QSu vkSj rhljk gS gSoYl QSuA rhuksa esa
D;k lekurk gS \ rhuksa QSu gSaA blfy, ÞQSuÞ ,d Common Noun gSA bu rhuksa dh tkfr ÞQSuÞ gSA
There are three fans; one is Usha‟s, second one is Khaitan‟s and the third one is
Havel‟s. What is common in them? They all are fans. So „fan‟ is a common noun.

4- rhu jkT; gSaA ,d gS fnYyh] nwljk gS gfj;k.kk vkSj rhljk gS fcgkjA rhuksa esa D;k lekurk gS \ rhuksa jkT; gSaA
blfy, ÞjkT;Þ ,d Common Noun gSA bu rhuksa dh tkfr ÞjkT;Þ gSA
Let‟s think about three states; Delhi, Hariyana and Bihar. What is common in these?
These all are states. So „State‟ is a common noun.

3) Collective Noun ¼lewgokpd laKk½

lewgokpd laKk izkf.k;ksa ds] txgksa ds ;k oLrqvksa ds lewg dks n‛kkZrk gSA
Collective Noun denotes the group of creatures, places or things.

People(yksx) - dbZ yksxksa dk lewg (group of persons)

Crowd(HkhM+) - dbZ yksxksa dk lewg (group of persons)
Batch(cSp) - dbZ fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lewg (group of students)
Team(Vhe) - dbZ f[kykfM+;ksa dk lewg(group of players)
Bunch(xqPNk) - vaxwj dk (group of grapes)
Family(QSfeyh) - ifjokj (group of members)

Few other examples are: Army, Class, Committee, Council, Department,

Society, Majority, Minority, Audience, Jury, Company, Corporation etc.

4) Material Noun ¼inkFkZokpd laKk ½

inkFkZokpd laKk fdlh Hkh inkFkZ dk uke gksrk gSA
Material Noun denotes the Name of a material.

lksuk (Gold), pk¡nh (Silver), rk¡ck (Copper), Xykl (Glass), ydM+h (Wood), iRFkj (Stone) etc.

5) Abstract Noun ¼Hkkookpd laKk ½

Hkkookpd laKk oks gksrh gS ftls ge Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs] flQZ eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Abstract Noun is something that we can‟t touch or see; we can only feel it. In other
words, A person can‟t physically interact such things. We can‟t see, touch, hear, smell
or taste these nouns.
bZekunkjh (Honesty), I;kj (Love), pksjh (Theft), ?k`.kk (Hate), oDr (Time), lksp (Thinking),
Hkkouk,¡ (Feelings), xf.kr (Mathematics), mEehn (Expectation) etc.

vkids eu esa ‚kk;n ,d loky vk;s fd „Love‟ rks ,d fØ;k gS fQj ;s Hkkookpd laKk dSls gS ! dqN ,sls ‚kCn
gksrs gSa tks fØ;k o laKk nksuksa dh rjg iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSA Love ds nks eryc gSaA ,d gS *I;kj* vkSj nwljk gS
*I;kj djuk*A igyk okyk Abstract Noun gS rks nwljk okyk fØ;k gSA D;ksafd nwljs okys esa *djuk* dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gS ftlls ;s irk yxrk gS fd fdlh dke dks djus dh ckr gks jgh gSA *I;kj djuk* ,d dke ;kfu
fØ;k gSA

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 You must be thinking that „Love‟ is a verb then how come it‟s an abstract Noun.
Let me tell you. There are a few words, which can function as nouns in some cases and
verbs in other cases, „Love‟ is one of them.

Love is life. I;kj ft+Unxh gSA ¼;gk¡ ij love ,d Hkkookpd laKk gSALove as an „Abstract Noun‟½
I love you. eSa rqEgsa I;kj djrk g¡wA ¼;gk¡ ij love ,d fØ;k gSA Love as a „Verb‟½

cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ ckr (Very Important point)–

fdlh Hkh okD; esa Subject ;k rks laKk gksxh ;k fQj loZukeA uhps fn;s x;s mnkgj.kksa ls lef÷k,A
In a sentence, Subject is either a noun or a pronoun.

1- lQyrk cgqr t+#jh gSA Success is very important.

;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „Success‟. ;s dksbZ loZuke rks gS ugha] blfy, laKk gh gks ldrh gSA vc eqn~nk ;s gS
fd ;s dkSu lh laKk gSA ;s u fdlh O;fDr] oLrq ;k txg dk uke gS] u dksbZ tkfr gS] u dksbZ lewg gS] u gh dksbZ
inkFkZ gS rks fQj D;k cpkA vjs gk¡ „Success‟ dks u Nw ldrs gSa u ns[k ldrs gSa] fcYdqy lkQ gS fd ;s
Hkkookpd laKk gSA
In above example, Subject is „Success‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
pronoun. Since it‟s not a pronoun, it‟s a noun then. Now the question is, which noun it
is! It‟s not a name of any person, place or thing; it‟s neither a class; neither a group; nor
a material, then what it is? Oh yes!, „Success‟ can‟t be touched or seen, it is abstract
noun.
2- jke esjk nksLr gSA Ram is my friend.
;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „Ram‟. ;s dksbZ loZuke rks gS ugha] blfy, laKk gh gks ldrh gSA vc eqn~nk ;s gS fd ;s
dkSu lh laKk gSA ;s ,d O;fDr dk uke gS] blfy, ;s ,d O;fDrokpd laKk gSA
In above example, Subject is „Ram‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
pronoun. Since it‟s not a pronoun, it‟s a noun then. Now the question is, which noun it
is! It‟s a name of a person, so it is a proper noun.
3- oks esjk HkkbZ gSA He is my brother.
;gk¡ ij Subject gS & „He‟. ;s ,d loZuke gSA
In above example, Subject is „He‟. As per the rule, subject can either be a noun or a
pronoun. It‟s a pronoun.
4- bZekunkjh esjs [kwu esa gSA Honesty is in my blood.
Subject gS & „Honesty‟. igys mnkgj.k dh rjg „Honesty‟ dks u Nw ldrs gSa u ns[k ldrs gSa] ;s ,d
Hkkookpd laKk gSA
Subject is „Honesty‟. Just like the first example, it can‟t be experienced by any of our 5
senses, hence it‟s clear, it‟s an abstract noun.
5- i<+uk vPNh vknr gSA Reading is a good habit.
Subject gS & „Reading‟. vkb, lkspsa fd ;g Subject laKk gS ;k fQj loZukeA ;s u gh loZuke gS vkSj u
gh Åij nh xbZ dksbZ Hkh laKkA vkidks FkksM+k dU¶;wt+u gks jgk gksxk fd Read dk eryc rks gksrk gS i<+ukA ;s rks
fØ;k gSA
ysfdu /;ku nhft, fd Read ds lkFk ing yxkdj bls Subject dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA geus vkidks
crk;k Fkk fd fdlh Hkh okD; esa Subject ;k rks laKk gksxh ;k fQj loZukeA rdZ ;g gS fd vxj fdlh fØ;k ds
vkxs ing yxk dj mls laKk dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tk;s rks ml ‚kCn dks tSjUM ;kfu fØ;kokpd laKk dgrs
gSaA
tks fd bl pSIVj esa vkidk vxyk VkWfid gSA

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Subject is „Reading‟. It‟s neither a pronoun nor a noun that we have discussed above.
You might be getting little confused because „Read‟ is a verb. But you must notice that
„read‟ is attached with „ing‟ and used as a subject. We had told you that the subject
can either be a noun or a pronoun. It can‟t be a verb. The fact is; If a verb is added
with „ing‟ and used as a noun in a sentence, that verb is called „Gerund‟. It‟s your next
topic in this chapter.

Gerund¼tSjUM½ fØ;kokpd laKk

vxj fdlh fØ;k ds vkxs ing yxk dj mls laKk dh rjg iz;ksx fd;k tk;s rks mls tSjUM ;kfu fØ;kokpd laKk dgrs
gSaA
If a verb is added with „ing‟ and used as a noun in a sentence, that verb is called „Gerund‟.

Verb ¼fØ;k½ Verb is used as a Noun.

Gerund ¼fØ;kokpd laKk ;kfu tSjUM½
I love you. Loving you is a part of my life.
I think about them. Thinking so much is not good for
health.
I read books. Reading is a good habit.
I run 5 kilometers a day. Running daily is good for health.
Rahul smokes. Smoking is injurious to health.

Noun: Two types (in another classification)

Example: Pen, Boy, Book, Hair,

Countable Noun ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gSA
Star, Girl, Man, Cow, City, Paper
x.kuh; laKk That can be counted.
etc.
Example: Milk, Sugar, Honesty,
Uncountable Noun ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrkA
Delhi, Money, Love, Hate etc.
vx.kuh; laKk That can‟t be counted

vki lksp jgs gksaxs fd „Hair‟ vkSj „Star‟ rks vufxur gksrs gSa fQj bUgsa Countable Noun D;ksa dgk x;kA nsf[k,]
vufxur blfy, dgrs gSa D;ksafd cgqr vf/kd gksrs gSa] fxuuk eqf‛dy gS ij vlEHko rks ugha gS ukA fxu rks ldrs gh gSaA
nwljh ckr geus „Money‟ dks Uncountable Noun dgk gS tcfd iSls dks ge fxu ldrs gSaA ij /;ku nhft, fd
vaxzst+h ds bl ‚kCn „Money‟ dks ge 1 money, 2 money, 3 money vkfn ugha dg ldrs blfy, bls
Uncountable ekuk tkrk gSA

You must be thinking that „Hair‟ and „Star‟ are not possible to count. In fact, counting them is
difficult because they are huge in numbers but it‟s not impossible to count them; we can count
them like 1 star, 2 stars, 3 stars, 1 hair, 2 hairs, 3 hairs etc. That‟s why they are called
countable nouns. Secondly, „Money‟ is an English word which is considered to be an
uncountable noun because we can‟t say “I have 1 money, 2 money, 3 money etc” so can‟t count
it in numbers.

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 The Noun: Gender (fyax)

Masculine Gender Feminine Gender Neuter Gender

¼iqfYyax½ ¼L«khfyax½ ¼uiqaldfyax½
It denotes a male. It denotes a Female. It denotes neither male
¼;g iq#"k tkfr dk cks/k djkrk gS½ ¼;g L«kh tkfr dk cks/k djkrk gS½ nor female but non
living.
¼u iq#"k tkfr u L«kh tkfr] cfYd
;g futhZo phtksa dk cks/k djkrk gSA½
Example: Example: Example:
Boy, Uncle, Brother Woman, Girl, Aunt, Book, Pen, Mobile,
Gents, Actor etc. Sister, Ladies, Actress, Laptop, Chair etc.
Cat, Cow etc.

The Noun: Number ¼opu½

Singular ¼,dopu½ Plural ¼cgqopu½
tc laKk fdlh ,d izk.kh] txg ;k oLrq dk cks/k djk;sA tc laKk ,d ls vf/kd izkf.k;ksa] txgksa ;k oLrqvksa dk cks/k
It denotes one Creature, Place or Thing. djk;sA
It denotes more than one Creature,
Place or Thing.
Rat ¼pwgk½ Rats ¼,d ls T+;knk pwgs½
Mouse ¼pwfg;k½ Mice ¼,d ls T+;knk pqfg;k½
Tooth ¼,d nk¡r½ Teeth ¼,d ls T+;knk nk¡r½
Man ¼,d vkneh½ Men ¼,d ls T+;knk vkneh½
Woman ¼,d vkSjr½ Women ¼,d ls T+;knk vkSjrsa½
Girl ¼,d yM+dh½ Girls ¼,d ls T+;knk yM+fd;k¡½

The Noun: Always ending with „s‟

dqN ,sls Noun Hkh gksrs gSa ftuds vUr esa ges‛kk „s‟ yxrk gSA ij ;s cgqopu ugha gksrsA
There are a few nouns, which always end with „s‟, but they are always plurals.

Scissors ¼lht+lZ½ dSaph

Trousers ¼VªkÅt+lZ½ iSaV
Binoculars ¼ckbuksdqylZ½ nwjchu
Spectacles ¼LiSDVsdYl½ p‛ek
Mathematics ¼eSFkseSfVDl½ xf.kr
News ¼U;wt+½ lekpkj

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh ij tkdj vki i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh V
eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksafd esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsaxh

66
Lesson – 8
Pronoun ¼loZuke½
“loZuke dk iz;ksx laKk dh txg ij fd;k tkrk gSA”
“Pronoun is usually a substitute for a noun.”

uhps fn;s x;s nks mnkgj.kksa dh enn ls le÷kus dk iz;Ru dfj, &

1- Þjke vPNk yM+dk gSA jke esjk nksLr gSA jke ds ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk dke djrs gSaAÞ
Ram is a good boy. Ram is my friend. Ram‟s father works with my father.

2- Þjke vPNk yM+dk gSA oks esjk nksLr gSA mlds ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk dke djrs gSaAÞ
Ram is a good boy. He is my friend. His father works with my father.

ckj&2 „jke‟ dgus ds ctk;] nwljs mnkgj.k esa „oks‟ o „mlds‟ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] ftlls okD; ds vFkZ esa dksbZ
cnyko ugha vk;k gS] cfYd okD; T+;knk csgrj gks x;k gSA pw¡fd jke ,d laKk gS blfy, okD; esa jke dh txg ij
iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys ‚kCn „oks‟ o „mlds‟ loZuke gSaA
„He‟ & „His‟ are being used as substitutes of „Ram‟ in example no.2, which doesn‟t
change the meaning of the sentence. These such words, replacing noun; „He‟ & „His‟ are
called pronouns.

bl pSIVj dh vkWfM;ks ySDpj t+#j lqfu, rkfd lHkh dkWUlsUV o mnkgj.k csgrj rjhds ls le÷k ik;saA

Types ¼izdkj½
uhps nh x;h rkfydk ij xkSj dfj;sA (Look at the table below)
Subjective Objective Possessive Reflexive
Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun
bl Pronoun dk
bl rjg ds Pronoun dk iz;ksx ;s iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk
;g Subject esa iz;ksx ;g Object esa iz;ksx crkus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS fd ;g
fd;s tkrs gSaA fd;s tkrs gSaA fdldk gS & esjk] rqEgkjk] mldk] mudk gS tc Subject
[kqn ds ckjs esa crkrk
;k fQj fdlh vkSj dkA
gksA
I Me My Mine Myself
eSa eq÷ks ;k esjs esjk esjk eSa [kqn
He Him His His Himself
og] oks mls] mldks] mudks mldk mldk oks [kqn
¼,d iq:"k½ ¼,d iq:"k dks½ ¼,d iq:"k dk½ ¼,d iq:"k dk½ ¼,d iq:"k½
She Her Her Hers Herself
og] oks mls] mldks] mudks mldk mldk oks [kqn
¼,d L=h½ ¼,d L=h dks½ ¼,d L=h dk½ ¼,d L=h dk½ ¼,d L=h½
You You Your Yours Yourself/
rqe] vki rqEgsa] rqEgkjs@vkidks] rqEgkjk@vkidk rqEgkjk@vkidk Yourselves
¼rqe@vki ,d O;fDr vkids ¼rqe@vki ,d ¼rqe@vki ,d gks rqe@vki [kqn
gks ldrs gks ;k ,d ls ¼rqe@vki ,d gks ldrs gks ldrs gks ldrs gks ;k ,d ls ¼rqe@vki ,d O;fDr
T+;knk O;fDr gks ldrs gks ;k ,d ls T+;knk gks ;k ,d ls T+;knk O;fDr gks gks ldrs gks ;k ,d
gks½ ldrs gks½ T+;knk gks ldrs ldrs gks½ ls T+;knk O;fDr gks
gks½ ldrs gks½

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 They Them Their Theirs Themselves
os] oks muds mudk mudk Okks [kqn@os [kqn
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½ ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½
ds½ O;fDr;ksa dk½ O;fDr;ksa dk½
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
ge gekjs gekjk gekjk ge [kqn
¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½ ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr½
ds½ O;fDr;ksa dk½ O;fDr;ksa dk½

Difference between possessive cases

My, Mine esjk Your, Yours rqEgkjk
Our, Ours gekjk His mldk ¼,d iq:"k dk½
Her, Hers mldk ¼,d L=h dk½ Their, Theirs mudk ¼,d ls T+;knk yksxksa dk½

„My‟ vkSj „Mine‟ nksuksa dk eryc *esjk* gS ij vxj okD; esa ÞesjkÞ vdsys vk;s rks Mine dk iz;ksx djrs gSa vkSj vxj
*esjk* ds lkFk dqN vkSj tqM+k gqvk gks tSls% esjk HkkbZ] esjs nksLr vkfn rks *esjk* ds fy, „My‟ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA fcYdqy blh
rjg] „Your‟ vkSj „Yours‟ nksuksa dk eryc *rqEgkjk* gS ij vxj okD; esa ÞrqEgkjkÞ vdsys vk;s rks Yours dk iz;ksx
djrs gSa vkSj vxj *rqEgkjk* ds lkFk dqN vkSj tqM+k gqvk gks tSls% rqEgkjk HkkbZ] rqEgkjk nksLr vkfn rks *rqEgkjk* ds fy,
„Your‟ dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA

Example:
rqe esjs HkkbZ gksA You are my brother. ¼;gk¡ ij esjs ds lkFk HkkbZ yxk gqvk gS blfy, My dk iz;ksx fd;k
x;k½ rqe esjs gksA You are mine. ¼;gk¡ ij esjs ds lkFk dqN ugha yxk gS blfy, Mine
dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
;s esjh fdrkc gSA This is my book. ¼;gk¡ ij esjh ds lkFk fdrkc gS blfy, My dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k½
;s fdrkc esjh gSA This book is mine.¼;gk¡ ij esjh ds lkFk dqN ugha yxk gS] fdrkc rks Subject dk fgLlk gS
blfy, Mine dk iz;ksx fd;kA½

Subjective Pronoun Example

1- oks ikxy gSA He is mad.
2- ge nsgjknwu esa FksA We were in Dehradun.

Objective Pronoun Example

1- jke esjs lkFk FkkA Ram was with me.
2- ikik us eq÷ks Mk¡VkA Dad scolded me.
3- cPpk rqEgas ns[k jgk gSA Baby is watching you.
4- ikik us muds fy, cgqr dqN fd;kA Papa did a lot for them.

Possessive Pronoun Example

1- jke esjk lcls NksVk csVk gSA Ram is my youngest son.
2- fny rqEgkjk gS] esjk ughaA Heart is yours, not mine.
3- esjk fny jks jgk FkkA My heart was crying.
4- HkkbZ mldk gS] jke dk ugha gSA Brother is his/hers, not Ram‟s.
5- rqe esjs ugha FksA You were not mine.

Reflexive Pronoun Example

1- eSa ;s [kqn d:¡xkA I will do it myself.
2- oks ogk¡ vius vki tk;sxkA He will go there himself.
3- ;s vki [kqn dfj,A Do it yourself.

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 Lesson – 9
Adjective ¼fo‛ks’k.k½
fo‛ks"k.k oks ‚kCn ;k 'kCnksa dk lewg ¼miokD;½ gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke dh
Adjectives are the words or the group of words that show the quality of noun/pronoun or pro

vkb, dqN mnkgj.k ns[ksaA

Let‟s see some examples.

1) Ram is brave. ( jke cgknqj gS)

„cgknqj‟ gksuk jke dh fo‛ks"krk gSA pw¡fd jke ,d laKk gS blfy, „Brave‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
To be „Brave‟ is the quality of Ram. Since Ram is a noun, hence Brave is an adjective.

2) He was brave. ( og cgknqj gS)

„cgknqj‟ gksuk mldh ;kfu „He‟ dh fo‛ks"krk gSA pw¡fd ÞogÞ ;kfu „He‟ ,d loZuke gS blfy, „Brave‟ ,d
fo‛ks"k.k gSA
To be „Brave‟ is the quality of „He‟. Since „He‟ is a pronoun, hence Brave is an adjective.

3) I have some/much water. ( esjs ikl FkksM+k@cgqr ikuh gS)

ikuh ,d laKk gS blds lkFk „FkksM+k‟ ;k „T+;knk‟ yxkus ls ikuh dh ek=k ds ckjs esa irk py jgk gSA ;kfu ;g ‚kCn
ikuh ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk ns+ jgk gS blfy, „some/much‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here, we have used „some/much‟ with water. It gives an idea about the amount of
water. So using „some‟ or „much‟ gives some additional information about water. „Water‟
is a noun so „some/much‟ is an adjective.

4) Aman is my brother who plays with you. (veu esjk HkkbZ gS tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS)
bl okD; esa tSls gh dgk x;k fd “tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS” ] blls veu ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk
yxrh gS fd oks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS] p¡wfd veu ,d O;fDr dk uke ;kfu laKk gS blfy, laKk ds ckjs esa dqN
vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g okD; “tks rqEgkjs lkFk [ksyrk gS” ,d fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
In this sentence, when said “who plays with you”, it provides additional information
about Aman that he plays with you. Since Aman is the name of a person, means a
noun, hence, the clause „who plays with you‟, which provides additional information
about a noun is an adjective clause.

5) He is Ram who is older than I. (oks jke gS tks eq>ls cM+k gS)
tc ge ;s dgrs gSa fd “tks eq>ls cM+k gS” ] rks geas jke ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk yxrh gS blfy, ;g
okD; “tks eq>ls cM+k gS” ,d fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
When We say “who is older than I”, it gives us some additional information about Ram,
who is a noun. Hence, this clause „who is older than I‟ is an adjective clause.

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izk;% fo'ks"k.kksa dh rhu degrees gksrh gSa&
Generally, There are three degrees of adjectives-

1. Positive
2. Comparative
3. Superlative

Use of „er‟ / „est‟

Positive Comparative Superlative

1. Tall ¼dn esa yEck½ Taller¼T+;knk yEck½ Tallest¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
2. Short ¼dn esa NksVk½ Shorter¼T+;knk NksVk½ Shortest ¼lcls T+;knk NksVk½
3. Big ¼cM+k½ Bigger¼T+;knk cM+k½ Biggest ¼lcls T+;knk cM+k½
4. Small ¼NksVk½ Smaller¼T+;knk NksVk½ Smallest ¼lcls T+;knk NksVk½
5. Great ¼egku½ Greater¼T+;knk egku½ Greatest ¼lcls T+;knk egku½
6. Lengthy¼yEck½ Lengthier¼T+;knk yEck½ Lengthiest ¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
7. Long ¼yEck½ Longer¼T+;knk yEck½ Longest ¼lcls T+;knk yEck½
8. Wide ¼pkSM+k½ Wider¼T+;knk pkSM+k½ Widest ¼lcls T+;knk pkSM+k½
9. High ¼Å¡pk½ Higher¼T+;knk Å¡pk½ Highest ¼lcls T+;knk Å¡pk½
10. Deep ¼xgjk½ Deeper¼T+;knk xgjk½ Deepest ¼lcls T+;knk xgjk½
11. Black ¼dkyk½ Blacker¼T+;knk dkyk½ Blackest ¼lcls T+;knk dkyk½
12. White ¼lQ+sn½ Whiter¼T+;knk lQ+sn½ Whitest ¼lcls T+;knk lQ+sn½
13. Bitter ¼dM+ok½ Bitterer¼T+;knk dM+ok½ Bitterest ¼lcls T+;knk dM+ok½
14. Sweet ¼ehBk½ Sweeter ¼T+;knk ehBk½ Sweetest ¼lcls T+;knk ehBk½
15. Sour ¼[kV~Vk½ Sourer¼T+;knk [kV~Vk½ Sourest ¼lcls T+;knk [kV~Vk½
16. Clean ¼lkQ½ Cleaner¼T+;knk lkQ½ Cleanest ¼lcls T+;knk lkQ½
17. Dirty ¼xank½ Dirtier¼T+;knk xank½ Dirtiest ¼lcls T+;knk xank½
18. Cold ¼BaMk½ Colder¼T+;knk BaMk½ Coldest ¼lcls T+;knk BaMk½
19. Hot ¼xeZ½ Hotter¼T+;knk xeZ½ Hottest ¼lcls T+;knk xeZ½
20. Fast ¼rst+½ Faster¼T+;knk rst+½ Fastest ¼lcls T+;knk rst+½
21. Slow ¼gYdk½ Slower¼T+;knk gYdk½ Slowest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
22. Hard ¼dBksj½ Harder¼T+;knk dBksj½ Hardest ¼lcls T+;knk dBksj½
23. Tough ¼dBksj½ Tougher ¼T+;knk dBksj½ Toughest ¼lcls T+;knk
dBksj½
24. Soft ¼eqyk;e@dksey½ Softer¼T+;knk eqyk;e@dksey½ Softest ¼lcls T+;knk eqyk;e½
25. Rich ¼vehj½ Richer¼T+;knk vehj½ Richest ¼lcls T+;knk vehj½
26. Poor ¼xjhc½ Poorer¼T+;knk xjhc½ Poorest ¼lcls T+;knk xjhc½
27. Strong ¼etcwr½ Stronger¼T+;knk etcwr½ Strongest ¼lcls T+;knk etcwr½
28. Weak ¼detksj½ Weaker¼T+;knk detksj½ Weakest ¼lcls T+;knk detksj½
29. Heavy¼Hkkjh½ Heavier¼T+;knk Hkkjh½ Heaviest ¼lcls T+;knk Hkkjh½
30. Light ¼gYdk½ Lighter¼T+;knk gYdk½ Lightest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
31. Young¼mez esa NksVk] toku½ Younger ¼mez esa T+;knk NksVk½ Youngest ¼mez esa lcls NksVk ½
32. Old ¼mez esa cM+k] iqjkuk½ Older/Elder¼T+;knk cM+k@iqjkuk½ Oldest/Eldest¼lcls cM+k@iqjkuk½
33. Bright¼pedhyk½ Brighter ¼T+;knk pedhyk½ Brightest ¼lcls T+;knk pedhyk½
34. Clever¼pkykd½ Cleverer ¼T+;knk pkykd½ Cleverest ¼lcls T+;knk pkykd½
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35. Dear¼I;kjk½ Dearer ¼T+;knk I;kjk½ Dearest ¼lcls T+;knk I;kjk½

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 36. Loud ¼Å¡ph vkokt½ Louder¼T+;knk Å¡ph vkokt½ Loudest ¼lcls Å¡ph vkokt½
37. Near ¼djhc½ Nearer¼T+;knk djhc½ Nearest ¼lcls T+;knk djhc½
38. Soon ¼tYnh½ Sooner¼T+;knk tYnh½ Soonest ¼lcls T+;knk tYnh½
39. Wise ¼cqf)eku½ Wiser¼T+;knk cqf)eku½ Wisest ¼lcls T+;knk cqf)eku½
40. Pure ¼ifo=] lkQ½ Purer¼T+;knk ifo=] lkQ½ Purest ¼lcls T+;knk ifo=] lkQ½
41. Brave ¼cgknqj½ Braver¼T+;knk cgknqj½ Bravest ¼lcls T+;knk cgknqj½

Use of more/most

1. Active¼rstrjkZj½ More Active ¼T+;knk rstrjkZj½ Most Active ¼lcls T+;knk rstrjkZj½
2. Beautiful ¼lqUnj½ More Beautiful¼T+;knk lqUnj½ Most Beautiful ¼lcls T+;knk lqUnj½
3. Careful¼lko/kku½ More Careful ¼T+;knk lko/kku½ Most Careful ¼lcls T+;knk lko/kku½
4. Cheerful ¼[kq‛k½ More Cheerful ¼T+;knk [kq‛k½ Most Cheerful ¼lcls T+;knk [kq‛k½
5. Dangerous ¼[krjukd½ More Dangerous ¼T+;knk [krjukd½ Most Dangerous ¼lcls T+;knk [krjukd½
6. Difficult¼eqf‛dy½ More Difficult ¼T+;knk eqf‛dy½ Most Difficult ¼lcls T+;knk eqf‛dy½
7. Diligent ¼esgurh½ More Diligent ¼T+;knk esgurh½ Most Diligent ¼lcls T+;knk esgurh½
8. Famous¼izfl)½ More Famous ¼T+;knk izfl)½ Most Famous ¼lcls T+;knk izfl)½
9. Foolish¼ew[kZ½ More Foolish ¼T+;knk ew[kZ½ Most Foolish ¼lcls T+;knk ew[kZ½
10. Harmful¼gkfudkjd½ More Harmful ¼T+;knk gkfudkjd½ Most Harmful ¼lcls T+;knk gkfudkjd½
11. Honest¼bZekunkj½ More Honest ¼T+;knk bZekunkj½ Most Honest ¼lcls T+;knk bZekunkj½
12. Important¼egRoiw.kZ½ More Important ¼T+;knk egRoiw.kZ½ Most Important ¼lcls T+;knk egRoiw.kZ½
13. Industrious¼esgurh½ More Industrious ¼T+;knk esgurh½ Most Industrious ¼lcls T+;knk esgurh½
14. Intelligent¼cqf)eku½ More Intelligent ¼T+;knk cqf)eku½ Most Intelligent ¼lcls T+;knk cqf)eku½
15. Interesting¼jkspd½ More Interesting ¼T+;knk jkspd½ Most interesting ¼lcls T+;knk jkspd½
16. Popular¼izfl)½ More Popular ¼T+;knk izfl)½ Most Popular ¼lcls T+;knk izfl)½
17. Powerful¼‛kfDr‛kkyh½ More Powerful ¼T+;knk ‚kfDr‛kkyh½ Most Powerful ¼lcls T+;knk ‚kfDr‛kkyh½
18. Patient¼/kS;Zoku½ More Patient ¼ T+;knk /k;Zoku½ Most Patient ¼lcls T+;knk /k;Zoku½
19. Urgent¼t+#jh½ More Urgent ¼ T+;knk t+#jh½ Most urgent ¼lcls T+;knk t+#jh½
20. Useful¼mi;ksxh½ More useful ¼ T+;knk mi;ksxh½ Most Useful ¼lcls T+;knk mi;ksxh½
Some adjectives have their comparative and Superlative degrees in an irregular pattern:

1. Good, Well ¼vPNk] Bhd½ Better ¼csgrj½ Best¼lcls T+;knk vPNk½

2. Bad, ill ¼cqjk½ Worse¼T+;knk cqjk½ Worst¼lcls T+;knk cqjk½
3. Much, Many¼T+;knk] dbZ½ More ¼vkSj T+;knk½ Most¼lcls T+;knk½
4. Little ¼FkksM+k] de½ Less, Lesser¼vkSj FkksM+k de½ Least¼lcls T+;knk de½
uhps fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa fo‛ks"k.k ‚kCnksa ;k fo‛ks"k.k miokD;ksa dks xgjs dkys v{kjksa esa fy[kk gqvk gSA
Following are the sentences, where adjectives are written in bold letters.

1. It is a bright day.
2. Dehradun is a huge city.
3. She is a very nice girl.
4. They are cute.
5. They both are in a difficult situation.
6. I am taller than you.

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Lesson – 10
Verbs ¼fØ;k,¡½
eku yhft, vki fcLrj ij ysVs gq, fdlh dks ;kn dj jgs gSaA vki lkspsaxs fd eSa dksbZ dke rks dj ugha jg
eryc ;kn djukA
blfy, ;s er lksfp, fd fØ;k dk eryc flQZ oks dke gS ftlesa vkids gkFk&iSj iz;ksx esa yk;s tk jgs gksaA lgh

Suppose, you are lying on the bed and missing someone. You might think of doing no physical work b

fØ;k oks gS ftlds ek/;e ls Subject ds dk;Z ;k voLFkk ¼fLFkfr½ dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA
Verb is the one, which describes the action or the state of the subject.

vkb, le÷ksa (Let‟s understand) &

ekuk eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA” bl okD; esa gS Subject gS & v;k¡‛k vkSj Verb gS & lksukA bl okD; esa Subject ds
dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA ;gk¡ ij Subject lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA
blh rjg] eku yhft, eSa dg¡w “v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA” Subject gS & v;k¡‛kA ;gk¡ ij v;k¡‛k dksbZ dk;Z ugha dj jgk
cfYd mlds ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd og 8 eghus dk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd voLFkk
dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA voLFkk dk lh/kk rkRi;Z ;g gS fd Subject fdl le; esa & orZeku esa] chrs gq, dy esa ;k fQj
vkus okys dy esa fdl voLFkk esa gSA

xkSj dfj, &

Ayansh is sleeping. ¼v;k¡‛k lks jgk gSA½

¼v;k¡‛k lksus dk dk;Z dj jgk gSA bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh is 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk gSA½

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd orZeku voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh was 8 months old. ¼v;k¡‛k 8 eghus dk FkkA½

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd chrs gqbZ le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

Ayansh will be 8 months old.

¼bl okD; esa Subject ds dk;Z dh ugha cfYd vkus okys le; dh ,d voLFkk dh tkudkjh feyrh gSA½

ftu okD;ksa esa Subject fdlh dk;Z dks dj jgk gks ,sls okD; “Tenses(dky)” esa vkrs gaS vkSj ftu okD;ksa esa Subject
dksbZ dk;Z u dj jgk gS] dsoy Subject dh voLFkk@fLFkfr ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gks] ,sls okD; “Simple
Sentences(ljy okD;)” esa vkrs gSaA nksuksa rjg ds okD;ksa dks vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVlZ esa foLrkj ls i<+saxsA

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 fØ;k,¡ nks izdkj dh gksrh gSa (Verbs are of two types):

a½ eq[; fØ;k (Main Verb)

;g fØ;k subject ds dk;Z dh tkudkjh nsrh gSA eq[; fØ;k dk lh/kk lk eryc gS dksbZ Hkh dke tSls ukpuk] xkuk]
lkspuk] i<+uk] fy[kuk] ns[kuk] fgyuk] ;kn djuk] ihVuk vkfnA
Main verb describes the action of the subject such as to dance, to sing, to think, to read, to write,
to see, to move, to miss, to beat etc.

t+#jh ugha fd dke ogh gks tks gkFk iSjksa ls ;kfu physical gksA vxj vki dqN lksp Hkh jgs gSa rks Hkh fnekx dke dj jgk
gS ;kfu Mental work gks jgk gS blfy, lkspuk Hkh ,d dk;Z gh gSA
Action doesn‟t only mean the physical work. When you think, your brain works, so „to think‟ is also
an action ; hence it is a verb.

b½ lgk;d fØ;k (Helping Verb/Auxiliary Verb)

;g fØ;k subject dh voLFkk ds ckjs esa crkrh gSA subject ds vuqlkj Helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
Examples: is, am, are, was, were, has, have, had, do, does, did, will etc.

Main verbs dh rhu forms gksrh gSa] dqN egRoiw.kZ mnkgj.k fuEufyf[kr gSa –

1st form 2nd form 3rd form

Go (tkuk) went gone
Meet (feyuk) met met
Come (vkuk) came come
Leave (NksM+uk) left left
Find (ikuk) found found
Live (jguk) lived lived
Get (ikuk) got got, gotten
Stay (Bgjuk) stayed stayed
Dance (Makl djuk) danced danced
Play ([ksyuk) played played
Sit (cSBuk) sat sat
Tear (QkM+uk) tore torn
Stand ([kM+s gksuk) stood stood
Start (‚kq# djuk) started started
Laugh (g¡luk) laughed laughed
Fill (Hkjuk) filled filled
Smile (eqLdqjkuk) smiled smiled
Send (Hkstuk) sent sent
Write (fy[kuk) wrote written
Prepare (rS;kj djuk) prepared prepared
Read (i<+uk) read (jSM) read (jSM)
Weep (jksuk) wept wept
Eat ([kkuk) ate eaten
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Shout (fpYykuk) shouted shouted
Drink (ihuk) drank drunk
Run (nkSM+uk) ran run
Wear (iguuk) wore worn
Get up (mBuk) got up got up
Cost (ewY; gksuk) cost cost
Thank (/kU;okn nsuk) thanked thanked
Move (fgyuk] fgykuk) moved moved
Sound (lquus esa yxuk) sounded sounded
See (ns[kuk) saw seen
Touch (Nwuk) touched touched
Look (ns[kuk) looked looked
Learn (lh[kuk) learned learned/learnt
Watch (ns[kuk) watched watched
Cook ([kkuk idkuk) cooked cooked
Catch (idM+uk) caught caught
Teach (i<+kuk) taught taught
Hang (yVduk] yVdkuk) hung hung
Bring (ykuk) brought brought
Comb (cky cukukk) combed combed
Take (ysuk) took taken
Ride (2 wheeler pykuk) rode ridden (fjMu)
Give (nsuk) gave given
Drive (4 wheeler pykuk) drove driven (fMªou)
Break (rksM+uk) broke broken
Open ([kksyuk) opened opened
Hold (idM+uk) held held
Close (cUn djuk) closed closed
Shiver (dk¡iuk) shivered shivered
Sleep (lksuk) slept slept
Bother (ijs‛kku djuk) bothered bothered
Sing (xkuk) sang sung
Know (tkuuk) knew known
Cut (dkVuk) cut cut
Think (lkspuk) thought thought
Put (j[kuk) put put
Speak (ckr djuk) spoke spoken
Walk (pyuk] ?kweuk) walked walked
Seem (yxuk) seemed seemed
Talk (ckr djuk) talked talked
Feel (eglwl djuk) felt felt
Say (dguk) said said
Work (djuk) worked worked
Tell (crkuk) told told
Want (pkguk) wanted wanted
Ask (iwNuk) asked asked
Feed (f[kykuk) fed (QSM) fed (QSM)

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Complain(f‛kdk;r djuk) complained complained
Creep(jsaxuk) crept crept
Seek (<¡+w<uk) sought (lkWV) sought (lkWV)
Dig([kksnuk) dug dug
Dip(Mqcksuk) dipped dipped
Flee(Hkkx tkuk) fled fled
Bite (nk¡r ls dkVuk) bit bitten
Hide (fNiuk) hid (fgM) hidden
Begin (‚kq# djuk) began (fcxSu) begun (fcxu)
Dream (liuk ns[kuk) dreamed, dreamt (MªSEV) dreamed, dreamt (MªSEV)
Show (fn[kkuk) showed showed
Hit (ekjuk) hit hit
Beat (ihVuk) beat (chV) beaten (chVu)
Marry(‚kknh djuk) married married
Peep (÷kk¡duk) peeped peeped
Plough(gy yxkuk) ploughed ploughed
Rest(vkjke djuk) rested rested
Rise (mxuk ;k c<+uk) rose(jkst+) risen (fjt+u)
Spit(Fkwduk) spat spat
Hurt (pksV igq¡pkuk) hurt hurt
Throw (Qsaduk) threw thrown
Fly (mM+uk) flew flown
Abuse(xkyh nsuk) abused abused
Add(tksM+uk) added added
Tie(ck¡/kuk) tied tied
Weave(cquuk) wove(okso) woven(oqou)
Bathe(ugkuk) bathed(csn~M) bathed(csn~M)
Bid(cksyh yxkuk) bade (csM) bidden (fcMu)
Wring(fupksM+uk ;k ejksM+uk) wrung(jax) wrung(jax)
Fall (fxjuk) fell fallen
Bear (tUe nsuk) bore born
Very Important:
Lay(j[kuk) laid(ysM) laid(ysM)
Lie (>wB cksyuk) lied(ykbM) lied(ykbM)
Lie (ysVuk) lay(ys) lain(ysu)

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Lesson – 11
Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k½
fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k oks ‚kCn ;k ‚kCnksa dk lewg ¼miokD;½ gksrs gSa tks fØ;k dh ;k fQj fo‛k

Adverbs are the words or a clause (group of words) that show the quality of verb/adjective/another ad

Let‟s understand with the help of a few examples.

vkb, dqN mnkgj.kksa dh enn ls le÷ksa &

1) Ram runs fast. ( jke rst nkSM+rk gS)

„rst‟ ‚kCn dk iz;ksx djus ls nkSM+us ds ckjs dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk pyrh gSA pw¡fd nkSM+uk(run) ,d fØ;k gS
blfy, bl fØ;k ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g ‚kCn „rst‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
When we add the word „fast‟, it modifies/describes the verb „Run‟. Hence the word „fast‟
is an adverb.

2) I study till late. ( eaS nsj rd i<+rk g¡w)

„nsj rd‟ dk iz;ksx djus ls Þi<+usÞ ds ckjs dqN vfrfjDr ckr irk pyrh gSA pw¡fd i<+uk (study) ,d fØ;k gS
blfy, bl fØ;k ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk nsus okyk ;g ‚kCn lewg „nsj rd‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA
When we add the word „till late‟, it modifies/describes the verb „Study‟. Hence „till late‟
is an adverb.

3) He is a very good boy. ( oks cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSA)

;s dguk fd Þoks cgqr vPNk yM+dk gSAÞ ;gk¡ ÞvPNk gksukÞ mldh¼He½ fo‛ks"krk gSA p¡wfd ÞogÞ ;kfu He ,d
loZuke gS blfy, „good (vPNk)‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gSA vc tc ge dgrs gSa „very good (cgqr vPNk)‟ rks „very‟
dguk „good‟ dh Hkh fo‛ks"krk crkrk gSA pw¡fd „good‟ ,d fo‛ks"k.k gS blfy, „very‟ ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here, being „good‟ is the quality of „He‟, so „good‟ is an adjective because „He‟ is a
pronoun. But when we use „very‟, then basically „very‟ is showing even the quality of
„good‟. Since „good‟ is an adjective so „very‟ is an adverb because it is polishing an
adjective(good).

4) Ram runs very fast. (jke cgqr rst+ nkSM+rk gSA)

„fast‟ ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k gS D;ksafd ;g ,d fØ;k (run) dks rjk‛k jgk gS ;kfu mldk xq.k crk jgk gSA „very‟
yxkus ls „fast‟ dks Hkh rjk‛kk tk jgk gS „very‟ Hkh ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k gSA
Here „fast‟ is an adverb because it polishes a verb „run‟ and using „very‟ polishes „fast‟ so
„very‟ is basically polishing another adverb(fast), hence „very‟ is also an adverb.

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5) Ram runs fast, which is good for us. (jke rst+ nkSM+rk gS tks gekjs fy, vPNk gSA)

;gk¡ ij ;s dguk fd Þtks gekjs fy, vPNk gSÞ mlds rst nkSM+us ds xq.k ds ckjs esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk ns jgk gS
blfy, Þtks gekjs fy, vPNk gSÞ ,d fØ;k fo‛ks"k.k miokD; gSA
Saying that „which is good for us‟ is basically giving extra information about his quality
of running fast. Hence “which is good for us” is an adverb clause.

izk;% fØ;k fo'ks"k.kksa dh rhu degrees gksrh gSa & Positive, Comparative and Superlative. ij dqN fØ;k
fo'ks"k.kksa dh degrees ugha gksrh gSaA tSls & “very”, “quite” vkfnA
Generally, an adverb has three degrees: Positive, Comparative and Superlative. But
few adverbs don‟t have degrees e.g. “very”, “quite” etc.

Positive Comparative Superlative

1. Fast ¼rst+½ Faster¼T+;knk rst+ ½ Fastest¼lcls T+;knk rst+ ½
2. Slow ¼gYdk] /khjs½ Slower¼T+;knk gYdk½ Slowest ¼lcls T+;knk gYdk½
3. Often(vDlj½ More often(T+;knk vDlj½ Most often (lcls T+;knk vDlj½
4. Late ¼ckn esa] nsj ls½ Later ¼T+;knk nsj ls½ Last ¼lcls T+;knk nsj ls½
5. In ¼vUnj½ Inner ¼T+;knk vUnj½ Innermost ¼lcls T+;knk vUnj½
6. Up ¼Åij½ Upper ¼T+;knk Åij½ Uppermost ¼lcls T+;knk Åij½
7. Far ¼nwj½ Farther¼T;knk nwj½ Farthest ¼lcls T;knk nwj½

Few Examples of Adverbs ¼fØ;k fo‛ks"k.kksa ds dqN mnkgj.k½

uhps lHkh mnkgj.kksa esa ml fØ;k dks xgjk dkyk o frjNk fd;k x;k gS ftldh fo‛ks’krk crkus ds fy, uhps fn;s x;s fØ;k
fo‛ks’k.k iz;ksx fd;s x;s gSaA (The verbs, which are being modified by the use of following
adverbs are written bold & italic.)

Afterwards ¼ckn esa½@Soon afterwards ¼rqjUr ckn½

1) I will come afterwards if you are busy now. eSa ckn esa vkšxk vxj vki vHkh O;Lr gSaA
2) You left at 4 pm and soon afterwards, we left. vki 4 cts fudys vkSj mlds rqjUr ckn ge
fudysA

Again ¼nksckjk½@Once again ¼,d ckj fQj½@Again & again ¼ckj ckj½
1) That girl will go again. oks yM+dh nksckjk tk;sxhA
2) I will think once again. eSa ,d ckj fQj lkspw¡xkA
3) You are doing the same mistake again and again. rqe ckj&ckj ,d gh xyrh dj jgs gksA

Ago ¼igys½s
2) They left one hour ago. os ,d ?kaVs igys fudysA
3) He had come here about two years ago. oks ;gk¡ yxHkx nks lky igys vk;k FkkA

Already ¼igys ls gh½

1) I have already told you about this. eSa rqEgsa igys gh bl ckjs esa crk pqdk g¡wA
2) I have already listened to the this song. eSa igys ls gh ;s xkuk lqu pqdk gw¡A

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Away ¼nwj½
1) You can‟t go away from me. rqe eq÷kls nwj ugha tk ldrsA
2) Stay away from that girl. ml yM+dh ls nwj jgksA

Early ¼tYnh½
1) I get up early in the morning. eSa lqcg tYnh mBrk gw¡A
2) He reached office pretty early. og vkWfQl cgqr tYnh igq¡pkA

Else ¼dqN@dgha@dksbZ vkSj½

1) He went somewhere else. / He went elsewhere. og dgha vkSj x;kA
2) I don‟t want anything else. / I want nothing else.eSa dqN vkSj ugha pkgrkA
3) I am wearing someone else‟s shirt. eSaus fdlh vkSj dh ‚kVZ iguh gSA

Enough ¼dkQh½
1) They are preparing enough for the exams. os ijh{kk ds fy, dkQh rS;kjh dj jgs gSaA
2) He said enough to me . mlus eq÷ks dkQh dqN dgkA

Ever ¼dHkh½
1) Did you ever think about this? D;k rqeus dHkh bl ckjs esa lkspk \
2) Do you ever go there? D;k rqe dHkh ogk¡ tkrs gks \
3) This is the best book that I have ever read. ;s lcls vPNh fdrkc gS tks eSaus dHkh i<+h gSA

Far ¼nwj] cgqr½

1) He is far more experienced than you. mls rqels dgha@cgqr T+;knk vuqHko gSA
2) He swims far better than you. oks rqels cgqr vPNk rSjrk gSA
3) He lives far away. oks cgqr nwj jgrk gSA
4) How far can you see? rqe fdruh nwj rd ns[k ldrs gks \

Hardly/Rarely/Seldom ¼eqf‛dy ls gh] ‚kk;n gh dHkh] ‚kk;n gh dqN½

1) He hardly/rarely/seldom comes here. oks eqf‛dy ls gh dHkh ;gk¡ vkrk gSA
2) I could hardly hear you. eSa eqf‛dy ls gh rqEgkjh ckr lqu ldkA
3) I hardly ate anything yesterday. eSaus dy ‚kk;n gh dqN [kk;k A
4) We seldom meet each other these days. ge bu fnuksa eqf‛dy ls dHkh ,d nwljs ls
feyrs gSaA

Just ¼cl vHkh½

1) I am just coming. eSa cl vHkh vk jgk gw¡A
2) The bus has just left. cl vHkh&2 fudyh gSA
3) He has left just now. oks cl vHkh fudyk gSA
4) How did he just solve this question? mlus ;s iz‛u cl vHkh dSls dj fn;k \

Never ¼dHkh ugha½

1) I never said anything to you. eSaus rqEgsa dHkh dqN ugha dgkA
2) I never thought to hurt you. eSaus rqEgsa nq[k igq¡pkus dh dHkh ugha lksphA
3) She never cares for me. oks esjh fpUrk dHkh ugha djrhA

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Often/ Pretty often/Quite often/Very often ¼vDlj½/ How often ¼vDlj fdruh ckj½
1) I visit his home pretty often. eSa vDlj mlds ?kj tkrk gw¡A
2) How often do you go office? vki vDlj fdruh ckj vkWfQl tkrs gks \

Once ¼,d ckj½@At once ¼,d lkFk½@Once again ¼,d ckj fQj½@Once more ¼,d ckj vkSj½
1) I had gone there once. eSa ,d ckj ogk¡ x;k FkkA
2) They all shouted at once. os lkjs ,d lkFk fpYyk,sA
3) I thought once again. eSaus ,d ckj fQj lkspkA
4) You must read this book once more. rqEgsa ;g fdrkc ,d ckj vkSj i<+uh pkfg,A

Only ¼dsoy] bdykSrk½

1) He is only going there. oks dsoy ogk¡ tk jgk gSA
2) They were only drinking the water. os dsoy ikuh ih jgs FksA
3) Aman only ate 5 grapes. veu us dsoy ik¡p vaxwj [kk;sA

Quite ¼cgqr] dkQh½

1) She was quite a daring girl. oks dkQh fgEer okyh yM+dh FkhA
2) Dad is doing it quite easily. ikik bls cgqr vkjke ls dj jgsa gSaA
3) That was quite a touching moment. oks cgqr gh fny Nwus okyk iy FkkA

So ¼cgqr] ,slk½
1) Why are you saying so? rqe ,slk D;ksa dg jgs gks \
2) Do you think so? D;k rqe ,slk lksprs gks \

Together ¼lkFk esa½

1) They always work together. os ges‛kk lkFk dke djrs gaSA
2) We go to class together. ge Dykl lkFk esa tkrs gSaA
3) It is not possible to work together. lkFk esa dke djuk lEHko ugha gSA

Very ¼cgqr½
1) He runs very fast. oks cgqr rst+ nkSM+rk gSA
2) I reached very early today. vkt eSa cgqr tYnh igq¡pkA

,d ckr /;ku jgs fd vf/kdrj ftu ‚kCnksa ds vUr esa LY dk iz;ksx gksrk gaS os fØ;k fo‛ks’k.k gksrs gSaA
Kindly note that mostly the words ending with LY are Adverbs. Examples - Quickly, nicely, firstly, cle

,d ckr vkSj /;ku nhft,xk] ftrus Hkh ‚kCn Åij mnkgj.k esa fn;s x;s gSa tSls Quick, nice, first, clear, sin

Ram is nice. jke vPNk gSA jke ,d noun gS blfy, vPNk (nice) ,d adjective gSA
He danced nicely. oks vPNh rjg ukpkA ukpuk ,d verb gS blfy, vPNh rjg (nicely) ,d adverb gSA
Åij fn;s okD;ksa esa vPNk gksuk (nice) fdldh fo‛ks’krk gS & jke dh vkSj vPNh rjg (nicely) fdldh fo‛ks’kr
ukpus dhA

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Lesson – 12
Interjection ¼foLe;kfncks/kd½
Interjections dk iz;ksx viuh Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA vpkud gqbZ fdlh ?kV
Interjections are used to express sudden feelings or emotions that originate due to sudden

Interjections may express:

 Joy: ¼[kq‛kh O;Dr djus gsrq½
Hurrah!, Great!, Wow!, Thanks! etc.
 Grief: ¼nq[k O;Dr djus gsrq½
Alas!, Oh my God!, So sorry!, What a tragedy!, How tragic!, Oh no!, How sad! etc.
 Surprise: ¼pkSadrs gq, Hkkoukvksa dks O;Dr djus gsrq½
What! , Ha!, Oh my God!, My Goodness!, Amazing!, Fantastic!, Wow! , Is it! etc.
 On Consent: ¼viuh lgefr O;Dr djus gsrq½
Bravo! , Please! , Certainly! , True! , Well done!, Sure! etc.
 On Mistake: ¼viuh xyrh dks O;Dr djus gsrq½
Oh! , Oops!, My God!, No! etc.

,DlDyses‛ku ekdZ iz;ksx ds dqN mnkgj.k– Few Examples of exclamation mark usage-

Hkxoku vkidks vk‛khZokn ns! God bless you! xkWM CySl ;w!
okg! ] xtc! ] cgqr cf<+;k! Wow! , Wonderful! oko! oUMjQ+qy!
Hkxoku dh n;k ls! ] izHkq dh —ik ls! By God‟s grace ! ck; xkWM~l xzsl!
fdrus nq[k dh ckr gS! ] fdruk nq[kn! How sad! , How tragic! gko lSM! gko VªSftd!
mldh bruh fgEer! How dare he! gko Msvj gh!
vksg I;kjs! ¼tc fny esa I;kj meM+s½ Oh honey! , Oh dear! vksg guh! ] vksg fM;j!
cgqr cM+h xyrh! Terrible mistake! VSfjcy feLVsd!
fo‛okl ugha gks jgk! ] cgqr gh tcjnLr! Incredible! , Amazing! Awesome! bUØSfMcy! vesft+ax!
vkWle! cdokl! Absurd! , Nonsense ! Aweful! ,sCt+MZ! ukulSUl! vkWQ+y!
Hkxoku dk ‚kqØ gS! Thank God! FkSad xkWM!
;s gqbZ u ckr! ¼thr dh [kq‛kh½ Hurry! , That‟s it! gqjsZ! ] nSV~l bV!
ut+j u yxs! Touch wood! , Finger crossed! Vp oqM! ] fQ+Uxj ØkWLM!
t+#j! ] D;ksa ugha! ] iDdk! Sure! , Why not!, of course! ‚;ksj! ] ok; ukWV! ] vQ+ dkst+!
‚kkckl! Well done! oSy Mu!
D;k [kcj gS! ¼[kq‛kh ls dguk½ What a news! oV v U;wt+!
lp esa! ¼pkSadrs gq,½ Really! , Is it! fj;yh! ] bt+ bV!
cgqr&2 /kU;okn! Thanks a lot! FkSaDl v ykWV!
c/kkbZ gks! Congratulations! dkWUxzSpqys‛kUl!
D;k vkbfM;k gS! What an idea! oV ,su vkbfM;k!

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Lesson – 13
Articles (A{,}/An{,su}, The{n ;k nh})
A, An vkSj The - ;s rhuksa Articles dgykrs gSaA ;s Hkh Adjective (fo‛ks’k.k) gksrs gSa D;ksafd ;s fdlh laKk
ds ckjs esa vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSaA ysfdu bUgsa vyx ikB esa foLrkj ls le÷kk;k tk jgk gS rkfd vki buds
iz;ksx dks T;knk csgrj le÷k ldsaA
A, An and The – These three are called Articles. They are also classified as adjectives
because they modify nouns or provide additional information about them.

Before we start, Pay attention to:

Point 1
The dks *nh* cksysaxs vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA
The will be pronounced as „thee‟¼*nh*½ if the next word starts with a vowel sound.

The dks *n* cksysaxs vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gksA
The will be pronounced as „the‟ ¼*n*½ if the next word starts with a consonant sound.

The university – n ;wfuoflZVh] The umbrella – nh vEczSyk] The year – n ;h;j] The ear – nh bvj

Point 2
geus vDlj i<+k gS fd „an‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj (a, e, i, o, u) ls gks
vkSj „a‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p,
q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z) ls gkssA vxj ;s lp gS rks fQj „hour‟ ds lkFk „an‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS
tcfd
„hour‟ ,d ,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (h) ls gkssrh gSA vkSj „University‟ ds lkFk „a‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa
fd;k tkrk gS tcfd „University‟ ,d ,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr Loj (u) ls gkssrh gSA lp rks ;s gS fd ckr
Loj ;k O;atu ls ‚kq# gksus dh ugha cfYd Loj ;k O;atu dh /ofu ls ‚kq# gksus dh gSA

We have often been taught that „an‟ is used when the next word starts with a vowel and „a‟ is
used when the next word starts with a consonant. If it is true, then why do we say „An hour‟ or
„A university‟; „h‟ is a consonant, why don‟t we use „a‟ before it & „u‟ is a vowel, why don‟t
we use „an‟. The fact is; it‟s not about starting of next word with a vowel or a consonant, rather
it‟s all about the starting of next word with a vowel sound or a consonant sound.

Articles nks rjg ds gksrs gSa &

There are two types of Articles –

1) Definite Article [The]-

Definite Article „The‟ generally points out a particular person, place or thing.
eq[;r% “THE” dk iz;ksx fdlh fo‛ks’k O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds lkFk gksrk gS] ftlds ckjs esa igys ls gh tkudkjh gksA

2) Indefinite Article [A/An]-

Indefinite Article „A/An‟ does not point out any particular person or thing.
eq[;r% “A/An” dk iz;ksx fdlh ,sls O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds lkFk gksrk gS ftlds ckjs esa igys ls tkudkjh u gksA
82
Read the following. ¼uhps fn;s x;s rF; dks lef>,½
Ekku yhft,] vki ?kj ij gSaA vpkud ,d yM+dk njoktk [kV[kVkrk gSA vki njokts ij x;s vkSj ns[kk fd oks yM+dk
vkids ikik ls ckr djuk pkgrk gSA vki ikik ds ikl tkdj dqN ;w¡ dgsaxs Þikikth] njokts ij ,d@dksbZ yM+dk gS]
tks vki ls ckr djuk pkgrk gSAÞ bl okD; ls ;s irk pyrk gS fd vkids ikik us vkidks ml yM+ds ds ckjs esa igys
ls dqN ugha crk;k Fkk blhfy, vkius dgk Þ ,d@dksbZ yM+dk ÞA vPNk lksfp,] vxj vkids ikik us vkidks igys gh
crk;k gqvk gksrk fd dksbZ yM+dk muls ckr djus vkus okyk gS rks vki Þ,d@dksbZÞ dk iz;ksx ugha djrs cfYd vki rks
fQj dqN bl rjg dgrs u fd Þikik] njokts ij oks yM+dk vk x;k gS tks vki ls ckr djus vkus okyk FkkAÞ
,d@dksbZ yM+dk & A boy
oks yM+dk & The boy
tc fdlh vutku O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq ds ckjs esa igyh ckj ckr gks jgh gks] rks Þ,d@dksbZÞ ds fy, A/An dk
iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj tc fdlh ,sls O;fDr] LFkku ;k oLrq dh ckr gks ftlds ckjs esa igys Hkh ckr gks pqdh gks] rks ,sls
esa The dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Assume that You are at home. Suddenly, a boy knocks at the door and wants to talk to your dad.
You go to your dad and say „Dad, a boy is at the door, who wants to talk to you.‟ Since your
father hadn‟t told you beforehand that there was some boy about to come, that‟s why you used
„a‟. Just imagine, if your father had already told you about that boy then you would have instead
said „Dad, the boy is at the door, who had to come to talk to you.‟

If the person, place or thing is unknown or being talked about for the first time,
then we need to use indefinite article i.e. “a” or “an”, however if the person, place
or thing is known and already been talked about, then we need to use definite
article i.e. “the”.

dqN mnkgj.k nsf[k, &

1) This is the book I was talking about. ;gh rks fdrkc gS ftlds ckjs esa eSa ckr dj jgk FkkA
2) This is a book. ;g ,d fdrkc gSA
igys okys okD; esa ml fdrkc ds ckjs esa igys Hkh ckr gks pqdh gS] blhfy, fdrkc ls igys „The‟ dk iz;ksx
fd;k x;k gSA

3) A Mr. Rahul is at the door. dksbZ fe0 jkgqy njokt+s ij gSaA

4) Mr. Rahul is at the door. fe0 jkgqy njokt+s ij gSaA
nwljs okD; esa fe0 jkgqy ls igys „The‟ blfy, ugha yxk;k D;ksafd O;fDrokpd laKk ds lkFk „The‟ ugha
yxrkA
egRoiw.kZ rF; (An important fact)
geus vDlj i<+k gS fd „an‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj (a, e, i, o, u) ls gks vkSj
„a‟ dk iz;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t,
v, w, x, y, z) ls gkssA vxj ;s lp gS rks fQj „hour‟ ds lkFk „an‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS tcfd „hour‟ ,d
,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr O;atu (h) ls gkssrh gSA vkSj „University‟ ds lkFk „a‟ dk iz;ksx D;ksa fd;k tkrk gS
tcfd „University‟ ,d ,slk ‚kCn gS ftldh ‚kq#vkr Loj (u) ls gkssrh gSA lp rks ;s gS fd ckr Loj ;k O;atu ls
‚kq# gksus dh ugha cfYd Loj ;k O;atu dh /ofu ls ‚kq# gksus dh gSA
We have often been taught that „an‟ is used when the next word starts with a vowel and „a‟ is
used when the next word starts with a consonant. If it is true, then why do we say „An hour‟ or
„A university‟; „h‟ is a consonant, why don‟t we use „a‟ before it & „u‟ is a vowel, why don‟t
we use
„an‟. The fact is; it‟s not about starting of next word with a vowel or a consonant, rather it‟s all
about the starting of next word with a vowel sound or a consonant sound.
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Loj dh /ofu (vowel sound) - v vk b à m Š, ,s vks vkS va v%A
O;atuksa dh /ofu (consonant sound) - d [k x ………………….{k = KA

dgk¡ ij “A” vkSj dgk¡ ij “An”

(When to use “A” and when to use “An”)

An dk iz;ksx vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA

An will be used if the next word starts with a vowel sound.

A dk iz;ksx vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gksA

A will be used if the next word starts with a consonant sound.

Examples:
A boy ckW; O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼c½ so used „a‟
A pen iSu O;atu ¼i½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼i½ so used „a‟
A university ;wfuoflZVh O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟
A year ;h;j O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟
An ear bvj Loj ¼b½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼b½ so used „an‟
A bucket cdSV O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼c½ so used „a‟
An honest vkWuSLV Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟
An hour vkoj Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟
An MLA ,e ,y , Loj ¼,½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼,½ so used „an‟
A union ;wfu;u O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, a yxk;kA Consonant sound ¼;½ so used „a‟
An orange vkWjsUt Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, an yxk;kA Vowel sound ¼v½ so used „an‟

“the” dks dgk¡ ij ÞnÞ vkSj dgk¡ ij ÞnhÞ cksysa

(When to pronounce “the” and when to pronounce “thee”)

The dks *nh* cksysaxs vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr Loj dh /ofu ls gksA
The will be pronounced as „thee‟¼*nh*½ if the next word starts with a vowel sound.

The dks *n* cksysaxs vxj vxys ‚kCn dh ‚kq#vkr O;atu dh /ofu ls gksA
The will be pronounced as „the‟¼*n*½ if the next word starts with a consonant sound.

Examples:
the boy ckW; O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsaxsA Consonant sound ¼c½ so pronounce as „the‟
the pen iSu O;atu ¼i½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsaxsA Consonant sound ¼i½ so pronounce as
„the‟ the university ;wfuoflZVh O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsasA Consonant sound ¼;½ so pronounce
as „the‟ the year ;h;j O;atu ¼;½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsaxsA Consonant sound ¼;½ so pronounce
as „the‟ the ear bvj Loj ¼b½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsaxsA Vowel sound ¼b½ so pronounce as
„thee‟
the bucket cdSV O;atu ¼c½ dh /ofu gS blfy, n dgsaxsA Consonant sound ¼c½ so pronounce as
„the‟ the hour vkoj Loj ¼v½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsaxsA
Vowel sound ¼v½ so pronounce as „thee‟ the MLA ,se ,sy , Loj ¼,s½ dh /ofu gS
blfy, nh dgsaxsA Vowel sound ¼,½ so pronounce as „thee‟ the orange vkWjsUt Loj ¼v½ dh
/ofu gS blfy, nh dgsaxsA Vowel sound ¼v½ so pronounce as „thee‟

84
the end ,UM Loj ¼,½ dh /ofu gS blfy, nh dgsaxsA Vowel sound ¼,½ so pronounce as „thee‟

85
 „The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij (Where to use „The‟):
Few Cases:

 With unique People/objects. ¼;wuhd yksxksa ;k oLrqvksa ds lkFk tks ,d gh gSa½

The Sun, The Earth, The Moon, The president, The CEO, The world, The sky etc.

 With adjectives referring to a whole group of people.

¼tks fo‛ks’k.k iwjs ,d xzqi ;k tkfr dk cks/k djk;a½
The old, The young, The rich, The poor, etc.

 With famous buildings, museums and monuments.

¼izfl) Hkou] laxzgky;ksa o Lekjdksa ds lkFk½
The Taj Mahal, The Qutub Minar, The Lal Quila, The Eiffel Tower, The Globe etc.

 With superlative degrees of an adjective.

¼fdlh fo‛ks’k.k dh superlative degrees ds lkFk½
The highest, The most, The lowest, The youngest, The oldest, The poorest etc.

 With ordinal numbers. ¼Øeokpd la[;kvksa ls igys½

The last chapter, The first time, The second occasion, The third member etc.

 With countries whose names include words like kingdom, states or republic.
¼ftu ns‛kksa ds uke esa fdaxMe] LVsV~l ;k fQj fjifCyd vk;sA ½
The United States, The United Kingdom, The Republic of Ireland etc.

 With rivers, canals & oceans. ¼unh] ugj o lkxjksa ds lkFk½

The Gangas, The Nile, The Atlantic, The pecific etc.

 With countries that have plural names.

¼mu ns‛kksa ds lkFk ftuds uke cgqopu gksa ;kfu vUr esa s yxk gks½
The Netherlands, The Philippines etc.

 With the names of families. ¼ifjokjksa ds ukeksa ds lkFk½

The Ranas, The Khans, The Rawats, The Guptas, The Jacksons etc.

 Before the word „only‟ if in the sentence the meaning of „only‟ is „only one‟.
¼the dk iz;ksx only ls igys dsoy rc fd;k tkrk gS tc okD; esa only dk eryc „bdykSrk‟ gks ½
The only son, The only friend, The only batsman etc.

 „The‟ dk iz;ksx „whole‟ ls igys o „all‟ ds ckn gksrk gSA

„The‟ is used before the word „whole‟ and after the word „all‟.
I am reading whole book. (Incorrect)
I am reading the whole book. (Correct)

All books are kept on the table. (Incorrect)

All the books are kept on the table. (Correct)

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 „The‟ dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij ugha (Where not to use „The‟):

Few Cases:

 „The‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh chekjh ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

„The‟ is not used before the name of any disease.

He is suffering from the fever. (Incorrect)

He is suffering from fever. (Correct)

 „The‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh ns‛k ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

„The‟ is not used before the name of any country.

I live in the India. (Incorrect)

I live in India. (Correct)

 „The‟ dk iz;ksx fdlh Hkk’kk ds uke ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

„The‟ is not used before the name of any language.

I speak the Hindi. (Incorrect)

I speak Hindi. (Correct)

 „The‟ dk iz;ksx Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

„The‟ is not used before Breakfast, Lunch, Dinner.

I had the breakfast at 7 o‟clock. (Incorrect)

I had breakfast at 7 o‟clock. (Correct)

 „The‟ dk iz;ksx O;fDrokpd laKk ls igys ugha fd;k tkrkA

„The‟ is not used before proper noun.

The Ram, The Delhi, The India, The Rahul (Incorrect)

vaxzst+h flQZ ,d fo"k; ugha] ,d Hkk"kk Hkh gS vkSj dsoy fu;e lh[k ysuk gh dkQh ugha cfYd izSfDVl djus ls

English is not only a subject, but also a language, hence you can‟t learn everything just using certain

87
Lesson – 14
Prepositions – lEcU/k lwpd vO;;@iwoZlxZ
“Preposition oks ‚kCn ;k ‚kCnksa dk lewg gS tks fdlh laKk ;k loZuke vkSj okD; ds nwljs Hkkx ds chp ds
lEcU/k dks n‛kkZrk gSA vkerkSj ij bls fdlh laKk ;k loZuke ls igys fLFkr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d ckr vkSj] ftl laKk
;k loZuke ds lkFk Preposition dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] og laKk ;k loZuke bldk Object dgykrk gSA”

“Preposition is the word or group of words that is generally placed before a noun or a
pronoun to express its relation with other part of the sentence. The noun or pronoun used
with the preposition is called its object.”

Examples:

1. I am coming from Delhi. ¼eSa fnYyh ls vk jgk g¡wA½

;gk¡ ij Preposition gS & “from”. Noun gS & “Delhi”, tks fd “from” dk “object” dgykrk gSA
2. Ram depends on you. ¼jke rqe ij fuHkZj gSA½
;gk¡ ij Preposition gS & “on”. Pronoun gS & “You”, tks fd “on” dk “object” dgykrk gSA

vkb, lHkh Prepositions dks ,d ,d djds i<+sa o le÷ksA

bl pSIVj esa ‚kkfey fd;s x;s okD; vkxs vkus okys pSIVj tSls Simple Sentences, Tenses, Modals,
There, It vkfn ls fy;s x;s gSaA gekjh lykg gS fd vki tc vkus okys bu pSIVjksa dks i<+ ysaxs rks bl pSIVj dks
,d ckj fQj if<+;sxkA blls okD;ksa dks vki vkSj csgrj le÷k ik;saxsA

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

1. I am coming from Dehradun.
¼eSa nsgjknwu ls vk jgk g¡wA½

fdlh txg ls (From some place) 2. They came from park.

¼os ikdZ ls vk;sA½

1. I will work from tomorrow.

¼eSa dy ls dke d#¡xkA½
From fdlh le; ls (Point of time)
¼ls½ 2. Ram will work from 10 o‟clock.
¼jke nl cts ls dke djsxkA½

1. I heard it from Ram.

fdlh lzksr ls (From any source) ¼eSaus jke ls ;s lqukA½
2. I wrote it from the book.
¼eSaus ;s fdrkc ls fy[kkA½

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 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fdlh lrg ls vyx gksukA
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd iSu dks Vscy ls mBk yks rks tc iSu
mBk;k tk;sxk rks oks Vscy dh lrg ls vyx gksxkA 1. I picked the mobile off the
blh rjg] ekuk eSa dgw¡ fd cUnj isM+ ls dwnk rks cUnj bed.
isM+ dh lrg dks NksM+sxkA okgu ls mrjus dks “Get ¼eSaus eksckby dks fcLrj ls
off” dgrs gSaA dHkh lkspk gS fd off D;ksa yxk;k\ mBk;kA½
D;ksafd mrjrs oDr ge okgu dh lrg dks NksM+rs gSaA
blh rjg] fdlh gokbZtgkt ds ,;jiksVZ ls mM+us dks 2. I am wiping the dust off
“Take off” dgrs gSaA blfy, D;ksafd ,;jiksVZ ls the screen.
mM+ku Hkjrs oDr gokbZtgkt ,;jiksVZ dh lrg dks ¼eSa LØhu ls /kwy gVk jgk g¡wA½
Off ¼ls½ NksM+rk gSA
3. Monkey jumped off the
Leaving a surface. tree.
It may be a pen leaving the surface of ¼cUnj isM+ ls dwnkA½
table while being picked up, a monkey
leaving the surface of tree while 4. Move the cup off the
jumping from there, we leaving the table.
surface of a vehicle while getting off or ¼Vscy ls di gVk nksA½
a plane leaving the surface of airport
while taking off.

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

„since‟ dk iz;ksx fuf'pr le; ds lkFk gksrk gS
tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx Hkh gksA
(„since‟ is used for point of time when
the sentence is in continuous form)
1. I have been working since
mnkgj.k &
morning.
1. Since 2 AM/ 2 PM/ 2 o‟clock/ 3 ¼eSa lqcg ls i<+ jgk g¡wA½
o‟clock
Since 2. Since 1998/ 2005/ 2009/ 2012
2. He has been trying
¼ls½ 3. Since Monday, Tuesday,…….,
since Monday.
Sunday ¼oks lkseokj ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk gSA½
4. Since morning/
evening/afternoon/night
5. Since yesterday(dy)/day before
yesterday(ijlksa)
6. Since childhood(cpiu ls)/ Since
birth (tUe ls)

89
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
¼ls½
„For‟ dk iz;ksx vfuf'pr le; ;kfu le; dh vof/k ds lkFk 1. I have been studying
gksrk gS tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx Hkh gksA for 2 hours.
(„For‟ is used for duration of time when the ¼eSa 2 ?kaVs ls i<+ jgk g¡wA½
sentence is in continuous form) 2. He has been trying
1. For 2 seconds/ 2 minutes/ 2 hours / 2 days/ for many days.
2 weeks/ 2 months/ 2 years / 2 centuries ¼oks dbZ fnuksa ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk
2. For a long (dkQh nsj ls) gSA½
3. For a while (dqN nsj ls)
4. For many days/hours/months/years
For ds fy, (For any purpose) 1. I did it for you.
¼eSaus ;s rqEgkjs fy, fd;kAa½
mnkgj.k & 2. He came to me for
i<+us ds fy,] ns[kus ds fy,] iSls ds fy,] fdrkc ds fy,A money.
¼oks esjs ikl iSls ds fy, vk;kA½
fdlh pht+ ds cnys dqN vkSj (For exchange) 1. I gave a mobile for Rs.
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSaus 20 # dh fdrkc [kjhnh rks bldk eryc ;g 500.
gS fd eSaus 20 # ds cnys esa fdrkc yhA lkspks vxj fdlh us eq>s ¼eSaus 500 # esa eksckbZy fn;kAa½
esjs nks eksckbZyksa ds cnys esa eq>s ,d dEI;wVj ns fn;k rks ;g 2. He bought a pen for Rs.
Hkh rks fdlh pht+ ds cnys dqN vkSj ysuk gh gSA 5.
¼mlus 5 # esa ,d iSu [kjhnkA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

¼eas½ le; ds lkFk (With time)
1. I was born in January.
mnkgj.k & ¼eSa tuojh esa iSnk gqvk Fkka½
nks lky esa (in 2 years) ] ,d fnu esa (in one day) 2. He will come home in 2015.
2006 esa (in 2006)] 2012 esa (in 2012) ¼oks 2015 esa ?kj vk;sxkA½
xfeZ;ksa esa (in summers)] lfnZ;ksa esa (in winters) 3. I left the company in June
lqcg esa (in the morning)] 'kke esa (in the evening) 2009.
fdlh eghus esa (in any month) ¼eSaus twu 2009 esa dEiuh NksM+hA½
tSls & tuojh esa (in January)] ekpZ esa (in March) 4. I will leave in half an hour.
¼eSa vk/ks ?kaVs esa fudyw¡xkA½

In ¼eas½ cMh txg ds lkFk ¼fdlh ns‛k esa] fdlh 'kgj esa vkfn½
¼eas½ With large places (Country, city, town etc) 1. I live in Delhi.
mnkgj.k & ¼eSa fnYyh esa jgrk g¡wAa½
yUnu esa ] 'kkgnjk esa] ckt+kj esa] nsgjknwu esa] fnYyh esaA 2. He will study in America.
(in London, in Shahdara, in Dehradun, in ¼oks vesfjdk esa i<+kbZ djsxkA½
Delhi)
¼eas½ fdlh oLrq ds vUnj
¼eas½ In some object 1. I found no songs in
this mobile.
mnkgj.k & ¼eq>s bl eksckbZy esa xkus ugha feysA½
tx esa ] fdrkc esa] eksckby esaaA 2. We have read it in book.
(in Jug, in book, in mobile) ¼geus ;s fdrkc esa i<+k gSA½

90
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
¼eas½ xfr‛khy voLFkk (motion) 1. Pour the coffee into the cup.
¼dkWQh dks di esa Mkyks½
Into vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa dejs esa tk jgk g¡w rks vUnj ?kqlrs 2. He is going into the room.
oDr dh fLFkfr dks „into‟ dgsaxs D;ksafd ml oDr eaS ¼oks dejs esa tk jgk gSA½
xfr‛khy voLFkk esa gksÅ¡xkA

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

igys
1. This train will reach before
2 cts ls igys] ‚kke ls igys] eq>ls igys] esjs time.
dgus ls igys ¼;g Vªsu le; ls igys igq¡psxhA½
(before 2 o‟clock, before evening, 2. I will come before you leave.
before me, before I say) ¼eSa rqEgkjs fudyus ls igys vkÅa¡xkA½
Before lkeus 1. Now I am standing
vkidks rkTtqc gqvk gksxk D;ksafd lkeus dks rks before you.
“in front of” dgrs gSaA ij vc tku yhft, fd ¼vc eSa vkids lkeus [kM+k g¡wA½
before Hkh dgrs gSaA 2. He was sitting before
his dad.
¼ oks vius ikik ds lkeus cSBk FkkA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ckn esa 1. I will meet you after 10.
¼eSa rqels 10 cts ds ckn fey¡wxkA½

2. I reached after them.

¼eSa muds ckn igq¡pkA½
fdlh ds ihNs iM+uk 1. I was after my professor
for getting some help.
tSls & ¼eSa enn ikus ds fy, vius izksQslj ds
After iqfyl dk pksj ds ihNs iM+uk] fdlh dks ikus ds fy, ihNs iM+ x;k FkkA½
ihNs iM+ukA
2. He was unnecessarily
Example – after that girl.
Police chasing thief, chase someone/ ¼oks csotg ml yM+dh ds ihNs iM+k gqvk
something to acquire. FkkA ½
3. My father has denied
thrice but I am still after
him.
¼esjs ikik us rhu ckj euk dj fn;k gS
ij eSa vHkh Hkh muds ihNs iM+k gqvk g¡wA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

}kjk (In passive voice) 1. I was stopped by someone.

91
 mnkgj.k & ¼eq>s fdlh ds }kjk jksdk x;kAa½
jke ds }kjk ] fdlh ds }kjkA 2. He can be sent by his
(by Ram, by someone) father.
¼mls vius ikik }kjk Hkstk tk ldrk
gSA½
ls
¼fdlh okgu ls lQj djuk½ 1. I travelled by bus.
(travel by some vehicle) ¼eSaus cl ls ;k=k dhAa½
mnkgj.k & 2. He is coming by noon flight.
cl ls] dkj ls] Iysu lsA ¼oks nksigj dh ¶ykbV ls vk jgk gSA
By (by bus, by car, by plane)
rd
¼le; ds lkFk&dsoy future indefinite tense esa½ 1. I will leave by 4 o‟clock.
(With time – only in future indefinite tense) ¼eSa 4 cts rd fudy tkÅ¡xkA½
mnkgj.k & 2. We will finish it by
2 cts rd] lqcg rdA morning.
(by 2 o‟clock, by morning) ¼ge lqcg rd ;s [kRe dj nsaxsA½
cxy esa
Þcxy esaÞ ds fy, by ds vykok beside, next to, 1. I was standing by him.
¼eSa mlds cxy esa [kM+k FkkA½
adjacent Hkh iz;ksx djrs gSa tks vki vkxs i<+us okys
gSaA

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ls 1. I cut the cake with a knife.
¼eSaus pkdw ls dsd dkVkA½
¼fdlh pht dk iz;ksx djds dqN djuk½ 2. He wrote the letter with
(Perform a task with the help of a blue pen.
something) ¼ mlus uhys iSu ls i= fy[kkA½
3. He killed the bird with a
mnkgj.k &
stone.
pkdw ls] iSu ls] ryokj lsA ¼mlus iRFkj ls fpfM+;k ekjhA½
(with a knife, with a pen, with a sword)

With lkFk 1. I am with Ram in this

matter.
¼fdlh ds lkFk½ ¼bl ekeys esa eSa jke ds lkFk g¡wA½
(accompany someone or something) 2. We will be with you.
¼ge vkids lkFk jgsaxsA½
mnkgj.k &
3. My dad went to his office
jke ds lkFk] rqEgkjs lkFk] fdlh oLrq ds lkFk vkfnA
(with Ram, with you, with a thing etc.) with the laptop.
¼esjs ikik vius vkWfQl ySiVkWi ys ds
x;sA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

fuf'pr le; ds lkFk (With point of time) 1. I was born at 2.
¼eSa 2 cts iSnk gqvk Fkka½

92
 mnkgj.k & 2. He will come home at
nks cts (at 2 o‟clock) ] 'kke 4 cts (at 4 PM) 10 AM.
¼oks lqcg 10 cts ?kj vk;sxkA½

¼eas@ij½ NksVh txg ds lkFk (with small places)

mnkgj.k &
cl LVki esa@ij ] dqlhZ esa@ijA 1. I stayed at a hotel.
¼eSa ,d gksVy esa #dkAa½
(at bus stop, at the chair)
2. He was standing at the
vxj NksVh vkSj cM+h nksuksa txgksa ds ckjs esa crk;k x;k gS bus stop.
rks igys NksVh txg at ds lkFk vkSj fQj cM+h txg in ds ¼oks cl LVki ij [kM+k FkkA½
lkFk fy[ksaxsA vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa jksfg.kh esa jgrk g¡w tks fnYyh 3. Rahul works at a
esa gS] store.
rks /;ku nhft, fd igys NksVh txg Rohini “at” ds lkFk ¼jkgqy ,d LVksj esa@ij dke
vkSj fQj cM+h txg Delhi “in” ds lkFk fy[ksaxsA dqN bl djrk gSA½
rjg & I live at Rohini in Delhi. ij vxj eSa ;s dg¡w
fd eSa jksfguh esa jgrk g¡w rks jksfguh vius vki esa ,d
cM+h txg gh gS blfy, eSa dg¡wxk & I live in Rohini.
1. I was there at noon.
At jkr vkSj nksigj ds lkFk (With night/noon) ¼eSa nksigj esa ogk¡ FkkA½
2. We study at night.
¼ge jkr ess i<+rs gSaA½
ewY; crkus esa (to tell the cost of something) 1. This fruit is selling at
Rs. 10 per kg.
¼;g Qy 10 # fdyks fcd jgk
gSA½
2. I am buying onion
at Rs 20 per kg.
¼eSa I;kt+ 10 # fdyks [kjhn jgk
g¡wA½

fdlh R;ksgkj ;k [kkl volj ij 1. I will come home

( in any festival / event) at Holi.
¼eSa gksyh ij ?kj vkÅ¡xkA½
mnkgj.k & 2. I will come home
gksyh ij] nhokyh ij] tUefnu ij] ikVhZ esa at Diwali.
(at holi, at diwali, at birthday, at the party) ¼eSa nhokyh ij ?kj vkÅ¡xkA½
3. He will go there at his
birthday.
¼oks mlds tUefnu ij ogk¡
tk;sxkA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

93
 ls ¼fdlh pht+ ds vkj ikj ns[kuk½
(to see through some object) 1. I can see through the
vxj eSa dg¡w fd eSa f[kM+dh ls rqEgsa ns[k jgk g¡w] rks okLro glass as it is
esa eSa f[kM+dh ds ikj gh rks ns[k jgk g¡w D;ksafd eSa bl transparent.
rjQ g¡w vkSj rqe ml rjQA ¼eSa Xykl ls ns[k ldrk g¡w
D;ksafd ;s ikjn‛khZ gSA½
If I am in a room and you are outside. I
am able to watch you through a window. I 2. I can see inside
am this side and you are the other side of through this hole.
the window so it is basically a see ¼eSa bl Nsn ds tfj;s vUnj
through. ns[k ldrk g¡wA½
Through
fdlh ,slh pht ls xqtjuk tks Åij] uhps vkSj fdukjksa ls 1. I was passing
cUn gks through a street.
To move through a structure with limits ¼eSa ,d xyh ls xqtj jgk FkkA½
on top, bottom and both sides

tSls& 2. We went through the

fdlh xyh ls xqtjuk & through a street underground way.
¼ge Hkwfexr jkLrs ls x;sA½
fdlh ikbi ls xqtjuk & through a pipe
fdlh ladjs jkLrs ls xqtjuk & through a narrow 3. Water is passing
passage
through this
pipe.
¼ikuh bl ikbi ls xqtj jgk gSA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ds ikj ¼tks fn[k u jgk gks½ (very far; not 1. There is a temple
visible) beyond this mountain.
¼bl igkM+ ds ml ikj ,d efUnj
vxj eSa vkils dgw¡ fd bl igkM+ ds ml ikj ,d efUnj gSA½
gSA efUnj gesa fn[k ugha jgkA
;k fQj eSa iwNw¡ fd uhy unh ds ikj dkSu lk ns‛k gS \ ;gk¡
2. What is there beyond
ij Hkh ns‛k gesa fn[k ugha jgkA ,slh txgksa ij beyond
dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA that river?
¼ml unh ds ikj D;k gS \½
Beyond ,slh pht+ ds ikj ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs (beyond 1. There is something
something that is abstract; neither beyond this universe.
touch nor see) ¼bl czgek.M ds ikj dqN gSA½

vxj eSa vkils iwNw¡ fd bl thou ds ikj D;k gS \ thou 2. There is nothing beyond
dks Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrsA ;k fQj eSa dgw¡ fd mEehnksa ds
love.
ikj Hkh ,d nqfu;k gSA mEehn dks Hkh ge Nw ;k ns[k ugha
¼I;kj ds ikj dqN ugha gS ;k I;kj
ldrsA
ds cjkcj dqN ugha gSA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

94
 fo;k @ok;k ¼ds jkLrs] ls ½ 1. This train will go to Delhi via
Kanpur.
CywVwFk ds jkLrs ;k CywVwFk ls] dkuiqj ds jkLrs ;k ¼;g Vªsu dkuiqj ls gksrs gq, fnYyh tk;sxhA½
dkuiqj ls gksrs gq,A
2. I sent him my picture via
Via (via Bluetooth, via Kanpur)
bluetooth.
¼ eSaus mls viuh QkssVks CywVwFk ls HksthA½
3. He came to Delhi via Bijnor.
¼oks fctukSj ds jkLrs fnYyh vk;kA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

Bhd Lkkeus nwljh rjQ
vxj eSa dgw¡ ÞlkeusÞ] rks Opposite, in 1. My home is opposite your
front of ;k before; bu rhuksa esa ls fdlh shop.
dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼esjk ?kj rqEgkjh nqdku ds Bhd lkeus
gSA½
eSa rqEgkjs lkeus gw¡A 2. He was standing opposite
I am in front of you. you.
I am before you. ¼oks rqEgkjs lkeus [kM+k Fkk½
I am opposite you.

Opposite foijhr ¼mYVk½

1. Ram does opposite what you
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd vki vPNs gks ij jke dgs fd say.
vki vPNs ugha gks] rks bldk eryc gS fd ¼tks rqe dgrs gks jke mldk mYVk djrk
vkids izfr jke dh lksp esjh lksp ds foijhr gSA½
gSA
If I say “You are good” but Ram 2. His thinking is
says “You are not good”, that opposite yours.
¼mldh lksp rqEgkjh lksp ls Bhd mYVh
means Ram thinks opposite to
gSA½
what I think about you.

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

1. fyLV esa ÅijA (up in a list) 1. My name is above
2. ,slh pht ls Åij ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs tSls your name in the list.
I;kj] bZekunkjh vkfnA (above the abstract ¼esjk uke fyLV esa rqEgkjs uke
noun; such as love, honesty, cruelty ds Åij gSA½
etc) 2. Money is above love.
Above ¼iSlk I;kj ls Åij gSA ;kfu
3. fdlh lrg ds Lrj ls ÅijA (above the level
¼Åij½ iSlk igys] I;kj ckn esa½
of some surface)
3. Only his eyes
were above water.
¼ dsoy mldh vk¡[ks ikuh ds
Åij FkhA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

fdlh ds uhps ij fcuk iwjh rjg Nq,
1. Ram is hidden under
95
 (Subject & object not fully touched)
the bed.
vxj eSa isM+ ds uhps cSBk g¡w rks isM+ dh lk[k eq>s Nw ¼jke fcLrj ¼[kkV½ ds uhps fNik
ugha jgh gSaA blh rjg vxj eSa Vscy ds uhps fNik gqvk gSA½
gqvk gw¡ rks Vscy eq>s iwjh rjg Nw ugha jgkA gk¡ vxj
eSa dgw¡ fd i= rfd;s ds uhps gS rks blesa i= rfd;s 2. Ram lives under the
Under dks iwjh rjg Nw jgk gSA ;gk¡ under ugha cfYd roof but Shyam
beneath/underneath vk;sxkA doesn‟t even have a
¼uhps½
house.
If I say I am sitting under the tree, then ¼jke Nr ds uhps jgrk gS ij
the branches of the tree are not ';ke ds ikl rks ?kj gh ugha
touching me. Similarly, I am hidden gSA½
under the table, again the table is not
touching me fully. But, if I say “A letter is
under the pillow.” It would be correct
3. Mom is sitting
because letter and pillow are being fully under the tree.
touched so the correct sentence ¼eEeh th isM+ ds uhps cSBh gaSA½
would be “A
letter is beneath/underneath the pillow.”
fdlh ds uhps ij iwjh rjg Nwrs gq, 1. My house is underneath
(Subject & object fully touched) your house.
Beneath/ ¼esjk ?kj vkids ?kj ds uhps gSA½
2. Her photograph is
Underneath beneath my book.
¼uhps½ ¼mldh rLohj esjh fdrkc ds
uhps gSA½

1. fyLV esa uhpsA (below in a list) 1. My name is below

2. ,slh pht ls uhps ftls Nw ;k ns[k ugha ldrs your name in the list.
tSls I;kj] bZekunkjh vkfnA ¼esjk uke fyLV esa rqEgkjs uke
(below the abstract noun; such as ds uhps gSA½
love, honesty, cruelty etc) 2. Money is below love.
Below 3. fdlh lrg ds Lrj ls uhpsA ¼iSlk I;kj ds uhps gSA ;kfu
¼uhps½ (below the level of some surface) I;kj igys] iSlk ckn esa½
3. His mouth was
below water but
nose was above.
¼mldk eq¡g ikuh ds uhps Fkk ij
ukd ÅijA½

uhps dh fn‛kk dks n‛kkZuk 1. Prices are going

(indicate the downwards down.
Down movement) ¼dhersa uhps tk jgh gaSA½
2. Water level is going
¼uhps½ down.
¼ikuh dk Lrj uhps tk jgk
gSA ½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

96
 nks ds chp esa 1. She is sitting
(between two objects) between Yash &
Vaibhav.
Between ¼oks ;‛k vkSj oSHko ds chp esa
cSBh gSA½
¼chp esa½
2. Pen is lying between
two computers.
¼iSu nks dEI;wVjksa ds chp esa
iM+k gqvk gSA ½

nks ls vf/kd ds chp esa] ij rc tc ;s crk;k x;k 1. I was among 50

gks fd fdruksa ds chp esa people.
(more than two objects but given; ¼eSa 50 yksxksa ds chp esa FkkA½
how many)
Among vxj eSa dgw¡ fd jke 20 yksxksa ds chp cSBk gS rks
;gk¡ ij crk;k x;k gS fd yksx fdrus gSaA blfy, 2. Her photograph was
¼chp esa½ eSa kept among 3 other
among dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA ij ;fn eSa dgw¡ fd jke items.
dqN yksxksa ds chp cSBk gS rks ;gk¡ ij crk;k ugha ¼mldh rLohj rhu vkSj phtksa
x;k gS fd yksx fdrus gSaA blfy, eSa among dk ds chp j[kh gqbZ FkhA½
ugha cfYd amongst dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA
nks ls vf/kd ds chp esa] ij rc tc ;s crk;k ugha 1. I was amongst
x;k gks fd fdruksa ds chp esa the crowd.
(more than two objects but not ¼eSa HkhM+ ds chp FkkA@eSa HkhM+ esa
Amongst given; how many) Fkk½
;s dguk fd eSa HkhM+ ds chp esa gw¡] ;g ugha crkrk
¼chp esa½ fd yksx fdrus gSa blfy, gesa amongst dk iz;ksx
2. My dad was amongst
djuk gksxkA many people.
¼esjs ikik dbZ yksxksa ds chp FksA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

ckgj fudyuk] fdlh txg dks NksM+uk 1. I am getting out of my
(to go out/leave some place) home.
¼eSa ?kj ls ckgj fudy jgk gw¡A½

2. He has gone out of Delhi.

¼og fnYyh ls ckgj tk pqdk gSA½

bruh la[;k esa ls 1. Rahul scored 90 out of

Out of (out of certain numbers) 100.
¼jkgqy us 100 esa ls 90 uEcj izkIr
fd;sA½

2. There are only 2

students out of 15.
¼ 15 esa ls dsoy 2 gh fo/kkFkhZ gSaA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

97
 Åij ;k ij] j[kk gqvk gksuk

,d cM+s object ds Åij ,d NksVs object dk j[kk gksuk 1. Pen is kept on the table.
(a smaller object on a bigger one) ¼iSu Vscy ij j[kk gqvk gSA½
tSls &
2. Rohit is sitting on the
eksckby dk Vscy ds Åij j[kk gksukA eksckby Vscy dh Elephant.
rqyuk esa ,d NksVk object gSA ¼jksfgr gkFkh ds Åij cSBk gqvk gSA ½

iSu dk fdrkc ds Åij gksukA iSu fdrkc dh rqyuk esa ,d

NksVk object gSA
On Day vkSj Date ds lkFk 1. I went on Sunday.
¼eSa laMs dks x;kA½
On Monday, Tuesday,……., Sunday etc
On 25th Aug, on 15th, on 20th etc. 2. He came on 20th Dec‟12.
¼oks 20 fnlEcj 2012 dks vk;k½

fdlh rjQ ( certain side) 1. I was standing on the

tSls & nk¡;h rjQ (on the right) right.
ck¡;h rjQ (on the left) ¼eSa nk¡;h vksj [kM+k FkkA½
2. I was standing on the left.
¼eSa ck¡;h vksj [kM+k FkkA½

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

Åij

,d NksVs object dk Åij dh fn‛kk esa xfr‛khy

gksdj ds ,d cMs object ds Åij vkuk
(a smaller object showing upwards 1. I jumped onto the horse.
movement to come on a bigger object) ¼eSa dwn dj ?kksM+s ij cSB x;kA½
Upon/
vxj eSa dgw¡ fd ,d fcYyh Vscy ds Åij dwnh rks 2. Broom came upon the
Onto fcYyh us Åij dh rjQ Nyk¡x yxkbZ fQj oks Vscy table by itself.
ds Åij vk x;hA ¼>kM+w vius vki Vscy ij vk x;kA ½
,d vkSj ckrA ekuk fd ,d cUnj t+ehu ij cSBk Fkk
vkSj mlus Åij dh vksj Nyk¡x yxkbZ vkSj isM+ ds
Åij vk x;kA

98
 fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)
fo#)] fojks/k esa (opposite) Why is Ram against you?
Against ¼jke rqEgkjs fo#) D;ksa gS\½
ckjs esa He is talking about me.
About ¼oks esjs ckjs esa ckr dj jgk gSA½
dk (show the relation) He is the brother of Ram.
Of ¼oks jke dk HkkbZ gSA½
dks ¼fdlh txg dks½ 1. I am going to school.
¼eSa Ldwy tk jgk gw¡A½
,d txg ls nwljh txg dks 2. Seeta is coming to our
To From one place to another home.
¼lhrk gekjs ?kj vk jgh gSA½
dh rjQ 1. I am going towards
vxj eSa dgww¡ fd eSa Ldwy dh rjQ tk jgk gw¡ rks school.
;s t+#jh ugha fd eSa Ldwy tkÅ¡A gks ldrk gS ¼eSa Ldwy dh rjQ tk jgk gw¡A½
fd Ldwy ds jkLrs esa gh vkxs esjs nksLr dk ?kj
Towards Hkh gks vkSj eSa ogha tk jgk gw¡A blfy, „to 2. He was coming towards
school‟ eryc Ldwy tkuk vkSj „towards you.
school‟ eryc Ldwy dh rjQ tkuk ij irk ¼oks rqEgkjh rjQ vk jgk FkkA½
ugha dgk¡A
Åij fcuk Nq, (Above without 1. I jumped over the rope.
touch) ¼eSa jLlh ds Åij ls dwnkA½
2. There is a roof over our
heads.
Over ¼gekjs flj ds Åij Nr gSA½
3. There is a bridge over
the river.
¼unh ds Åij ,d iqy gSA½
le;kof/k ds vUnj 1. I will come within
Within a time period 5 minutes.
¼eSa 5 feuV esa vk tkÅ¡xkA½
Within 2. He has come back
within just 2 days.
¼ oks 2 fnu esa gh okil vk x;k
gSA½
rqyuk ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA 1. I am better than you.
(used for comparison) ¼eSa rqels csgrj gw¡A½
Than 2. We are taller than he.
¼ge mlls yEcs gSaA½
lkjk] iwjk 1. I loved him/ her
tSls & lkjs fnu Hkj] iwjh ft+Unxh Hkj throughout my
Throughout the day, throughout life.
Throughout the life ¼eSaus ft+Unxh Hkj mls I;kj fd;kA½
2. We worked throughout
the night.¼ geus jkr Hkj dke
fd;kA½
99
 fcuk 1. I am nothing without
Without you.
¼eSa rqEgkjs fcuk dqN ugha gw¡A½
Åij 1. Prices are rising up.
¼dhersa c<+ jgha gSaA½
Up
2. Baloon is going up.
¼xqCckjk Åij tk jgk gSA½
Åij dh rjQ 1. He threw the stone
Upwards upwards.
mlus iRFkj Åij dh rjQ QsadkA
uhps dh rjQ 1. He threw the stone
Downwards downwards.
mlus iRFkj uhps dh rjQ QsadkA
igys ¼le; ds lkFk½ 1. He came 2 years ago.
¼oks 2 lky igys vk;kA½
2. Ram had done B. Tech 6
Ago years ago.
¼jke us ch Vsd 6 lky igys fd;k
FkkA½
vUnj dh rjQ] fdlh cUn vk—fr ds vUnjA 1. What is inside the
(be in an enclosed structure) computer?
vxj eSa dg¡w fd vki ?kj ds vUnj gSa rks Hkh vki ¼dEI;wVj ds vUnj D;k gS \½
“inside” gh gSa D;ksafd ?kj Hkh ,d cUn vk—fr gSA
Inside
Home is also a kind of enclosed 2. He was inside and I was
structure so if you are in, means you outside.
are actually inside. ¼ oks vUnj Fkk vkSj eSa ckgj FkkA½
ckgj dh rjQ] fdlh cUn vk—fr ls ckgjA 1. He was standing outside
(be out of an enclosed structure) the home.
¼oks ?kj ds ckgj [kM+k FkkA½
Outside 2. He was outside the school
premises.
¼ oks Ldwy ifjlj ds ckgj FkkA½

Next to, cxy esa oks esjs cxy esa [kMk FkkA
Adjacent, He was standing next to me.
Beside, He was standing adjacent me.
By He was standing beside/by me.
ihNs 1. I was behind Ram in the
queue.
¼eSa ykbu esa jke ds ihNs FkkA½
Behind 2. There is nobody standing
behind him.
¼mlds ihNs dksbZ ugha [kM+k gSA½

10
 vkxs( 1. I was ahead of Ram in the
yksx vDlj confuse jgrs gSa fd in front of vkSj queue.
ahead dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij djuk gSA lkspks vki ,d ¼eSa ykbu esa jke ds vkxs FkkA½
ykbu esa [kM+s gS vkSj vkids vkxs ,d vkneh [kM+k gS]
Ahead mldh ihB vkidh rjQ gS blfy, oks vkids vkxs gS] 2. There is no one standing
of bls ahead dgsaxsvkSj vki mlds ihNs ;kfu ahead of him.
BehindA ij vxj vki fdlh ls ckr dj jgs gaS ¼mlds vkxs dksbZ ugha [kM+k gSA½
mldks ns[krs gq, rks vki mlds in front of ;kfu
lkeus gSaA
dks NksM+dj] ds vYkkok 1. This shop opens every day
except Sunday.
¼;g nqdku jfookj dks NksM+dj lHkh
fnu [kqyrh gSA½
Except 2. I can scold anyone except
you.
¼rqEgkjs vykok eSa fdlh dks Hkh Mk¡V
ldrk gw¡A½

ds vfrfjDr (Extra) 1. Do you eat anything else

besides this?
Besides ¼blds vfrfjDr dqN vkSj [kkrs gks
D;k \½

ds nkSjku ( in a particular duration of 1. I was in Delhi during

time) vacations.
¼NqV~fV;ksa ds nkSjku eSa fnYyh esa FkkA½
2. We can meet Sachin during
During the break.
¼ge czsd ds nkSjku lfpu ls fey
ldrs gSaA½

rd 1. I will work till 9.

¼eSa 9 cts rd dke d#¡xkA½
le; ds lkFk] fnu ds lkFk vkfnA 2. We stayed till Monday.
Till/ with time, with a day etc. ¼ge lkseokj rd BgjsA½
Until 3. I was there until Saturday.
¼eSa 'kfuokj rd ogk¡ FkkA½

rd 1. I just went up to Dehradun.

¼eSa cl nsgjknwu rd x;kA½
fdlh nwjh rd (up to certain distance) ;k 2. Seeta ran up to 5 kms.
fdlh txg rd (up to certain place) ;k ¼lhrk 5 fdyksehVj rd nkSM+hA½
Up to fdlh mez rd (up to certain age) 3. You shouldn‟t keep mobile
up to 18.
¼rqEgsa 18 dh mez rd eksckbZy ugha
j[kuk pkfg,A½

10
 pkjksa vksj 1. People were around me, yet I was
(covered in all the lonely.
directions) ¼yksx esjs pkjksa vksj Fks] fQj Hkh eSa rUgk FkkA½
Around
2. The Earth is revolving around
the Sun.
¼i`Foh lw;Z ds pkjksa vksj ?kwe jgh gSA½
lkFk esa 1. Will you come along?
(with a person/thing) ¼D;k rqe lkFk vkvksxs \½
Along
2. You will get this pen along the
mobile.
¼rqEgsa ;s iSu eksckby ds lkFk feysxkA½

fdukjs lkFk esa 1. There is a road alongside the

river.
tSls & ¼unh ds lkFk lkFk ,d jksM gSA½
unh ds lkFk esa yxh gqbZ ,d jksM
(A road alongside the river)
Alongside 2. A truck is parked alongside the
lM+d ds fdukjs lkFk esa yxh gqbZ ,d road.
dkj ¼jksM ds fdukjs ,d Vªd [kM+k gSA½
(A car parked alongside the
road)
ds ikj ¼fdlh pht+ ds ikj½ 1. Can you swim across the river?
(across something) ¼D;k rqe unh rSj dj ikj dj ldrs gks \½

2. There was a man standing across

Across the road.
¼,d vkneh lM+d ds ikj [kM+k FkkA½

3. My shop is across the road.

¼esjh nqdku lM+d ds ml ikj gSA½

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

ance English Grammar Topics Hkh ij tkdj vki i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd
el esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
ur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsaxhA –

10
Lesson – 15
Determiners ¼fMVjfeulZ½ & fu/kkZjd
Determiners ,sls ‚kCn gksrs gSa tks fdlh okD; esa laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa vkSj bl
ckr dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSa fd fdldh ckr gks jgh gS ;k fQj fdruh ckr gks jgh gSA pw¡fd ;g Hkh laKk ds ckjs
esa dqN vfrfjDr lwpuk nsrs gSa blhfy, ;s Hkh fo‛ks’k.k dgykrs gSaA
A Determiner is a word that is placed just before a noun to give additional
information about that noun and that‟s why they are also classified as
Adjectives.

eku yhft, vki dguk pkgrs gSa „;g yM+dk jke gSA‟ ;gk¡ ij „yM+dk‟ ,d laKk gSA „yM+dk‟ ls rqjar igys
„;g‟ dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA „;g‟ ,d Determiner gS D;ksafd ;s bl ckr dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS fd fdl
yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gS & bl yM+ds dh ;k ml yM+ds dhA
bl yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gS blfy, vki „;g yM+dk‟ dgrs gSa ojuk vxj ml yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh
rks vki „og yM+dk‟ dgrsA
blh rjg]
vxj ,d yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & A boy v ckW;
vxj fdlh fo‛ks’k yM+ds dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & The boy n ckW;
vxj lHkh yM+dksa dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & All the boys vkWy n ckWbt+
vxj 5 yM+dksa dh ckr gks jgh gksrh rks vki dgrs & 5 boys Qkbo ckWbt+

Åij fn;s x;s okD;ksa esa Determiners gSa & A, The, All, 5

Determiners ds pkj izdkj gSa (Determiners are of four types):

1. Articles (A, An, The)

A/An - v@,su
The - n ;k nh
vki „Articles‟ pSIVj esa buds ckjs esa i<+ pqds gSa fd fdlh Hkh laKk ls rqjar igys fdl rjg vkSj dc iz;ksx fd;s tkrs
gSa] ;s Hkh Determiners gSaA
You‟ve already read about Articles & its usage just before a noun, these are also
known as Determiners.

2. Demonstratives (This, That, These, Those)

vaxzst+h esa This, That, These vkSj Those dks Demonstratives dgrs gSaA
This, That, These and Those are called Demonstratives.

This - fnl & ;g] ;s ¼,d O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
That - nSV & og] os] oks ¼,d O;fDr ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
These- nht+ & ;g] ;s ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
Those- nkst+ & og] os] oks ¼,d ls T+;knk O;fDr;ksa ds fy, iz;ksx gksrk gSA½

10
;s demonstratives nks rjg ls iz;ksx esa vkrs gaS & loZuke dh rjg ;k fQj determiners dh rjgA
These demonstratives are used as - either Pronoun or Determiners.

tc fdlh laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s x;s gksa rks ;s Determiners dgykrs gSaA vkSj tc Hkh fcuk laKk ds iz;ksx
fd;s tk;sa rks ;s Pronouns dgykrs gSaA
If a demonstrative is followed by a noun it modifies, it‟s called a determiner;
however, if it‟s not followed by a noun, it‟s called a pronoun.

le÷kus dk iz;kl dfj, &

Try to understand –

This is a book. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun)

bl okD; esa this ds rqjar ckn dksbZ laKk ugha gSA blfy, this ,d demonstrative pronoun gSA
In this sentence, „this‟ is not followed by any noun, hence it‟s a demonstrative
pronoun here.

This book is mine. Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner)

bl okD; esa this ds rqjar ckn book dk iz;ksx gqvk gS tks fd ,d laKk gSA blfy, this ,d demonstrative
determiner gSA
Here, „this‟ is followed by „book‟, which is a noun, hence it‟s a demonstrative
determiner here.

dqN mnkgj.k (Few Examples)

I love this. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)
This is a cute baby. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)
These are my books. loZuke dh rjg (As a Pronoun) (not followed by a noun)
That man is my dad. Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner) (followed by a noun: MAN)
Those people are mad. Determiner dh rjg (As a Determiner)(followed by a noun: PEOPLE)

3. Possessives (His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, its)

His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its dks determiners dgrs gSaA bu ‚kCnksa ds rqjar ckn ges‛kk ,d laKk
gksrh gSA
His, Her, Your, Our, My, Their, Its are known as determiners. These words are always
followed by a noun.

mnkgj.k (Example):

His friend is a teacher.

My brother will not go.
Our books are kept on the table.
Their parents were not present.

10
 4. Quantifiers

Quantifiers ,sls ‚kCn ;k ‛kCnksa dk lewg gksrs gSa tks fdlh laKk ls rqjar igys iz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa o laKk dh ek=k
(amount) ds ckjs esa crkrs gSaA
Quantifiers are Such words or group of words, which are used before a noun to
indicate the amount or quantity of that noun.

1. Few FkksM+k] dqN ¼ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS½ tSls dqN yM+ds] dqN cPps vkfnA Few boys
2. Less, Little FkksM+k] dqN ¼ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ tSls FkksM+k ikuh] dqN iSVªksy vkfnA Little water
3. Some FkksM+k] dqN ¼nksuksa ds lkFk & ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS vkSj ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Some boys/
water
4. Any dksbZ] dqN ¼nksuksa ds lkFk & ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS vkSj ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Any boys/water

uksV & „some‟ dk iz;ksx izk;% ldkjkRed okD;ksa esa tcfd „any‟ dk iz;ksx izk;% udkjkRed okD;ksa esa gksrk gSA
Note: „some‟ is mostly used in positive sentences while „any‟ is often used in negative sentences.

5. Every gj dksbZ Every person/Every book/Every boy

6. All lHkh] lc All the friends/All the people/All the books
7. Each izR;sd] gj ,d Each friend/Each book/Each boy
8. Both nksuksa Both the friends/Both the books
9. Enough dkQh Enough money/Enough people
10. Full iwjk Full glass
11. Half (1/2) vk/kk Half the glass
12. Quarter(1/4) ,d pkSFkkbZ Quarter the glass
13. Whole iwjk Whole world/Whole the day
14. More T+;knk ¼nksuksa ds lkFk & ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS o ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ More boys/water
15. Less de ¼ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk½ Less water
16. Many dbZ ¼ftUgsa fxuk tk ldrk gS½ Many boys
17. Much T+;knk ¼ftUgsa fxuk ugha tk ldrk gS½ Much water
18. 1,2,3,4,5 etc ,d] nks] rhu] pkj] ik¡p vkfnA 2 friends/ 2 laptops/ 50 people etc

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nce English Grammar Topics Hkh ij tkdj vki i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd
el esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
ur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsaxhA –

10
Lesson – 16
Simple Sentences ¼ljy okD;½
“ljy okD; mUgsa dgrs gSa ftuesa ;k rks fØ;k gksrh gh ugha vkSj vxj gksrh Hkh gS rks Subject ml
fØ;k dks ugha djrkA”
“Simple Sentences are those in which either there is no action (verb) at all or even if there
is an action, Subject doesn‟t perform that action.”

vxj ge dgsa fd “jke vPNk yM+dk gSA” Subject gS jkeA D;k jke dksbZ dke dj jgk gS? ughaA jke ds
ckjs esa rks flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd oks vPNk yM+dk gS blfy, ;s ,d Simple Sentence gSA blesa dksbZ
fØ;k ugha gSA vkb,] vc nwljk okD; ns[krs gSa Þfdrkc Vscy ij j[kh gqbZ gSÞA bl okD; esa Subject gS
fdrkc vkSj Þj[kukÞ ,d fØ;k gSA Hkys gh bl okD; esa fØ;k gS ij D;k Subject bl fØ;k dks dj jgk gS?
ugha D;ksafd fdrkc rks [kqn j[kh gqbZ gS] oks dksbZ dke ugha dj ldrh blfy, ;s Hkh ,d Simple
Sentence gSA ,d vkSj okD; nsf[k,& Þjke fdrkc i<+ jgk gSAÞ bl okD; esa Subject gS jke vkSj
Þi<+ukÞ
,d fØ;k gSA D;k Subject bl fØ;k dks dj jgk gS? gk¡] i<+us dk dke jke gh rks dj jgk gS tks fd bl
okD; dk Subject gSA ;kfu ;s Simple Sentence ugha gSA ;s rks ,d Tense Sentence gS tks fd
vki vkxs vkus okys pSIVj esa i<+saxsA

If we say „Ram is a good boy‟. Subject is Ram. Is Ram doing something? No, subject is
performing no action, means there is no verb, hence it‟s a simple sentence. Let‟s see
another example „Book is kept on the table‟. Subject is „book‟ & verb is to „keep‟. Is
subject doing something? No. Book itself is kept, hence it can‟t perform an action. So
this is also a simple sentence. Let‟s see one more sentence – „Ram is reading the book‟.
In this sentence, Subject is „Ram‟ & verb is to „read‟. Since Ram is performing the
action of
„reading‟, hence it‟s not a simple sentence. It‟s actually a tense, which you will be taught
in later respective lesson.
vkWfM;ks ySDpj Hkh /;kuiwoZd lqfu, rkfd csgrj le÷k ldsaA

dqN mnkgj.k (Few examples):

D;k okD; esa

okD; dksbZ fØ;k gS\ Li"Vhdj.k
Subject Explanation
Sentence Is there a
verb?
lanhi ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA lanhi dksbZ fØ;k ugha dj
fØ;k ugha gSA jgkA
lanhi esjk HkkbZ gSA lanhi Only been told about Sandeep, he is
No verb
performing no task (verb).
fØ;k ugha gSA Subject gS ÞrqeÞ ij Subject dksbZ dke ugha dj jgkA
rqe esjs dkSu gks \ rqe
No verb

10
 fØ;k ugha gSA mlds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gS fd mlds ikl iSu gSA oks dksbZ
mlds ikl iSu gSA oks dke ugha dj jgk gSA
No verb
cPps vPNs FksA cPps fØ;k ugha gSA cPpksa ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k gSA cPps dksbZ dke ugha dj jgsA
fØ;k gS & lksuk fØ;k rks gS ij D;k Subject fØ;k dks dj jgk gS \ ugha
jke lks;k gqvk gSA jke Verb is there D;ksafd oks rks [kqn gh lks;k gqvk gS] oks dke ugha dj jgkA
- Sleep
esjs ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA eSa dksbZ dke ugha dj jgkA
fØ;k ugha gSA Only been told about me, I am performing
esjs nks HkkbZ FksA eSa
No verb no task(verb).

fØ;k ugha gSA veu ds ckjs esa flQZ crk;k x;k gSA veu dksbZ dke ugha dj
veu ?kj ij gksxkA veu jgkA
No verb

Simple Sentences rhu rjg ds gksrs gSa& (Simple Sentences are of three types):

1. Simple Present – bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gS] gSa] gks] g¡w dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
2. Simple Past – bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa Fkk] Fks] Fkh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
3. Simple Future – bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gksxk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Simple Present

Category I : Helping Verb – Is/Am/Are

igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gS] gSa] gks] gw¡ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Third Person Singular Subject ds lkFk & Is

I (First Person Singular Subject) ds lkFk & Am
ckdh lHkh Subjects ds lkFk & Are
¼vxj First Person, Second Person ;k Third Person ds Singular-Plural dkWUlsIV esa dksbZ fnDdr gks rks
Lesson-2 nksckjk if<+,A½

Hindi
English Sentence Comment
Sentence
jke ,d vPNk Subject (Ram) „Third Person Singular‟ gS blfy,
yM+dk gSA Ram is a good boy.
is
dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (People) „Third Person Plural‟ gS blfy,
Ykksx ikxy gSaA People are mad.
are dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
ge yksx rqEgkjs We people are Subject (We People) „First Person Plural‟ gS blfy,
lkFk gSaA with you. are dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
lHkh esjs fiz; gSaA Subject (All) „Third Person Plural‟ gS blfy, are dk
All are my dear. iz;ksx gqvk gSA
eSa rqEgkjs fy, “I” First Person Singular subject gS blfy, blds lkFk
vPNk gw¡A I am good for you.
“am” dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

10
 pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)

Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1 mnkgj.k 2 mnkgj.k 3

(Sentence Type) Example-1 Example-2 Example-3
yksx ikxy gSaA
Affirmative jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gSA eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk gw¡ A
People are
¼ldkjkRed½ Ram is a good boy. I am good for you.
mad.
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha gSA yksx ikxy ugha gSaA
Negative eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk ugha gw¡ A
Ram is not a good People are not
¼udkjkRed½ I am not good for you.
boy. mad.
D;k yksx ikxy gSa \
Interrogative D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk gS\ D;k eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk gw¡wWa\
Are People
¼iz‛uokpd½ Is Ram a good boy? Am I good for you ?
mad?
D;k yksx ikxy ugha
Negative D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk D;k eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk ugha gSa \
Interrogative ugha gS\ gw¡\
Are People not
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½ Is Ram not a good boy? Am I not good for you ?
mad?

vxj okD; esa dksbZ WH family gS tSls & dSls (How), D;ksa (Why), dc (When) dgk¡ (Where) vkfn rks oks
Interrogative Sentences ds ‚kq#vkr esa yxsxh vkSj mlds rqjar ckn helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Hindi Sentence English Sentence

eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk D;ksa gw¡ \ Why am I good for You?
Ykksx ,sls D;ksa gSa \ Why are people so?
cPps fdlds lkFk gSa \ With whom are children?

Category II : Helping Verb – Has/Have

igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa ikl gS ;k fQj HkkbZ@cgu@nksLr vkfn gSa dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Third Person Singular Subject ds lkFk & Has

ckdh Subjects ds lkFk & Have

Hindi English
Explanation
Sentence Sentence
iwtk ds ikl ,d Subject (Pooja) „Third Person Singular Subject‟
fdrkc gSA Pooja has a book.
gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (I) „First Person Singular Subject‟ gS
esjs nks HkkbZ gSaA I have two brothers.
blfy, have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Kuldeep has Subject (Kuldeep) „Third Person Singular
dqYnhi dk ,d HkkbZ gSA
one Subject‟ gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
brother.
esjh lkl ds nks My mother in law Subject (My mother in law) „Third Person
HkkbZ gSaA has two brothers. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
My father has five Subject (My father) „Third Person Singular
esjs ikik ds 5 HkkbZ gSaA
brothers. Subject‟gS blfy, has dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

10
 Negative Sentences : Doesn‟t have/Don‟t have ¼ikl ugha gS½

„Third Person Singular Subject‟ ds lkFk - Doesn‟t have dk iz;ksx

ckdh Subjects ds lkFk - Don‟t have dk iz;ksx

Hindi Sentence English Sentence Explanation

Subject (Ram) „Third Person
jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gSA Ram doesn‟t have a book. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, doesn‟t
have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (I) „First Person Singular
esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gSaA I don‟t have two brothers. Subject‟ gS blfy, don‟t have dk iz;ksx
gqvk gSA
Subject (He/She) „Third Person
He/She doesn‟t have three
mldh rhu cgusa ugha gSaA Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, doesn‟t
sisters.
have dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)

Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1 mnkgj.k 2

(Sentence Type) Example-1 Example-2
jke ds ikl fdrkc gSA esjs nks HkkbZ gSaA
Affirmative ¼ldkjkRed½ Ram has a book. I have two brothers.
jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gSA esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gaSA
Negative ¼udkjkRed½ Ram doesn‟t have a book. I don‟t have two brothers.
D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc gS \ D;k esjs nks HkkbZ gSa \
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½ Does Ram have a book ? Do I have two brothers?
Negative Interrogative D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha gS \ D;k esjs nks HkkbZ ugha gaS \
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½ Does Ram not have a book ? Do I not have two brothers?
jke ds ikl fdrkc D;ksa ugha gS \ esjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \
With „Wh‟ family Why does Ram not have a How many brothers do I
book ? have?

Simple Past
Category I : Helping Verb – Was/Were
igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa Fkk] Fks] Fkh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Singular Subject ds lkFk & Was Plural Subject ds lkFk & Were

Hindi Sentence English Sentence Explanation

jke ,d vPNk yM+dk Subject (Ram) „Singular Subject‟ gS blfy,
FkkA Ram was a good boy.
was dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA
Subject (All) „Plural Subject‟ gS blfy,
lc ikxy Fks A All were mad.
were dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

10
 I was always with „I‟s ,d „Singular subject‟ gS blfy, was dk
eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjs lkFk Fkk A
you. iz;ksx gqvk gSA
All were my Subject (All) „Plural Subject‟ gS blfy,
lHkh esjs nq‛eu FksA
enemies. were dk iz;ksx gqvk gSA

pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)

Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1 mnkgj.k 2

(Sentence Type) Example-1 Example-2
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk FkkA eSa rqEgkjk nksLr FkkA
Affirmative ¼ldkjkRed½ Ram was a good boy. I was your friend.
jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha FkkA eSa rqEgkjk nksLr ugha FkkA
Negative ¼udkjkRed½ Ram was not a good boy. I was not your friend.
D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk Fkk \ D;k eSa rqEgkjk nksLr Fkk \
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½ Was Ram a good boy ? Was I your friend ?
Negative Interrogative D;k jke ,d vPNk yM+dk ugha Fkk \ D;k eSa rqEgkjk nksLr ugha Fkk \
¼udkjkRed iz‛uokpd½ Was Ram not a good boy ? Was I not your friend.

dqN egRoiw.kZ tkudkjh & vxj okD; esa dksbZ WH family tSls & dSls (How), D;ksa (Why), dc (When)
dgk¡ (Where) vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks Interrogative Sentence ds ‚kq#vkr esa yxrk gSA vkSj mlds rqjar
ckn helping verb dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

Hindi Sentence English Sentence

eSa rqEgkjs lkFk D;ksa ugha Fkk \ Why was I not with You ?
Ykksx ogk¡ dc ls Fks \ From when were people there?
jke ?kj ij D;ksa ugha Fkk \ Why was Ram not at home?
rqe ml le; dgk¡ Fks \ Where were you that time?

Category II : Helping Verb – Had

igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa ikl Fkk ;k fQj HkkbZ@cgu@nksLr vkfn Fks dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Subject pkgs ‟Singular‟ gks ;k ‟Plural‟, ldkjkRed okD;ksa (Affirmative Sentences) esaa „Had‟ dk gh
iz;ksx gksrk gS vkSj udkjkRed okD;ksa (Negative Sentences) esaa „didn‟t have‟ dkA

Hindi Sentence English Sentence

iq"dj vady ds ikl ,d fdrkc FkhsA Pushkar uncle had a book.
iadt ds nks HkkbZ ugha Fks A Pankaj didn‟t have two brothers.
esjs ikl dqN ugha FkkA I had nothing. / I didn‟t have anything.
lHkh yksxksa ds ikl ySiVkWi ugha FksA All the people didn‟t have laptops.

11
 pkjksa izdkj ds okD; (Sentences)

Sentence ds izdkj mnkgj.k 1 mnkgj.k 2

(Sentence Type) Example-1 Example-2
jke ds ikl ,d fdrkc FkhA esjs nks HkkbZ FksA
Affirmative ¼ldkjkRed½
Ram had a book. I had two brothers.
jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha FkhA esjs nks HkkbZ ugha FksA
Negative ¼udkjkRed½ Ram didn‟t have a book. I didn‟t have two brothers.
D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc Fkh \ D;k esjs nks HkkbZ Fks \
Interrogative ¼iz‛uokpd½ Did Ram have a book ? Did I have two brothers?
D;k esjs nks HkkbZ ugha Fks \
Negative Interrogative D;k jke ds ikl fdrkc ugha Fkh \
Did I not have two
¼udkjkRed] iz‛uokpd½ Did Ram not have a book
brothers?
?
jke ds ikl fdrkc D;ksa ugha Fkh \ esjs fdrus HkkbZ Fks\
With „Wh‟ family Why Did Ram not have a How many brothers did I
book ? have?

Simple Future

Category I : Helping Verb – Will be

igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa gksxk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Singular vkSj Plural Subject ds lkFk & will be

Hindi Sentence English Sentence

ikik vkWfQl esa gksaxsA Dad will be in office.
jke ogk¡ ugha gksxk A Ram will not be there.
D;k ogk¡ dksbZ gksxk \ Will someone be there?
oks lc eEeh ds lkFk gksaxsA They all will be with mom.

Category II : Helping Verb – Will have

igpku & bu okD;ksa ds vUr esa ikl gksxk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Singular vkSj Plural Subject ds lkFk & will have

Hindi Sentence English Sentence

ikik ds ikl eksckbZy gksxkA Dad will have a mobile.
jke ds ikl dqRrk ugha gksxk A Ram will not have a dog.

11
 D;k mlds ikl dqN gksxk \ Will he have something?
D;k ml yM+dh ds ikl fdrkcsa ugha gksxh \ Will that girl not have books?

Negative Interrogative okD;ksa esa ‟Not‟ dk iz;ksx ges‛kk Subject ds ckn gksrk gSA
vxj okD; ds ‚kq#vkr ;k vkf[kj esa *D;k* vk;s rks ‚kq#vkr esa flQZ helping verb yxsxhA v
vxj fdlh Hkh izdkj dk dksbZ Hkh iz‛u gks ;k vkidks dksbZ Hkh lansg gks rks csf÷k÷kd

If you face any problems understanding anything at all or you have any doubt or clarification

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

nce English Grammar Topics Hkh ij tkdj vki i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd,
l esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
r djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsaxhA –

11
 Simple Sentences- Practice Exercise

Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –

1- D;k jke vPNk gS \ 51- rqEgkjs ikl fdruk iSlk gS \
2- cPps fdlds lkFk gSa \ 52- fdl ‚kgj esa gks rqe bl oDr \
3- rqe vPNs gks A 53- eSa ft+Unk gw¡ flQZ rqEgkjs fy,A
4- ikik jkgqy ds lkFk Fks A 54- jke dgha [kks;k gqvk FkkA
5- cPpk esjs vkxs FkkA 55- eSa rqEgkjs liuksa esa [kks;k gqvk gw¡A
6- ;s mldk nksLr ugha gSA 56- eksckby Vscy ij j[kk gqvk gSA
7- ;s yM+dk dgk¡ ij Fkk\ 57- eSa Mjk gqvk FkkA
8- eSa jke dh otg ls ;gk¡ gw¡ A 58- fdrus cPps bl le; ;gk¡ gSa \
9- mlds ikl iSu FkkA 59- jke 2 cts txk gqvk FkkA
10- rqEgkjs ikl D;k gS \ 60- mlds ikik fi;s gq, FksA
11- eEeh ds ikl iSls ugha gaSA 61- rqe esjs djhch nksLr gksA
12- jkgqy fdldk HkkbZ gS \ 62- ;s fy[kk gqvk FkkA
13- ;s vkneh fdl yM+dh dk ikik gS\ 63- ;s xhrk esa fy[kk gqvk gSA
14- oks ?kj fdldk gS \ 64- fHk[kkjh ds diM+s QVs gq, FksA
15- eSa rqels yEck gw¡ A 65- D;k rqEgkjs ikl dqN Fkk\
16- rqe fdl ‚kgj ls gks \ 66- gekjs ikl dqN gSA
17- rqe fdl ‚kgj esa gks \ 67- eSa fdlds fy, ogk¡ Fkk \
18- D;k rqEgkjs ikl gS \ 68- oks rqEgkjs fy, :dk gqvk gSA
19- Dlk rqEgkjs ikl eksckby gSA 69- rqe ?kj ds vUnj Fks A
20- eSa dkSu gw¡ \ 70- jke esjs cxy esa [kM+k gSA
21- D;k gS oks \ 71- f‛ko dh iwtk ;gk¡ izfl) gSA
22- Eksjs ihNs dkSu [kMk Fkk \ 72- gekjh [okfg‛ksa bruh D;ksa gS \
23- eSa Dykl esa cSBk gw¡A 73- rqe ,sls D;ksa gks \
24- mlds HkkbZ fdrus cM+s gSa \ 74- iSls fdlds ikl gSa \
25- rqe esjs lcls NksVs HkkbZ gks A 75- D;k rqEgkjs ikl fnekx ugha gS \
26- ;s esjk I;kj gS rqEgkjs fy,A 76- ;s VwVk gqvk fny esjk gSA
27- D;k gS mldk uke \ 77- mlds fdrus yM+ds gSa \
28- ;s dgkuh fdlh vkSj dh gSA 78- vki eq>ls T+;knk cqjs gSaA
29- oks Fkdh gqbZ FkhA 79- D;k jke eq>ls T+;knk vPNk gS \
30- jke lks;k gqvk gSA 80- eq>s rqels I;kj gSA
31- ge cSBs gq, Fks \ 81- brus lkjs iSls rqEgkjs ikl dSls gaS \
32- rqe [kM+s D;ksa gks \ 82- fj‛rs [kwclwjr gksrs gSaA
33- ml Vscy ij D;k gS \ 83- ;s dksbZ vkSj gSA
34- rqe fnYyh ds vkl ikl gksA 84- ;s dqN vkSj gSA
35- eSa bl QksVks esa ugha gw¡A 85- rqEgkjk iSu dkSu lk okyk gS \
36- oks dc ls vkWfQl esa gS \ 86- iSu fdldk gS \
37- rqe dc rd vkWfQl es Fks \ 87- rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu gS \
38- esjs iSj esa D;k gS \ 88- iSls fdlds ikl ugha gaS \
39- mlds ikl dqN ugha gSA 89- rqe fdl ckr ds fy, nq[kh gks \
40- esjs ikl dqN QVs gq, diM+s gSaA 90- jke dc rd bl txg esa Fkk \
41- jke isM+ ds ihNs fNik gqvk FkkA 91- eSa rqEgkjs lkeus [kM+k Fkk A
42- ;s cPps esjs gSaA 92- eSa Bhd rqEgkjs lkeus [kM+k Fkk A
43- ;s rqEgkjk ugha gSA 93- fdl yM+dh ds ikik ogk¡ [kM+s Fks \
44- ;s esjh fcYyh gSA 94- eSa fxVkj ds fy, ikxy gw¡ A
45- ;s fcYyh esjh gSA 95- ogk¡ fdrus yksx gSa \
46- ;s jke dh fdrkc gSA 96- iSu dgk¡ j[kk gqvk gS A
47- ;s fdrkc jke dh gSA 97- le; D;k gqvk gS \
48- ge rqEgkjs gSaA 98- rqe nksuksa lcls vPNs gks A
49- eSa gj iy rqEgkjs lkFk FkkA 99- ge lc rqEgkjs lkFk gSaA
50- xkM+h esa fdruk isVªksy gS \ 100- eSa rqEgkjk dkSu gw¡ \
11
 Answers
1. Is Ram good? 52. In which city are you at this time?
2. With whom are children? 53. I am alive only for you.
3. You are good. 54. Ram was lost somewhere.
4. Papa was with Rahul. 55. I am lost in your dreams.
5. Child was ahead of me. 56. Mobile is kept on the table.
6. This/he is his friend. 57. I was scared. / I was horrified. / I was terrified.
7. Where was this boy? / I was afraid.
8. I am here because of Ram. 58. How many children are here at this time?
9. He had a pen. 59. Ram was awake at 2.
10. What do you have? 60. His father was drunk.
11. Mom doesn‟t have money. 61. You are my close friend.
12. Whose brother is Rahul? 62. It is written.
13. Which girl‟s father is this man? 63. It is written in Geeta.
14. Whose is that house/home? 64. Beggar‟s clothes were torn.
15. I am taller than you. 65. Did you have something?
16. From which city are you? 66. We have something.
17. In which city are you? 67. For whom was I there?
18. Do you have? 68. He is stopped for you.
19. Do you have a mobile? 69. You were inside the home.
20. Who am I? 70. Ram is standing beside me.
21. What is that? 71. Worship of Lord Shiva is famous here.
22. Who was standing behind me? 72. Why are our desires these many?
23. I am sitting in the class. 73. Why are you so?
24. How old are his brothers? 74. Who has money?
25. You are my youngest brother. 75. Do you not have mind/brain?
26. This is my love for you. 76. This broken heart is mine.
27. What is his name? 77. How many sons does he have?
28. This story is someone else‟s. 78. You are worse than I.
29. She was tired. 79. Is Ram better than I?
30. Ram is asleep. 80. I am in love with you. / I love you.
31. We were sitting. 81. How do you have this much money?
32. Why are you standing? 82. Relations are beautiful.
33. What is there on that table? 83. This is someone else.
34. You are near about Delhi. 84. This is something else.
35. I am not there in this photograph. 85. Which one is your pen?
36. Since when is he in the office? 86. Whose is the pen?
37. Until when were you in the office? 87. Who is behind you?
38. What is there in my leg? 88. Who doesn‟t have money?
39. He doesn‟t have anything. / He has nothing. 89. For what are you unhappy / sad?
40. I have some torn clothes. 90. Until when was Ram in this place?
41. Ram was hidden behind the tree. 91. I was standing in front of you.
42. These children are mine. 92. I was standing just in front of you.
43. This is not yours. 93. Which girl‟s father was standing there?
44. This / She is my cat. 94. I am crazy for guitar.
45. This cat is mine. 95. How many people are there?
46. This is Ram‟s book. 96. Where is the pen kept?
47. This book is Ram‟s. /This book is of Ram. 97. What is the time?
48. We are yours. 98. You both are the best.
49. I was there with you at every moment. 99. We all are with you.
50. How much petrol is there in the car? 100. Who am I to you?
51. How much money do you have?

11
 Simple Sentences- Test Papers

Test – I

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 20 x 1 = 20

1- eSa rqEgkjk lcls cM+k HkkbZ gw¡A 11-oks vkneh ,d vPNk bUlku ugha gSA
2- D;k rqe esjs nksLr ugha gks \ 12-D;k jke ds ikl iSu ugha gS \
3- jke esjs lkFk ges‛kk FkkA 13-rqEgkjs ikl fnekx D;ksa ugha gS \
4- D;k rqEgkjs nl HkkbZ ugha gSa \ 14-lHkh esjs fiz; gSaA
5- jkds'k ds dbZ nksLr gSaA 15-eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk D;ksa ugha gw¡ \
6- esjs ikl 4 eksckbZy ugha FksA 16-rqe gj fdlh ds fy, vPNs FksA
7- os yksx gekjs lkFk gSaA 17-D;k rqEgkjs nks HkkbZ gSa \
8- ge lc rqEgkjs HkkbZ ds ikl gh gSaA 18-D;k gekjs ikl iSls Fks \
9- eSa vius ikik dk lcls cM+k yM+dk 19-Okks cPpk mudk lcls NksVk yM+dk gSA
gw¡A 20-esjs ikik MkDVj gSaA
10-lHkh yksxksa ds ikl fdrkcsa ugha gSaA

Q2: Which 9 out of the following are singulars? ¼fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls 9 ,dopu gSa½ 9 x 1 = 9

Ram, People, She, I, We, You, These, That, This, Those, It, He, Man, Women, They, Blood

Q3: Which 6 out of the following are Plurals? ¼fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu ls 6 cgqopu gSa½ 6x1 =6

Ram & Shyam, People, I, We, You, These, That, This, Those, It, He, Woman, Sky

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa

(Quotations)

1. Living is not enough, what matters is how you live.

thuk dkQh ugha gS] ek;us ;s j[krk gS fd vki thrs dSls gSaA

2. When you make a decision, the universe conspires to make it happen.

(Ralph Waldo Emerson)
tc vki dksbZ QSlyk dj ysa] rks czgekaM mls iwjk djus dh lkft‛k djus yxrk gSA ¼jSYQ okWYMks belZu½

3. If we are not the part of solution, then we are the problem. (Shiv Khera)
vxj ge gy dk fgLlk ugha gSa] rks ge gh leL;k gSaA ¼f‛ko [ksjk½

4. Inspiration is thinking whereas motivation is action. (Shiv Khera)

fdlh ls izHkkfor gksuk ,d lksp gS tcfd izsj.kk ysuk ,d dk;ZokghA ¼f‛ko [ksjk½

5. The two most important days in your life are the day you are born and the day you
find out why. (Mark Twain)
vkidh ft+Unxh ds nks fnu lcls egRoiw.kZ gSa] ,d rc tc vkidk tUe gqvk vkSj nwljk rc tc vkius ;s tku
fy;k fd vkidk tUe D;ksa gqvkA ¼ekdZ osu½

11
 Answers

Q1:
1- eSa rqEgkjk lcls cM+k HkkbZ gw¡A I am your eldest brother.
2- D;k rqe esjs nksLr ugha gks \ Are you not my friend?
3- jke esjs lkFk ges‛kk FkkA Ram was always with me.
4- D;k rqEgkjs nl HkkbZ ugha gSa \ Do you not have 10 brothers?
5- jkds'k ds dbZ nksLr gSaA Rakesh has many friends.
6- esjs ikl 4 eksckbZy ugha FksA I didn‟t have 4 mobiles.
7- os yksx gekjs lkFk gSaA They people are with us.
8- ge lc rqEgkjs HkkbZ ds ikl gh gSaA We all are with your brother only.
9- eSa vius ikik dk lcls cM+k yM+dk g¡w A I am the eldest son of my father.
10-lHkh yksxksa ds ikl fdrkcsa ugha gSaA All the people don‟t have books.
11-oks vkneh ,d vPNk bUlku ugha gSA That man is not a good person/human.
12-D;k jke ds ikl iSu ugha gS \ Does Ram not have a pen?
13-rqEgkjs ikl fnekx D;ksa ugha gS \ Why do you not have mind/brain?
14-lHkh esjs fiz; gSaA All are my dear.
15-eSa rqEgkjs fy, vPNk D;ksa ugha g¡w \ Why am I not good for you?
16-rqe gj fdlh ds fy, vPNs FksA You were good for all.
17-D;k rqEgkjs nks HkkbZ gSa \ Do you have two brothers?
18-D;k gekjs ikl iSls Fks \ Did we have money?
19-Okks cPpk mudk lcls NksVk yM+dk gSA That boy is their youngest son.
20-esjs ikik MkDVj gSaA My father is a doctor.

Q2: Singulars:
Ram, She, I, That, This, It, He, Man, Blood

Q3: Plurals:
Ram & Shyam, People, We, You, These, Those

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

Start where you are today. Use what you have today. Do what you can today.
‚kq#vkr djks vkt tgk¡ vki gksA gj ml pht+ dk iz;ksx djks tks vkt vkids ikl gSA vkSj djks tks vkt vki dj ldrs gksA

A man is great by deeds, not by birth. (Chanakya)

O;fDr vius deksaZ ls egku curk gS] tUe ls ughaA ¼pk.kD;½

11
 Test- II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: Marks -30

1- D;k rqe dksbZ vkSj gks \ 16-dksbZ jkgqy Dykl esa cSBk gqvk gSA
2- eSa fdlh dk Hkh nksLr ugha gw¡A 17-ftl fdlh ds Hkh lkFk oks gS] Hkxoku mls vk‛khZokn nsA
3- rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \ 18-mlds diM+s QVs gq, Fks ‚kk;nA
4- mlds lkspus dk rjhdk eq>ls FkksM+k vyx gSA 19-D;k rqEgkjs ikl dqN gS \
5- jke lcls cqjk bUlku gSA 20-jkuh mudh lcls NksVh csVh gSA
6- os yksx ,sls D;ksa gSa \ 21-tkuoj I;kj ds Hkw[ks gksrs gSaA
7- gekjh otg ls mlds ikl vkt dqN Hkh ugha gSA 22-esjs pyus dk rjhdk dSlk gS \
8- D;k rqe lcls cM+s HkkbZ gks \ 23-fdl cPps dk ikl esjk iSu gS \
9- esjh gFksyh ij dqN j[kk gqvk Fkk] D;k Fkk oks \ 24-ogk¡ fdrus cPps cSBs gSa \
10-oks fdlds lkFk ogk¡ x;k vkSj D;ksa \ 25-tks dksbZ Hkh ;gk¡ gS] esjk nksLr gSA
11-D;k iSls ugha Fks mlds ikl \ 26-tks dksbZ Hkh ogk¡ gS] esjk nq‛eu gSA
12-tgkW dgha Hkh rqe gks] [kq‛k jgksA 27-esjs cxy esa flQZ nks cPps FksA
13-ftUnxh dksbZ et+kd gS D;k \ 28-mlds [kkus dk rjhdk Bhd ugha gSA
14-esjs ikl lcls de ikuh gSA 29-uk‛rs esa vkt D;k gS \
15-dksbZ fe0 jke ckgj [kM+s gSa \ 30-esjs fny esa D;k gS \

Q2: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: Marks -20

1. Why are your friends not here? 11. Relation of a mom with her children is
2. For what are you here? unique.
3. Which one is mine? 12. Nothing is impossible in this world.
4. Mine are three brothers. 13. Government‟s endeavor for poor‟s uplift is
5. His is this book. praiseworthy.
6. They were better than me. 14. Are you trustworthy?
7. Am I no one to you? 15. Such people are not trustworthy.
8. Seeta is a friend of mine. 16. Life is beautiful for those, who are happy.
9. How much petrol do you have at 17. I don‟t have any friend in this locality.
this moment? 18. Glasses are half empty.
10. I am your better than the best friend. 19. Dictionary is good source of words.
20. Today‟s life is very hectic.

Answers
Q1:
1- D;k rqe dksbZ vkSj gks \ Are you someone else?
2- eSa fdlh dk Hkh nksLr ugha gw¡A I am not anybody‟s friend.
3- rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \ How many brothers do you have?
4- mlds lkspus dk rjhdk eq>ls FkksM+k vyx gSA His way of thinking is a bit different than that of mine.
5- jke lcls cqjk bUlku gSA Ram is the worst person.
6- os yksx ,sls D;ksa gSa \ Why are they people so?
7- gekjh otg ls mlds ikl vkt dqN Hkh ugha gSA He has nothing today because of us.
8- D;k rqe lcls cM+s HkkbZ gks \ Are you the eldest brother?
9- esjh gFksyh ij dqN Fkk] D;k Fkk oks \ There was something in my palm, what was that?
10-oks fdlds lkFk ogk¡ x;k vkSj D;ksa \ With whom did he go there and why?
11-D;k iSls ugha Fks mlds ikl \ Did he not have money?

11
 12- tgk¡ dgha Hkh rqe gks] [kq‛k jgksA Wherever you are, be happy.
13- ft+Unxh dksbZ et+kd gS D;k \ Is life a joke?
14-esjs ikl lcls de ikuh gSA I have the least water.
15-dksbZ fe0 jke ckgj [kM+s gSaA A/Some Mr. Ram is standing outside.
16-dksbZ jkgqy Dykl esa cSBk gqvk gSA A/Some Rahul is sitting in the class.
17-ftl fdlh ds Hkh lkFk oks gS] Hkxoku mls vk‛khZokn ns! With whoever he is, may God bless him!
18-mlds diM+s QVs gq, Fks ‚kk;nA Perhaps his clothes were torn.
19-D;k rqEgkjs ikl dqN gS \ Do you have something?
20-jkuh mudh lcls NksVh csVh gSA Rani is their youngest daughter.
21-tkuoj I;kj ds Hkw[ks gksrs gSaA Animals are hungry for love. / Animals need love.
22-esjs pyus dk rjhdk dSlk gS \ How is my way of walking?
23-fdl cPps dk ikl esjk iSu gS \ Which kid has my pen?
24-ogk¡ fdrus cPps cSBs gSa \ How many children are sitting there?
25-tks dksbZ Hkh ;gk¡ gS] esjk nksLr gSA Whoever is here, is my friend.
26-tks dksbZ Hkh ogk¡ gS] esjk nq‛eu gSA Whoever is there, is my enemy.
27-esjs cxy esa flQZ nks cPps FksA There were only two children beside me.
28-mlds [kkus dk rjhdk Bhd ugha gSA His way of eating is not good.
29-uk‛rs esa vkt D;k gS \ What is there in breakfast today?
30-esjs fny esa D;k gS \ What is there in my heart?
Q2:
1. Why are your friends not here? rqEgkjs nksLr ;gk¡ D;ksa ugha gSa \
2. For what are you here? rqe ;gk¡ fdlfy, gks \
3. Which one is mine? dkSu lk okyk esjk gS \
4. Mine are three brothers. esjs rhu HkkbZ gSaA
5. His is this book. mldh gS ;s fdrkcA
6. They were better than I. os eq>ls csgrj FksA
7. Am I no one to you? D;k eSa rqEgkjk dksbZ ugha gw¡ \
8. Seeta is a friend of mine. lhrk esjh nksLr gSA
9. How much petrol do you have at this moment? rqEgkjs ikl bl oDr fdruk isVªksy gS \
10. I am your better than the best friend. eSa rqEgkjk lcls vPNs ls Hkh vPNk nksLr gw¡A
11. Relation of a mom with her child is unique.vius cPps ds lkFk ,d ek¡ dk fj‛rk vuks[kk gksrk gSA
12. Nothing is impossible in this world. bl nqfu;k esa dqN Hkh vlEHko ugha gSA
13. Government‟s endeavor is praiseworthy.ljdkj dk iz;kl iz‛kalk ;ksX; gSA
14. Are you trustworthy? D;k rqe Hkjksls ds yk;d gks \
15. Such people are not trustworthy. ,sls yksx Hkjksls yk;d ugha gksrsA
16. Life is beautiful for those, who are happy. ft+Unxh mu yksxksa ds fy, [kwclwjr gksrh gS] tks [kq‛k gSaA
17. I don‟t have any friend in this locality. bl txg esjk dksbZ nksLr ugha gSA
18. Glasses are half empty. fxykl vk/ks [kkyh gSaA
19. Dictionary is good source of words. fMD‛kujh ‚kCnksa dk vPNk lzksr gSA
20. Today‟s life is very hectic. vktdy dh ft+Unxh cgqr O;Lr gSA

11
 Test – III

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 44 x 1 = 44

1. Am I your friend? 23. His behavior was pretty awkward there.

2. Who is this boy? 24. Her father‟s name is Mr. R K Sharma.
3. Whose book is that? 25. I am a nice boy.
4. They are my friends. 26. His way of thinking is different altogether.
5. Until when were you in office? 27. In which home was he?
6. A book is lying on the bed. 28. Was he awake that time?
7. These are not pencils. 29. Mansi and Paras are good students.
8. Who has money? 30. This is not a laptop.
9. Since when are you at home? 31. Who was that boy to Ram?
10. He is someone else‟s father. 32. Death is a bitter truth of life.
11. You are no one to me. 33. Road is bent ahead.
12. Those boys were not with me. 34. I have six books.
13. I didn‟t have a pen. 35. I don‟t have 15 pencils.
14. Who didn‟t have pen? 36. How many books do you have?
15. He is with someone else. 37. Here is a book.
16. Are chairs of white color? 38. What are these people to you?
17. Are they your relatives? 39. There are a few notebooks.
18. This is a sweet dog. 40. His uncle is very nice.
19. That is a mobile phone. 41. I am your best friend.
20. Mine are two children. / I have two children. 42. The condition of my rattraps is pathetic.
21. What is he to you? 43. My dad is a nice man.
22. His heart is broken. 44. How many brothers does he have?

Answers
1- D;k eSa rqEgkjk nksLr gw¡ \ 23-mldk O;ogkj ogk¡ cgqr vthc FkkA
2- ;s yM+dk dkSu gS \ 24-mlds ikik dk uke fe0 vkj ds 'kekZ gSA
3- oks fdldh fdrkc gS \ 25-eSa vPNk yM+dk gw¡A
4- os esjs nksLr gSaA 26-mlds lkspus dk rjhdk cgqr vyx gSA
5- rqe dc rd vkWfQl esa Fks \ 27-oks fdl ?kj esa Fkk \
6- ,d fdrkc fcLrj ij iM+h gqbZ 28-D;k oks ml oDr mBk gqvk Fkk \
gSA 29-ekulh vkSj ikjl vPNs fo/kkFkhZ gSaA
7- ;s isfUlysa ugha gSaA 30-;s ysiVki ugha gSA
8- iSls fdlds ikl gSa \ 31-oks yM+dk jke dk dkSu Fkk \
9- rqe ?kj ij dc ls gks \ 32-eqR;Zq thou dk ,d dVq lR; gSA
10-oks fdlh vkSj ds ikik gSaA 33-jksM vkxs ls eqM+h gqbZ gSA
11-rqe esjs dksbZ ugha gksA 34-esjs ikl 6 fdrkcsa gSaA
12-oks yM+ds esjs lkFk ugha FksA 35-esjs ikl 15 iSfUlysa ugha gSaA
13-esjs ikl iSu ugha FkkA 36-rqEgkjs ikl fdruh fdrkcsa gSa \
14-fdlds ikl iSu ugha Fkk \ 37-;gk¡ ,d fdrkc gSA
15-Oks fdlh vkSj ds lkFk gSaA 38-;s yksx rqEgkjs D;k yxrs gSa \
16-D;k dqflZ;k¡ lQsn jax dh gSa \ 39-ogk¡ dqN dkfi;k¡ gSaA
17-D;k os vkids laca/kh gSa \ 40-mlds vady cgqr vPNs gSaA
18-;g ,d I;kjk dqRrk gSA 41-eSa rqEgkjk lcls vPNk nksLr gw¡A
19-oks eksckby Qksu gSA 42-esjh pwgsnkfu;ksa dh gkyr cgqr £jkc gSA
20-esjs nks cPps gSaA
21-oks rqEgkjk D;k gS \ / oks rqEgkjk D;k yxrk gS \ 22-mldk fny VwVk gqvk gSA
11
43-esjs ikik ,d vPNs bUlku gSaA
44-mlds fdrus HkkbZ gSa \

12
Lesson – 17
There ¼nsvj½
;s VkWfid cgqr gh vklku gS ij rc tc vki blds dkWUlSIV dks vPNh rjg le>sa A
This topic is pretty easy provided you go through its concept thoroughly.

;kn jgs] dqN Hkh vlEHko ugha vxj vki iwjh f‛kn~nr ls fdlh pht+ dks le÷kus dh Bku ysa
Remember, nothing is impossible if you have a firm desire to learn something.

Concept No. 1: Here ¼fgvj½ & ;gk¡

There ¼nsvj½ & ogk¡

1- ogk¡ ,d isM+ gSA There is a tree. / A tree is there.

2- ogk¡ dksbZ gSA There is someone./ Someone is there.
3- ogk¡ eSa x;kA I went there. / There went I.
4- ogk¡ nks yM+fd;k¡ gSaA There are two girls. / Two girls are there.
5- ;gk¡ dksbZ ugha gSA Here is no one. / No one is here.
6- ;gk¡ fdlh dk iSu FkkA Here was someone‟s pen. / Someone‟s pen was here.

Concept No. 2:

ge Simple Sentences ds ckjs esa i<+ pqds gSa ftuesa rhu phtsa t+:j gksrh gSa & Subject, Object vkSj
Helping Verb ij vxj fdlh Simple Sentence esa Subject vkSj Object esa ls dksbZ ,d u gks] rks
vkidks mldh txg “There” dk iz;ksx djuk gksxkA
We‟ve already learned that a simple sentence generally comprises; a subject, an
object & a helping verb but in case, if either subject or object is missing then „there‟
is to be used in place.

vxj ge dgsa Þ,d jktk FkkAÞ

bl okD; esa
Subject - ,d jktk & (A king)
Object - dqN ugha gS & (Missing)

blfy, gesa Object dh txg ij There dk iz;ksx djuk gksxkA

“A King was there.”

;gh ugha ge „Subject‟ dh txg ij „There‟ vkSj „Object‟ dh txg ij „Subject‟ fy[k ldrs gSaA
;kfu Subject vkSj Object dh txg ,d & nwljs ls cny ldrs gSaA

“There was a king.”

12
 dqN mnkgj.k nsf[k, &
Let‟s see a few examples:

1- ,d uy gSA There is a tap. / A tap is there.

2- dksbZ gSA There is someone. / Someone is there.
3- ikuh ugha gSA There is no water. / Water is not there.
4- yM+dh ugha gSA There is no girl. / Girl is not there.
5- ,d cPpk FkkA There was a kid. / A kid was there.
6- dqN FkkA There was something. / Something was there.
7- I;kj ugha gSA There is no love. / No love is there.
8- D;k dqN Fkk \ Was there something? / Was Something there?
9- dkSu gS \ Who is there ?

bu okD;ksa esa “There” dks Subject vkSj Object nksuksa :iksa esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
In these sentences, „There‟ can be used either as a „subject‟ or an „object‟.

vc vxyh Practice Exercise ds t+fj, vkidks csgrj rjhds ls le> vk tk;sxkA

;kn j[ksa “Practice makes a man perfect”.

Now, only Practice can improve your understanding, which you will develop in next
practice Exercise. Not to forget “Practice makes a man perfect”.

EnglishWale.com “l{ke Hkkjr fe‛ku”

Dear students,
bl Topic ds lkFk&2 dbZ Advance English Grammar Topics Hkh www.englishwale.com ij tkdj vki
i<+ ldrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;s lHkh VkWfid Video Lectures esa Hkh cover fd, x;s gSa] blds fy, vki “Spoken
English Guru” YouTube Channel esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A

eSaus vkids fy, ,d Android App Hkh cuk;k gSA Play Store esa Search dfj, “Spoken English Guru”.
fny ls esgur dfj,xk D;ksafd esgur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsaxhA –
Aditya Sir

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

id of what‟ll happen in life. Even if nothing happens, experience will be gained.
fd ft+Unxh esa D;k gksxkA dqN ugha Hkh gqvk rks de ls de rt+qckZ gksxkA

India is a country of thousand difficulties, but I am a firm believer that India is a country of thousand opportunities.
gSa fd Hkkjr gt+kjksa ijs‛kkfu;ksa dk ns‛k gS ysfdu esjk vVy fo‛okl gS fd Hkkjr gt+kjksa voljksa dk ns‛k gSA

y that I failed 1000 times, rather I would say, I know thousand ways which can cause failure.
a dgw¡xk fd eSa gt+kj ckj vlQy gqvk] ctk; blds eSa ;s dg¡wxk fd eq÷ks gt+kj ,sls jkLrs irk gSa ftuesa pydj vki lQy ugha

12
 There- Practice Exercise

vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –

1- ,d uy FkkA 27-,d isM+ gS] ftldk jax yky gSA

2- D;k rqEgkjk HkkbZ ogk¡ Fkk \ 28-D;k rqEgkjs ikl iSu gS \
3- dksbZ gS D;k \ 29-ml dq¡, esa ikuh ugha FkkA
4- D;k vkids fny esa I;kj ugha gS \ 30-tc dHkh eSa ijs‛kkuh esa Fkk] rqe esjs lkFk FksA
5- Rkqe ogk¡ D;ksa fNis gq, gks \ 31-eSus tks dqN fd;k] ogha ij fd;kA
6- Tkaxy esa ,d jktk jgrk FkkA 32-mldh ft+Unxh esa [kq‛kh ugha gSA
7- ogk¡ dqN ugha FkkA 33-D;k ogk¡ dqN py jgk gS \
8- ,d jktk ogk¡ x;kA 34-I;kj tSlh dksbZ pht+ ugha gksrhA
9- ogk¡ D;k gS \ 35-,slk dksbZ ‚kCn ugha gksrkA
10-ml ‚kgj esa ,d ikdZ FkkA 36-,slh dksbZ dgkuh ugha gSA
11-D;k rqEgkjs ikl iSls ugha gaS \ 37-,slk dksbZ xk¡o ugha gSA
12-Dykl esa 3 yM+fd;k¡ cSBh FkhaA 38-,slk dksbZ ns‛k ugha gS] tgk¡ flQZ tkuoj jgrs gksaA
13-Eksjs ikik ogk¡ jgrs FksA 39-,slk dksbZ eksckby ugha gS] ftls eSa Bhd ugha dj
14-Vscy ij iSu FkkA ldrkA
15-rfd;s ds uhps ,d i= gSA 40-D;k ogk¡ dksbZ ugha gS \
16-ogk¡ dksbZ ugha gksxkA 41-,slk dksbZ vkneh ugha gksrk ftls pksV ugha yxrhA
17-rqEgkjs HkkbZ ds lkFk ,d vkneh [kM+k gSA 42-ogk¡ fdrus yksx gSa \
18-bl rjg ds dbZ Qwy gSaA 43-ogk¡ fdrus yksx Fks \
19-ogk¡ ns[kus dks dqN ugha gSA 44-ogk¡ D;k gS \
20-D;k Dykl esa dksbZ ugha gS \ 45-rqe ogk¡ fdlds lkFk Fks \
21-[ksyus ds fy, yM+ds ugha gaSA 46-ml xk¡o esa fctyh ugha gSA
22-mlds cVq, esa iSls ugha gSaA 47-D;k rqEgkjs fnekx esa dqN gS \
23-bl dEiuh esa vkxs c<+us ds dbZ volj gSaA 48-D;k bl thou esa dsoy nq[k gS \
24-tkus dh t+:jr ugha gSA 49-ogk¡ dkSu lc yksx gSa \
25-cxZj [kkus dh dksbZ t+:jr ughaA 50-D;k rqEgkjs ikik ogk¡ ugha Fks \
26-,d lk¡i FkkA

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa

(Quotations)

1. Satisfaction lies in efforts, not only in attainment. Full efforts mean

full victory.
larqf"V iz;klksa ls gksrh gS] dsoy izkfIr ls ughaA iwjk iz;kl eryc iwjh fot;A

2. My dad was a laborer. He could not fulfill most of my desires; hence I ascribe
him of my phenomenal success. Had he been able to provide me all what I
wanted, I could have never reached this altitude.
esjs firk ,d et+nwj FksA os esjh T+;knkrj [okfg‛kksa dks iwjk ugha dj ik;s] ‚kk;n blhfy, eSa viuh vlk/kkj.k
lQyrk dk Js; mUgsa nsrk gw¡A vxj oks eq÷ks gj oks pht+ ns ikrs ftldh eSaus [okfg‛k dh rks vkt eSa bl
Å¡pkbZ rd ugha igq¡p ikrkA

12
 Answers
1) There was a tap. 26)There was a snake.
2) Was your brother there? 27)There is a tree, which is of red color.
3) Is there someone? 28)Is there a pen with you? / Do you have
4) Isn‟t there love in your heart? a pen?
5) Why are you hidden there? 29)There was no water in that well.
6) There lived a king in Jungle. 30)Whenever I was in trouble, you were
7) Nothing was there. there with me.
8) There went a king. / A king went there. 31) Whatever I did, I did there.
9) What is there? 32) There is no joy in his life.
10)There was a park in that city. 33) Is there something going on?
11)Isn‟t there money with you? / Do you 34) There is nothing as such love.
not have money? 35) There is no word as such.
12)There were 3 girls sitting in the class. / 36) There is no such story.
3 girls were sitting in the class. 37) There is no such village.
13)There lived my dad. / My dad lived 38) There is no country as such, where
there. there are only animals.
14)There was a pen on the table. 39) There is no such a mobile, which I can‟t
15)There is a letter beneath the pillow. repair.
16)There will be no one there. 40) Isn‟t there anyone?
17)There is a man standing with 41) There is no such a man, who doesn‟t
your brother. get hurt.
18)There are so many such flowers. 42) How many guys are there?
19)There is nothing to see. 43) How many people were there?
20)Isn‟t there anyone in the class? 44) What is there?
21)There are no boys to play. 45) With whom were you there?
22)There is no money in his wallet. 46) There is no electricity in that village.
23)There are numerous growth 47) Is there something in your mind?
opportunities in this company. 48) Is there only sorrow in this life?
24)There is no need to go. 49) Who all people are there?
25)There is no need to eat burger. 50) Was your dad not there?

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

s a man undertakes more than he possibly can, he will never do what he actually can.
d bUlku mlls T+;knk djus dh dksf‛k‛k ugha djrk ftruk mls yxrk gS fd oks dj ldrk gS] rks oks dHkh mruk ugha dj ik;sxk ftruk oks okLro esa d

e fingers you resorted to experience the world; never let their shoulders down.
m¡xyh idM+dj rqeus pyuk lh[kk] muds dU/kksa dks dHkh ÷kqdus er nsukA

existence is not what your name suggests but the identity that you earn in your lifetime.
vfLrRo vkids uke ls ugha cfYd vkidh igpku ls gksrk gS tks vki vius thou esa vftZr djrs gksA

12
 There – Test Papers

Test – I

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 50 x 1 = 50

1. Were you there? 28. There is a boy with him, who is very thin.
2. Who is there at the door? 29. There is a girl in his class, for whom he is
3. There was a king. mad.
4. How much petrol is there in your car? 30. There is no friend of mine in this photograph.
5. Until when were you there in office? 31. Is there any friend of yours in this
6. There is a book on the bed. photograph?
7. How many students were there in the class? 32. There are numerous hotels in Shimla.
8. Is there money in your pocket? 33. There is a beautiful lake in Mussorie.
9. No one is there. 34. There is a laptop on my bed.
10. There is a boy standing. 35. Is there a mobile on my table?
11. Is someone there? 36. There is no letter underneath the pillow.
12. There were 29 people in total. 37. There is no one standing ahead of me.
13. Why were you there? 38. How many people are there next to you?
14. With whom is he there? 39. Ram is there in the car.
15. There was a lion in that forest. 40. There is a bridge over the Yamuna River.
16. There is a ghost, whose name is Rahul. 41. How many books are there in your bag?
17. When you were there, I was not there. 42. Nothing is there.
18. There were 15 students in that class. 43. Nobody is there in your room.
19. There is a phone call for you. 44. Some people are there eating the food.
20. A friend of yours is there at the door. 45. My life is there in you. If you are not
21. There is no Rahul in my class. there, then nothing is there.
22. There are no pens in my bag. 46. I am always there with you.
23. How much is there in your pocket? 47. The condition is pathetic there.
24. How many stars are there in the sky? 48. My dad was never there.
25. His dad is there with my dad. 49. Weather conditions were phenomenal there.
26. Her sister is there in Japan. 50. How many brothers of yours were standing
27. There is a tap in his kitchen, which is very there?
old.

Answers

1. Were you there? D;k rqe Fks \

2. Who is there at the door? njokts ij dkSu gS \
3. There was a king. ,d jktk FkkA @ogk¡ ,d jktk FkkA
4. How much petrol is there in your car? rqEgkjh dkj esa fdruk isVªksy gS \
5. Until when were you there in office? rqe vkWfQl esa dc rd Fks \
6. There is a book on the bed. fcLrj ij ,d fdrkc gSA
7. How many students were there in the class? Dykl esa fdrus cPps Fks \
8. Is there money in your pocket? D;k rqEgkjh tsc esa iSls gaS \
9. No one is there. ogk¡ dksbZ ugha gSA
10. There is a boy standing. ,d yM+dk [kM+k gSA@ ogk¡ ,d yM+dk [kM+k gSA

12
11. Is someone there? D;k dksbZ gS \
12. There were 29 people in total. dqy feykdj 29 yksx FksA
13. Why were you there? Rkqe ogk¡ D;ksa Fks \
14. With whom is he there? Okks ogk¡ fdlds lkFk gS \
15. There was a lion in that forest. ml taxy esa ,d ‚ksj FkkA
16. There is a ghost, whose name is Rahul. ogk¡ ,d Hkwr gS ftldk uke jkgqy gSA
17. When you were there, I was not there. tc rqe Fks] eSa ugha Fkk A
18. There were 15 students in that class. ml Dykl esa 15 cPps Fks A
19. There is a phone call for you. rqEgkjs fy, ,d Qksu dkWay gSA
20. A friend of yours is there at the door. rqEgkjk dksbZ nksLr njokts ij gSA
21. There is no Rahul in my class. esjh Dykl esa dksbZ jkgqy ugha gSA
22. There are no pens in my bag. esjs cSx esa iSu ugha gaSA
23. How much is there in your pocket? rqEgkjh tsc esa fdruk gS \
24. How many stars are there in the sky? vkleku esa fdrus rkjs gaS \
25. His dad is there with my dad. mlds ikik esjs ikik ds lkFk gSaA
26. Her sister is there in Japan. mldh cgu tkiku esa gSA
27. There is a tap in his kitchen, which is very old. mlds fdpu esa ,d uy gS] tks cgqr iqjkuk gSA
28. There is a boy with him, who is very thin.mlds lkFk ,d yM+dk gS] tks cgqr iryk gSA
29. There is a girl in his class,for whom he is mad.mldh Dykl esa ,d yM+dh gS] ftlds fy, oks ikxy gSA
30. There is no friend of mine in this photograph. bl QksVks esa esjk dksbZ nksLr ugha gSA
31. Is there any friend of yours in this photograph? D;k bl QksVks esa rqEgkjk dksbZ nksLr gS \
32. There are numerous hotels in Shimla. f‛keyk esa dbZ gksVy gSa \
33. There is a beautiful lake in Mussorie. elwjh esa ,d lqUnj >hy gSA
34. There is a laptop on my bed. esjs fcLrj ij ,d ysiVkWi gSA
35. Is there a mobile on my table? D;k esjh Vscy esa dksbZ eksckby gS \
36. There is no letter underneath the pillow. Rkfd, ds uhps dksbZ i= ugha gSA
37. There is no one standing ahead of me. esjs vkxs dksbZ ugha [kM+k A
38. How many people are there next to you? rqEgkjs cxy esa fdrus yksx gaSS \
39. Ram is there in the car. jke dkj esa gSA
40. There is a bridge over the Yamuna River.;equk unh ds Åij ,d iqy gSA
41. How many books are there in your bag? rqEgkjs cSx esa fdruh fdrkcsa gSa \
42. Nothing is there. ogk¡ dqN ugha gSA
43. Nobody is there in your room. rqEgkjs dejsa esa dksbZ ugha gSA
44. Some people are there eating the food. ogk¡ dqN yksx [kkuk [kk jgs gSaA
45. My life is there in you. esjh ft+Unxh rqe esa gSA
46. I am always there with you. eSa ges‛kk rqEgkjs lkFk gw¡ A
47. The condition is pathetic there. ogk¡ gkyr cgqr cqjh gSA
48. My dad was never there. esjs ikik ogk¡ dHkh ugha FksA
49. Weather conditions were phenomenal there. ekSle cM+k tcjnLr Fkk ogk¡A
50. How many brothers of yours were standing there? rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ ogk¡ [kM+s Fks \

12
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 45 x 1 = 45

1- ml ?kj esa ,d NksVk cPpk FkkA 24-jke vkSj ‚;ke ds chp esa dkSu gS \
2- ogk¡ dqN ugha Fkk ‚kk;n A 25-esjs vkxs dksbZ ugha gSA
3- ckYVh ds uhps dqN gSA 26-rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu Fkk \
4- lHkh yksx ogk¡ gksaxs A 27-jke ds lkFk dkSu gS \
5- D;k esjk HkkbZ ogk¡ gksxk \ 28-ikik ds lkeus eEeh Fkh A
6- ogk¡ iguus dks dqN ugha gSA 29-esjs cxy esa dksbZ gS D;k \
7- dgus dh t+:jr ugha gSA 30-,d vkneh [kM+k gSA
8- tc dHkh rqe Fks] jke ugha FkkA 31-dksbZ yM+dh gSA
9- mlds HkkbZ ds fny esa dksbZ ckr ugha gSA 32-dbZ ckrsa gSa tks eSa tkurk gw¡A
10-ckr djus dh dksbZ t+:jr ugha gSA 33-I;kj esa nwfj;k¡ ugha gksrh A
11-,slk dqN ugha gSA 34-nksLrh esa FkSaSDl ugha gksrk A
12-gekjs chp ,slk dqN ugha FkkA 35-gekjs chp dqN ugha gSA
13-fdrus yksx gSa \ 36-uy esa ikuh ugha gSA
14-dqN gS D;k \ 37-fny dks I;kj gSA
15-ml ?kj esa dqN gSA 38-rqEgkjs fny esa D;k gS \
16-fdruk iSlk Fkk \ 39-dejs esa f[kM+fd;k¡ gSaA
17-rqe fdlds lkFk Fks \ 40-iSu esa L;kgh ugha gSA
18-bl fny esa D;k gS] dkSu tkurk gS \ 41-dkj esa isVªksy Fkk A
19-,d jktk FkkA mldh rhu jkfu;k¡ Fkha A 42-mlds fny esa cgqr nnZ gSA
20-njokts ij dkSu Fkk \ 43-mldh vkokt+ esa tknw gSA
21-?kj esa fdrus yksx gSa \ 44-rqEgkjs xkus ds rjhds esa dqN rks ckr gSA
22-eu esa D;k gS rqEgkjs \ 45-dqN vkSj Hkh gSA
23-dEI;wVj esa fdrus xse gaS \

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

One may be wise to believe that I can fail thousand times but he would be a fool to
believe that I‟ll not try again.
mls le÷knkj dg ldrs gaS ftls ;s fo‛okl gks fd eSa gt+kj ckj Qsy gks ldrk g¡w ij oks ew[kZ gksxk tks ;s lksps fd eSa
nksckjk iz;kl ugha d#¡xkA

Every single time when I failed, I convinced myself just for one more try. I kept doing it & eventually I won.
gj ,d ckj tc eSa gkjk] rks eSaus vius vki dks euk;k cl ,d ckj vkSjA eSaus gj ckj ,slk gh fd;k vkSj vkf[kjdkj eaS thr x;kA

Never promise that you can‟t keep.

vxj vki fuHkk ugha ldrs rks oknk dHkh er djksA

Men are not those, who are made by circumstances but those, who change the circumstances.
bUlku oks ugha ftUgsa gkykr cny nsrs gSa] bUlku rks oks gSa tks gkykr gh cny nsrs gSaA

12
 Answers
1- ml ?kj esa ,d NksVk cPpk FkkA There was a small kid in that home.
2- ogk¡ dqN ugha Fkk ‚kk;n A Perhaps/probably there was nothing.
3- ckYVh ds uhps dqN gSA There is something beneath the bucket.
4- lHkh yksx ogk¡ gksaxs A All the people will be there.
5- D;k esjk HkkbZ ogk¡ gksxk \ Will my brother be there?
6- ogk¡ iguus dks dqN ugha gSA There is nothing to wear.
7- dgus dh t+:jr ugha gSA There is no need to say.
8- tc dHkh rqe Fks] jke ugha FkkA Whenever you were there, Ram wasn‟t there.
9- mlds HkkbZ ds fny esa dksbZ ckr ugha gSA There is nothing in his brother‟s heart.
10-ckr djus dh dksbZ t+:jr ugha gSA There is no need to talk.
11-,slk dqN ugha gSA There is nothing as such.
12-gekjs chp ,slk dqN ugha FkkA There was nothing as such between us.
13-fdrus yksx gSa \ How many people are there?
14-dqN gS D;k \ Is there something? / Is something there?
15-ml ?kj esa dqN gSA There is something in that house.
16-fdruk iSlk Fkk \ How much money was there?
17-rqe fdlds lkFk Fks \ With whom were you?
18-bl fny esa D;k gS] dkSu tkurk gS \ What‟s in this heart, who knows?
19-,d jktk FkkA mldh rhu jkfu;k¡ Fkha A There was a king. He had three queens.
20-njokts ij dkSu Fkk \ Who was there at the door?
21-?kj esa fdrus yksx gSa \ How many people are there at home?
22-eu esa D;k gS rqEgkjs \ What is there in your mind/heart?
23-dEI;wVj esa fdrus xse gaS \ How many games are there in computer?
24-jke vkSj ‚;ke ds chp esa dkSu gS \ Who is there between Ram and Shyam?
25-esjs vkxs dksbZ ugha gSA Nobody is there ahead of me.
26-rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu Fkk \ Who was there behind you?
27-jke ds lkFk dkSu gS \ Who is there with Ram?
28-ikik ds lkeus eEeh Fkh A There was mom in front of dad.
29-esjs cxy esa dksbZ gS D;k \ Is someone there beside me?
30-,d vkneh [kM+k gSA There is a man standing.
31-dksbZ yM+dh gSA There is some girl. / There is a girl.
32-dbZ ckrsa gSa tks eSa tkurk gw¡A There are lot many things/secrets that I know.
33-I;kj esa nwfj;k¡ ugha gksrh A There are no differences in love.
34-nksLrh esa FkSaSDl ugha gksrk A There is no thanks in friendship.
35-gekjs chp dqN ugha gSA There is nothing between us.
36-uy esa ikuh ugha gSA There is no water in the tap.
37-fny dks I;kj gSA There is love in heart.
38-rqEgkjs fny esa D;k gS \ What is there in your heart?
39-dejs esa f[kM+fd;k¡ gSaA There are windows in the room.
40-iSu esa L;kgh ugha gSA There is no ink in the pen.
41-dkj esa isVªksy Fkk A There was petrol in the car.
42-mlds fny esa cgqr nnZ gSA There is so much pain in his heart.
43-mldh vkokt+ esa tknw gSA There is a magic in his voice.
44-rqEgkjs xkus ds rjhds esa dqN rks ckr gSA There is something in your way of singing.
45-dqN vkSj Hkh gSA Something else is there.

12
Lesson – 18
Position Sense ¼fLFkfr dk Kku½
cxy esa next to ¼uSDLV Vq½, adjacent¼,stklsUV½, beside ¼fclkbM½
vkxs ihNs lkeus ahead of ¼vgSM vkWQ½
nk¡;h vksj ck¡;h vksj behind ¼fcgkUM½
cxy esa nk¡;h vksj cxy esainck¡;h
front of ¼bu ÝUV vkWQ½, before ¼fcQksj½
vksj
right to ¼jkbV Vq½, to the right of ¼Vq n jkbV vkWQ½
left to ¼yS¶V Vq½, to the left of ¼Vq n yS¶V vkWQ½
immediate right to ¼behfM,V jkbV Vq½
immediate left to ¼behfM,V yS¶V Vq½

vkb, uhps fn;s x;s Dykl ysvkmV dh enn ls le÷ksa &

Let‟s understand with the help of following class layout –

Teacher

Divya Rashmi Masood Junaid Sandeep

Shalini Nitin Tarun Ram Mayank

Åij ,d class layout fn;k x;k gSA Teacher dk psgjk cPpksa dh rjQ gSA Dykl esa cPps nks ykbuksa esa cSBs
gSaA gj ykbu esa 5 cPps gSaA
A class layout is given above. Teacher is facing the students. The students are sitting in two
rows. There are 5 students in each row.

vxj iwNk tk;s fd Divya ds nk¡;h vksj dkSu cSBk gS rks ‚kk;n vki dgksxs Rashmi A ;s ckr lgh gS fd Rashmi
okdbZ esa Divya ds nk¡bZ vksj cSBh gS ij Masood, Junaid vkSj Sandeep Hkh rks nk¡bZ vksj gh cSBs gSaA fQj
vkius flQZ Rashmi dk gh uke D;ksa fy;kA lgh mÙkj gksuk pkfg, & Divya ds nk¡;h vksj Rashmi,
Masood, Junaid vkSj Sandeep cSBs gSaA gk¡ vxj ;s iwNk tkrk fd Divya ds cxy esa nk¡;h vksj dkSu cSBk gS rks
vki dgksxs Rashmi A ;gha ls tUe gqvk immediate right vkSj immediate left dkA

If asked „Who is sitting right to Divya?‟, you would probably answer „Rashmi‟. „Rashmi‟ is
certainly to the right of Divya but what about Masood, Junaid & Sandeep? Aren‟t they
sitting to the right of Divya too? Yes, they are. So ideally, you should‟ve taken their names
as well. If you are asked „Who is sitting immediate right to Divya?‟, then you must answer
„Rashmi‟.

cxy esa nk¡;h vksj – immediate right to ¼behfM,V jkbV Vq½

cxy esa ck¡;h vksj – immediate left to ¼behfM,V yS¶V Vq½

12
Confusion between “in front of” & “ahead”

yksx vDlj confuse jgrs gSa fd in front of vkSj ahead dk iz;ksx dgk¡ ij djuk gSA
lksfp, vki ,d ykbu esa [kM+s gS vkSj vkids vkxs ,d vkneh [kM+k gS] mldh ihB vkidh rjQ gS blfy, oks vkids vkxs
gS] bls ahead dgsaxs vkSj vki mlds ihNs ;kfu behind.

lksfp, tc vki fdlh ls ckr dj jgs gSa rks mldh ihB vkidh rjQ ugha gS cfYd vki mldks ns[krs gq, ckr dj
jgs gSaA bl fLFkfr esa oks O;fDr vkids lkeus ;kfu in front of gSA bl fLFkfr ds fy, before dk iz;ksx Hkh
fd;k tkrk gSA bl rjg vkidks irk yx x;k fd before ds nks vFkZ gksrs gSa & ,d gS ÞigysÞ vkSj nwljk gS ÞlkeusÞA

cxy esa – next to ¼uSDLV Vq½, adjacent¼,stklsUV½, beside ¼fclkbM½

vkb, dqN mnkgj.kksa ij xkSj djsa &

Let‟s pay attention to a few examples –

1- Vhpj cPpksa ds lkeus cSBs gSaA

Teacher is sitting in front of the students.

2- jf'e fnO;k ds cxy esa nk¡;h vksj cSBh gSA

Rashmi is sitting immediate right to Divya.

3- Eklwn r#.k ds vkxs cSBk gSA

Masood is sitting ahead of Tarun.

4- jke e;ad ds cxy esa cSBk gSA

Ram is sitting adjacent/next to/beside Mayank.

5- fufru r#.k ds cxy esa ck¡;h vksj cSBk gSA

Nitin is sitting immediate left to Tarun.

6- 'kkfyuh jke ds ck¡;h vksj cSBh gSA

Shalini is sitting left to Ram.
or
Shalini is sitting to the left of Ram.

7- e;ad lUnhi ds ihNs cSBk gSA

Mayank is sitting behind Sandeep.

8- jke r#.k vkSj e;ad ds cxy esa cSBk gSA

Ram is sitting beside Tarun & Mayank.

9- elwn jf‛e vkSj tqusn ds chp esa cSBk gSA

Masood is sitting between Rashmi and Junaid.

10-fnO;k] ‚kkfyuh] lanhi vkSj e;ad fcYdqy dksuksa esa cSBs gSaA
Divya, Shalini, Sandeep & Mayank are sitting in extreme corners.

13
 Position Sense – Practice Exercise
vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –

1- rqe esjs nk¡;h vksj gksA 26-ge ck¡;h vksj [kM+s Fks A
2- D;k jke rqEgkjs lkeus Fkk \ 27-ge nk¡;h vksj [kM+s Fks A
3- eSa mlds vkxs [kM+k Fkk A 28-lhrk Dykl esa vdsyh Fkh A
4- jke ds vkxs fdrus yksx gSa \ 29-jke ogk¡ ij ugha FkkA
5- cPpksa ds Bhd lkeus v/;kid [kM+s gSaA 30-fnYYkh Hkkjr ds mRrj esa gSA
6- rqEgkjs ck¡;h vksj dkSu gS \ 31-dsjy Hkkjr ds nf{k.k esa gSA
7- esjs cxy esa nk¡;h vksj lhrk cSBh gS A 32-caxky Hkkjr ds iwjc esa gSA
8- lhrk ds cxy esa ck¡;h vksj ,d yM+dk gSA 33-mlds lkeus dkSu Fkk \
9- eSa rqEgkjs ihNs FkkA 34-esjs vkxs ykbu esa rhu yksx [kM+s Fks A
10-mlds ihNs fdrus yksx [kM+s gSa \ 35-jke ds vkxs 2 vkneh FksA
11-jke ,d dksus esa cSBk gSA 36-esjs ihNs ykbu esa fdrus Fks \
12-esjs ck¡;h vksj dksbZ [kM+k ugha FkkA 37-esjs twrs dejs ds ,d dksus esa iM+s FksA
13-jkgqy esjs Bhd lkeus Fkk D;k \ 38-rqEgkjs twrs ds lkeus okys twrs esjs gaSA
14-esjs ?kj ds lkeus rqEgkjk ?kj gSA 39-oks rqEgkjs fdl rjQ gS \
15-esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ls Bhd vkxs okyk gSA 40-oks esjs nk¡;h vksj gSA
16-esjk ?kj rqEgkjs ?kj ls Bhd ihNs okyk gSA 41-nk¡;h vksj rks Bhd gS ij oks D;k cxy esa gS \
17-jksfgr ds nk¡;h vksj fdrus yksx gaS \ 42-gekjs chp 2 yM+fd;k¡ gSaA
18-lhrk ds ck¡;h vksj fdrus yM+ds gaS \ 43-lhrk vkSj xhrk ds chp fdrus gSa \
19-esjs nk¡;h vksj dksbZ ugha gSA 44-jksgu ds cxy esa dkSu gS \
20-D;k rqEgkjs nk¡;h vksj dksbZ gS \ 45-lhrk ds cxy esa dksbZ ugha gSA
21-D;k rqEgkjs ck¡;h vksj dksbZ ugha gS \ 46-jke vkxs gS vkSj eSa ihNsA
22-D;k rqEgkjs vkxs dksbZ gS \ 47-rqe nk¡;h vksj FksA
23-D;k rqEgkjs ihNs dksbZ ugha gS \ 48-rqEgkjs ihNs dkSu gS \ dksbZ ugha A
24-D;k rqEgkjs lkeus dksbZ gS \ 49-eSa fdl fn‛kk esa gw¡ \
25-D;k rqEgkjs cxy esa dksbZ gS \ 50-rqe bl oDr mÙkj dh vksj tk jgs gks A

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

Success does not consist in never making mistakes but in never making the same one a second time.

Times wait for none.

To succeed in your mission, you must have single-minded devotion to your goal.

To live a creative life, we must lose our fear of being wrong.

13
 Answers
1. You are right to me.
2. Was Ram in front of you?
3. I was standing ahead of him.
4. How many people are there ahead of Ram?
5. Teacher is standing just in front of the students.
6. Who is to the left of you? / Who is left to you?
7. Seeta is sitting immediate right to me.
8. A boy is immediate left to Seeta. / A boy is to the immediate left of Seeta.
9. I was behind you.
10. How many people are standing behind him?
11. Ram is sitting in a corner.
12. Nobody was standing to the left of me.
13. Was Rahul exactly in front of me?
14. Your house is in front of my house (mine).
15. My house is just ahead of yours?
16. My house is just behind yours?
17. How many people are there to the right of Rohit?
18. How many boys are there to the left of Seeta?
19. Nobody is to the right of me? / Nobody is right to me.
20. Is there someone to the right of you?
21. Is there no one to the left of you?
22. Is there someone ahead of you?
23. Is there no one behind you?
24. Is there someone in front of you?
25. Is there someone next to you? / Is there someone adjacent you? / Is there someone beside you?
26. We were standing on the left?
27. We were standing on the right?
28. Seeta was alone in the class.
29. Ram wasn‟t there.
30. Delhi is to the North of India. / Delhi is in the northern India.
31. Kerala is to the South of India. / Kerala is in the southern India.
32. Bengal is to the East of India. / Bengal is in the Eastern India.
33. Who was in front of him/ her?
34. There were three people standing ahead of me in the queue.
35. There were 2 men ahead of Ram.
36. How many were there behind me in the queue.
37. My shoes were lying in a corner of the room.
38. The shoes in front of your shoes are mine.
39. In which direction from you is he? / In which direction is he from you?
40. He is to the right of me.
41. Right side is fine but is he adjacent?
42. There are 2 girls between us.
43. How many are there between Seeta & Geeta?
44. Who is beside Rohan?
45. Nobody is beside Seeta.
46. Ram is ahead of me. / I am behind Ram.
47. You were on the right.
48. Who is behind you? No one.
49. In which direction am I?
50. You are going towards north at the moment.

13
 Position Sense – Test Paper

Test-I

Q 1-20: Answer the questions below: 20 x 1 = 20

Teacher- Pooja Madam

Anjali Bikrant Aditya Archana Yashi

Binita Aman Amit Kuldeep Dimpal

Seema Soni Ayushi Abhishek Kalpana

1. Who is sitting next to Ayushi?

2. Who is sitting next to Seema?
3. Who is sitting immediate right to Kalpana?
4. Who is sitting adjacent Kuldeep?
5. Where is Pooja Madam standing?
6. How many people are sitting right to Bikrant?
7. Who is sitting behind Archana?
8. Who is sitting right to Binita?
9. Who is sitting immediate left to Yashi?
10. Who is sitting beside Aman?
11. Who are sitting at corners?
12. Who are sitting at the extreme right?
13. Who are sitting at the extreme left?
14. Where is Anjali Sitting?
15. Who is sitting right to Dimpal?
16. Who is sitting immediate left to Abhishek?
17. Who is sitting left to Soni?
18. Who are sitting in row number 2?
19. Who are sitting in column number 4?
20. Who are sitting in column number 1?

13
 Answers

1. Who is sitting next to Ayushi? Soni and Abhishek.

2. Who is sitting next to Seema? Soni.
3. Who is sitting immediate right to Kalpana? Nobody.
4. Who is sitting adjacent Kuldeep? Amit and Dimpal.
5. Where is Pooja Madam standing? In front of students
6. How many people are sitting right to Bikrant? Aditya, Archana and Yashi.
7. Who is sitting behind Archana? Kuldeep.
8. Who is sitting right to Binita? Aman, Amit, Kuldeep and Dimple.
9. Who is sitting immediate left to Yashi? Archana.
10. Who is sitting beside Aman? Binita and Amit.
11. Who are sitting at corners? Anjali, Yashi, Seema & Kalpana.
12. Who are sitting at the extreme right? Yashi, Dimple and Kalpana.
13. Who are sitting at the extreme left? Anjali, Binita and Seema.
14. Where is Anjali Sitting? 1st row extreme left corner.
15. Who is sitting right to Dimpal? Nobody.
16. Who is sitting immediate left to Abhishek? Ayushi.
17. Who is sitting left to Soni? Seema.
18. Who are sitting in row number 2? Binita, Aman, Amit, Kuldeep & Dimple
19. Who are sitting in column number 4? Archana, Kuldeep & Abhishek.
20. Who are sitting in column number 1? Anjali, Binita and Seema

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

se you meet them on your way down. miyfC/k;ksa dh rjQ c<+rs gq, tks Hkh feys mls bT+tr nks D;ksafd vxj dHkh

ing that you don‟t have today.

d desired some day.
r esa tks vkt ugha gSA D;ksafd ;kn jgs tks vkt gS mldh pkgr Hkh vkius dHkh dh FkhA

ss, what matters is, who earned it, you

;us ;s j[krk gS fd dek;k fdlus] vkius ;k vkids iwoZtksa usA

13
Lesson – 19
Tense ¼dky½
Tense fdlh Hkh okD; esa fØ;k dk og #i gS ftlds ek/;e ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd okD; esa fd;s dk;Z dk le
;gh dkj.k gS fd orZeku] Hkwrdky o Hkfo’; dky ds okD;ksa esa lgk;d fØ;k,¡ fHkUu gksr

;s ,d egRoiw.kZ VkWfid gSA bl pSIVj dks vPNh rjg le÷ks fcuk vki vaxzst+h esa dHkh idM+ ugha cuk
vkWfM;ks ySDpj dks /;ku ls lqurs gq, bl pSIVj ds gj dkWUlsIV dks ckjhdh ls le÷ksaA

‚kq#vkr djus ls igys vkidks irk gksuk pkfg, &

1- okD;(Sentence) ds rhu Hkkx gksrs gaS: Subject, Verb vkSj Object.

2- 1st Person, 2nd Person vkSj 3rd Person ds Singular-Plural Subject dk Concept
3- Sentences ds Types: Affirmative, Negative, Interrogative & Negative Interrogative
4- Main verbs¼eq[; fØ;k½ dh 3 forms gksrh gSa
5- „WH‟ Family

Åij fn;s x;s igys rhu dkWUlsIV Lesson No. 2 esa foLrkj ls le÷kk;s x;s gSa] pkSFkk dkWUlsIV “Verbs” pSIVj esa vkSj
vkf[kjh dkWUlsIV “WH Family” pSIVj esa foLrkj ls le÷kk;s x;s gSaA igys bUgsa vPNh rjg le÷k ysa fQj bl pSIVj esa
vkxs c<+sa rkfd vkidks bl pSIVj esa fn;s x;s fu;e vklkuh ls le÷k vk ldsaA
uhps nh x;h nksuksa Table bUgha dkWUlsIV ds mnkgj.k gSaA

Table 1:
Examples: Sentences & Their Parts: “Subject”, “Main Verb” & “Object”

Sentence Subject Main Verb Object

jke ?kwerk gSA jke ?kweuk -
yksx ukp jgs gSaA yksx ukpuk -
ge yksx Vhoh ns[k jgs gSaA ge yksx ns[kuk Vhoh
eq>s ,d ?kM+h feyh gSA eq>s feyuk ?kM+h
fxykl ls ikuh fudy jgk gSA ikuh fudyuk fxykl

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

1. We must win the final war irrespective of how many battles we‟ve lost before.
QdZ ugha iM+rk fd fdruh yM+kbZ;k¡ ge igys gkj pqds gSa] gesa vafre ;q) thruk gSA

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Table 2:
Examples: Sentence Types

Sentence Type Example 1 Example 2 Example 3

Affirmative
eq>s ?kM+h feyh gSA yksx ukp jgs gSaA jke ?kwerk gSA
(ldkjkRed)
Negative
eq>s ?kM+h ugha feyh gSA yksx ukp ugha jgs gSaA jke ugha ?kwerk gSA
(udkjkRed)
Interrogative
D;k eq>s ?kM+h feyh gS\ D;k yksx ukp jgs gSa\ jke fdlds lkFk ?kwerk gS\
(iz‛uokpd)
Negative
Interrogative D;k eq>s ?kM+h ugha feyh gS\ D;k yksx ugha ukp jgs gSa\ D;k jke ugha ?kwerk gS\
(udkjkRed iz‛uokpd)
“WH Family” 1- eq>s ?kM+h dgk¡ feyh gS\ 1- yksx D;ksa ugha ukp jgs gSa\ 1- jke fdlds lkFk ?kwerk gS\
Interrogative 2- eq>s ?kM+h dSls feyh gS\ 2- yksx dc ls ukp jgs gaS\ 2- jke D;ksa ugha ?kwerk gS\
Sentences

Tenses –Types

Tense rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSaA (There are three types of Tenses)
1) Present ¼izSt+saV½ & orZeku dky
2) Past ¼ikLV½ & Hkwr dky
3) Future ¼¶;wpj½ & Hkfo’;r~ dky

izR;sd ds pkj izdkj gksrs gSaA (Each one has four sub types)
1) Indefinite 2) Continuous 3) Perfect 4) Perfect continuous.

lgk;d fØ;k,¡ ml okD; esa fd;s x;s dk;Z ds le; ds ckjs esa crkrh gSa] bl vk/kkj ij bUgsa rhu oxksZa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk
ldrk gS (Helping verbs refer to the time of the action in a sentence, hence it can be classified in 3
categories) &

Tense Helping Verbs

Present Tense Helping Verbs do, does, is, am, are, has, have, has been, have been.
Past Tense Helping Verbs did, was, were, had, had been
Future Tense Helping Verbs will, will be, will have, will have been

uksV & vc Helping Verb “Shall” dk iz;ksx Future Tense Helping Verbs ds #i esa izk;% ugha fd;k tkrk gSA

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

Good things come to people who wait, but better things come to those who go out and get them.

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 Present Indefinite Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk rk] rs] rh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwerk gS] lhrk ukprh gS] yksx ?kwers gSa] oks ugha tkrk vkfnA

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + verb 1st form+ s, es (3rd Person singular subject ds lkFk) + object.

vxj Subject “3rd Person singular” gS rks eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk s ;k es dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vU;Fkk ugha gksrkA
Only if the subject is “3rd Person singular”, we must use „s‟ or „es‟ with the main verb or else
we mustn‟t.

¼vxj First Person, Second Person ;k Third Person ds Singular-Plural dkWUlsIV esa vkidks dksbZ fnDdr
vk;s rks Lesson-2 nksckjk if<+,A½

vc ;s tkuuk t+#jh gS fd fdu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „s‟ vkSj fdu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „es‟ dk iz;ksx gksxkA vxj
vki ;s tku ysa fd fdu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „es‟ dk iz;ksx gksxk rks ;s Li’V gks tk;sxk fd ckdh cph gqbZ lHkh eq[;
fØ;kvksa ds lkFk „s‟ dk iz;ksx gksxkA
Now the question is; when to put „s‟ & when to put „es‟ with the main verb. If we let you know
when to put „es‟ with the main verb, then it would be understood that the rests would put „s‟….

Let‟s understand with the help of following table:

When to put „es‟ with main

verb
Ekq[; fØ;k ds lkFk „es‟ dc yxk;sa
Rule Examples
With the main verbs ending with letter „o‟ Goes, Does etc.
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa v{kj „o‟ gks
With the main verbs ending with „ss‟ or „sh‟ Kisses, Misses, Passes,
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „ss‟ ;k „sh‟ gks Pushes, Rushes etc.
With the main verbs ending with „x‟, „zz‟ or „ch‟ Fixes , Relaxes ,
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „x‟, „zz‟ ;k „ch‟ gks Buzzes , Catches ,
Reaches etc.
With the main verbs ending with „Consonant + y‟. Such main verbs end Cry – Cries
with „y‟ but „y‟ is preceded by a consonant i.e. b, c, d, f, g etc. In such Marry – Marries
cases, we first change „y‟ to „i‟, and then put „es‟. Try – Tries
Fly – Flies
ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „O;atu + y‟ gks ;kfu eq[; fØ;k dk vUr rks y ls gks
ysfdu y ls igys dksbZ O;atu gks tSls b, c, d, f, g vkfnA ,sls esa gksrk ;g gS fd lcls
igys rks „y‟dks cnyk tkrk gS „i‟ esa] mlds ckn „es‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

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 A Special Case of not using „es‟
When not to put ‘es’ with main verb (Ekq[; fØ;k ds lkFk ‘es‟ dc u
yxk;sa)
With the main verbs ending with „Vowel + y‟. Such main verbs end with Say – Says
„y‟ but „y‟ is preceded by a vowel i.e. a, e, i, o, u. In such cases, we simply Play – Plays
put „s‟.

ftu eq[; fØ;kvksa ds vUr esa „Loj + y‟ gks ;kfu eq[; fØ;k dk vUr rks y ls gks ysfdu y
ls igys dksbZ Loj gks tSls a, e, i, o, u. ,sls esa „y‟ ds ckn dsoy „s‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

vkb, vc ‚kq#vkr djsa okD;ksa dhA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments

1. jke ?kweus tkrk gSA Ram goes for a walk. Subject(Ram) „3rd Person Singular‟ gS]
blfy, go ds lkFk es yxk gSA
2. eSa [ksyrk g¡wA I play. Subject(I) „1st Person Singular‟ gS]
blfy, play ds lkFk s ugha yxk gSA
3. veu esjs lkFk jgrk gSA Aman lives with me. Subject(Aman) „3rd Person Singular‟
gS] blfy, live ds lkFk s yxk gSA
4. ge g¡lrs gSaA We laugh. Subject(We) „1st Person Plural‟ gS ]
blfy, laugh ds lkFk s ugha yxk gSA
5. ?kko ls [kwu fudyrk gSA Blood oozes from the Subject(Blood) „3rd Person Singular‟
wound. gS] blfy, ooze ds lkFk s yxk gSA

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + does/do + not + verb 1st form + object.

vxj Subject “3rd Person singular” gS rks does not dk iz;ksx gksrk gS vU;Fkk do not dk iz;ksxA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments

1. jke ?kweus ugha tkrk gSA Ram does not go for a walk. Subject(Ram) „3rd Person
Singular‟ gS] blfy, does not dk
iz;ksx fd;k gSA
2. eSa ugha [ksyrk g¡wA I do not play. Subject(I) „1st Person Singular‟ gS]
blfy, do not dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
3. Oks yksx esjs lkFk ugha They people do not live Subject(They people) „3rd Person
jgrs gSaA with me. Plural‟ gS] blfy, do not dk iz;ksx
fd;k gSA
4. vady eq÷kls ugha feyrs Uncle doesn‟t meet me. Subject(Uncle) „3rd Person
gSaA Singular‟ gS] blfy, does not dk
iz;ksx fd;k gSA
5. mlds ekrk firk ml ij His parents do not trust Subject(His parents) „3rd Person
Hkjkslk ugha djrsA him. Plural‟ gS] blfy, do not dk iz;ksx
fd;k gSA

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Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + does/do + subject + verb 1st form + object?

iz'uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (do, does) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family
tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks
oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ?kweus tkrk gS\ Does Ram go for a walk?
2. D;k eSa Ldwy tkrk g¡w\ Do I go to school?
3. D;k og LVst+ ij ukprh gS\ Does she dance on the stage?
4. veu rqEgkjs lkFk D;ksa jgrk gS\ Why does Aman live with you?
5. os cPps rqEgkjs lkFk dc ls jgrs gS\ Since when do they children live with you?
6. ge dc rd lkFk [ksyrs gSa\ Until when do we play together?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + does/do + subject + not + verb 1st form + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ?kweus ugha tkrk gS\ Does Ram not go for a walk?
2. iadt rqEgkjs lkFk D;ksa ugha i<+rk\ Why does Pankaj not study with you?

3. rqe dkSu lk [ksy ugha [ksyrs\ Which game do you not play?

4. eEeh mls D;ksa ugha Mk¡Vrh\ Why does mom not scold him/her?

Present Continuous Tense

bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa] jgk gw¡ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe jgk gS] lhrk ukp jgh gS] yksx ?kwe jgsa gSa] eSa ?kwe jgk gw¡A vkfn

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + is/am/are + verb 1st form+ ing + object.

„3rd Person Singular Subject‟ ds lkFk & is dk iz;ksx

„1 Person Singular Subject‟ ;kfu „I‟ ds lkFk & am dk iz;ksx
st

ckdh Subjects ds lkFk & are dk

iz;ksx

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 S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments
1. jke Ldwy tk jgk gSA Ram is going to school. Subject(Ram ) „3rd Person
Singular‟ gS] blfy, is yxk gSA
2. og ?kweus tk jgk gSA He is going for a walk. Subject(He) „3rd Person
Singular‟ gS] blfy, is yxk gSA
3. eSa ?kj vk jgk gw¡A I am coming home. Subject(I) „1st Person singular‟
gS] blfy, am yxk gSA
4. esjk fny rqEgsa <+w¡< jgk gSA My heart is looking for Subject(My heart) „3rd Person
you. singular‟ gS] blfy, is yxk gSA
5. yksx mldk et+kd mM+k jgs People are making fun of Subject(People) „3rd Person
gSaA him. Plural‟ gS] blfy, are yxk gSA

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + is/am/are + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke ?kweus ugha tk jgk gSA Ram is not going for a walk.
2. oks dgha ugha tk jgk gSA He is not going anywhere.
3. eSa vkt ugha i<+ jgk gw¡A I am not studying today.
4. yksx mlls ckr ugha dj jgs gSaA People are not talking to him.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh family> + is/am/are + subject + verb 1st form+ ing + object?

iz'uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (is, am, are) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx
gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k og ?kweus tk jgk gS\ Is he going for a walk?
2. D;k yksx LVst+ ij ukp jgs gSa\ Are people dancing on the stage?
3. oks cPps rqEgkjs lkFk dgk¡ ij [ksy jgss gSa\ Where are those children playing with you?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh family> + is/am/are + subject + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ?kweus ugha tk jgk gS\ Is Ram not going for a walk?
2. veu ckr D;ksa ugha dj jgk gS\ Why is Aman not talking?
3. oks Ldwy D;ksa ugha tk jgk\ Why is he not going to school?

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 Present Perfect Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk pqdk gS] pqdh gS] pqds gSa] pqdk g¡w] fy;k gS] fn;k gS] yh gS] nh gS] dh gS vkfn dk
iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe pqdk gS ] lhrk ukp pqdh gS ] yksx ?kwe pqds gSa] eSa ?kwe fy;k / pqdk g¡wA] mlus xyrh dh gS] geus
fdrkc nh gS vkfnA

vxj ge dgsa fd eq>s ?kM+h feyh gS rks bldk lh/kk lk eryc gS fd eq>s ?kM+h fey pqdh gSA

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + has/have + verb 3rd form + object.

„3rd Person singular Subject‟ ds lkFk & has

ckdh lHkh Subjects ds lkFk & have

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments

1. jke Ldwy tk pqdk gSA Ram has gone to school. Subject(Ram) „3rd Person
Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
yxk gSA
2. eSa dke dj pqdk gw¡A I have done the work. Subject(I) „1st Person Singular
or I have worked. Subject‟ gS blfy, have yxk gSA
3. geus rqEgsa ns[k fy;k gSA We have seen you. Subject(We) „1st Person Plural
Subject‟ gS blfy, have yxk gSA
4. eSaus mls ,d fdrkc nh gSA I have given him a book. Subject(I) „1st Person Singular
Subject‟ gS blfy, have yxk gSA
5. mu cPpksa us jke ls iSls Those children have Subject(Those children) „3rd
fy;s gSaA taken money from Ram. Person Plural Subject‟ gS blfy,
have yxk gSA
6. ml yM+dh us LdwVh [kjhnh That girl has purchased Subject(That girl) „3rd Person
gSA a scooty. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
yxk gSA

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + has/have+ not + verb 3rd form + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. geus rqEgsa ugha ns[kk gSA We have not seen you.
2. eSaus mls dksbZ fdrkc ugha nh gSA I haven‟t given him any book.
3. vjuoh us iSls ugha fy;s gSaA Arnavi has not taken the money.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + has/have + subject + verb 3rd form + object?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (has, have) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk
iz;ksx gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

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 S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences
1. D;k jke ?kweus x;k gS\ Has Ram gone for a walk?
2. veu us fdrkc D;ksa yh gS\ Why has Aman taken the book?
3. os nksuksa dgk¡ x;s gSa\ Where have they both gone?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + has/have + subject + not + verb 3rd form + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. eSaus D;k fd;k gS\ What have I done?
2. D;k rqeus vkt [kkuk ugha cuk;k gS\ Have you not cooked the food today?
3. veu us vc rd fdrkc D;ksa ugha [kjhnh gS\ Why has Aman not purchased the
book yet?

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gS] jgh gS] jgs gSa] jgk gw¡ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fcYdqy oSls gh tSls Continuous
tense esa gksrk gSA
QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd ;gk¡ ij le; ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA vkSj /;ku jgs le; ds lkFk *ls* dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk gS] lhrk 4 fnu ls ukp jgh gS] yksx 10 cts ls ?kwe jgs gSa] eSa lqcg ls jks jgk gw¡A vkfn

le; ds ckjs esa crk;s tkus ij Since ;k For dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
Since dk iz;ksx fuf‛pr le; ds fy, vkSj For dk iz;ksx vfuf‛pr le; ds fy, ;kfu vof/k (Duration) ds fy,A

fu;e (Usage) mnkgj.k (Example)

fuf‛pr le; ds lkFk iz;ksx gksrk gS tc Hkh dHkh okD; esa
jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA („since‟ refers to
point of time when the sentence is in
continuous form) 1. I have been
studying since
mnkgj.k & morning.
1. Since 2 AM/ 2 PM/ 2 o‟clock/ 3 o‟clock ¼eSa lqcg ls i<+ jgk gw¡A½
Since etc.
¼ls½ 2. Since 1998/ 2005/ 2009/ 2012 etc. 2. He has been trying
3. Since Monday/ Tuesday…… Sunday since Monday.
4. Since morning/ evening/ afternoon/ ¼oks lkseokj ls dksf‛k‛k dj jgk
night gSA½
5. Since yesterday/day before yesterday
6. Since childhood/birth
7. Since that day
8. Since my dad was born

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 vfuf'pr le; ;kfu le; dh vof/k ds lkFk iz;ksx gksrk gS tc Hkh 1. I have been
dHkh okD; esa jgk] jgh] jgs dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA (For is used for studying for 2
duration of time when the sentence is in hours.
For continuous form) ¼eSa 2 ?kaVs ls i<+ jgk gw¡A½
mnkgj.k &
¼ls½ 1. For 2 seconds/ 2 minutes/ 2 hours / 2 days/ 2. He has been trying
2 weeks/ 2 months/ 2 years / 2 centuries etc. for many days.
2. For a long (dkQh nsj ls) ¼oks dbZ fnuksa ls dksf‛k‛k dj
3. For a while (dqN nsj ls) jgk gSA½
4. For many days/ hours/ months/ years etc.

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule:
Subject + has/have been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>.

„3rd Person singular Subject‟ ds lkFk & has been

ckdh lHkh Subjects ds lkFk & have been

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk gSA Ram has been walking for Subject(Ram) „3rd Person
2 hours. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
been yxk gSA
2. og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk gSA He has been studying Subject(He) „3rd Person
since 4 o‟clock. Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
been yxk gSA
3. eSa lqcg ls xkus xk jgk I have been singing songs Subject(I) „1st Person Singular
gw¡A since morning. Subject‟ gS blfy, have been yxk
gSA
4. oks dy ‚kke ls eq÷kls yM+ He has been fighting with Subject(He) „3rd Person
jgk gSA me since yesterday Singular Subject‟ gS blfy, has
evening. been yxk gSA
5. cPps dbZ fnuksa ls ;s ukVd Children have been Subject(Children) „3rd Person
ns[k jgs gSaA watching this serial for Plural Subject‟ gS blfy, have
many days. been yxk gSA

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Subject + has/have + not been+verb 1st form+ ing+ object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls ugha ?kwe jgk gSA Ram has not been walking for 2 hours.
2. og 4 cts ls ugha i<+ jgk gSA He has not been studying since 4 o‟clock.
3. eSa lqcg ls xkus ugha xk jgk gw¡A I have not been singing songs since
morning.

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Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)
<Wh family> + has/have + subject + been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (has, have ) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk
iz;ksx gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls D;ksa ?kwe jgk gS\ Why has Ram been walking for 2 hours?
2. eSa dc ls xkus xk jgk gw¡\ Since when have I been singing songs?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh family> + has/have + subject + not + been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for +
<point of time/duration>?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. oks lqcg ls D;ksa ugha i<+ jgk gS\ Why has he not been studying since morning?
2. D;k og 4 cts ls ugha i<+ jgk gS\ Has he not been studying since 4 o‟clock?

Past Indefinite Tense

bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk x;k] fy;k] fn;k] lks;k] nh] yh] dh vkfn dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA bl Tense esa dHkh
Hkh gS] gSa] gks] gw¡ ;k fQj Fkk] Fks] Fkh dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
tSls - jke ?kweus x;k] lhrk jksus yxh] yksxksa us pk; ih] eSa ?kweus x;k vkfnA

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + verb 2nd form + object.

Subject pkgs singular gks ;k Plural, Rules ,d tSls gSaA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments

1. jke ?kweus x;kA Ram went for a walk. „Went‟ is the 2nd form of „go‟.
2. mlus ,d i= fy[kkA He wrote a letter. „Wrote‟ is the 2nd form of „write‟.
3. eSaus mls I;kj fd;kA I loved him/her. „Loved‟ is the 2nd form of „love‟.
4. mlus xyrh dhA He/she made a mistake. „Made‟ is the 2nd form of „make‟.
(xyrh ds lkFk make dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA½
5. yksxksa us gels ckr dhA People spoke with us. „Spoke‟ is the 2nd form of „Speak‟.
6. geus fd;kA We did. „Did‟ is the 2nd form of „do‟.
7. rqeus [kkuk [kk;kA You ate the food. „Ate‟ is the 2nd form of „eat‟.

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 Negative (udkjkRed okD;)
Rule: Subject + did not + verb 1st form + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke ?kweus ugha x;kA Ram did not go for a walk.
2. mlus ,d i= ugha fy[kkA He did not write a letter.
3. eSaus mls I;kj ugha fd;kA I did not love him/her.
4. yksx LVst+ ij ugha x;sA People did not go on stage.
5. mlus xyrh ugha dhA He/she did not make a
mistake.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh Family> + did + subject + verb 1st form + object?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (did) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ?kweus x;k\ Did Ram go for a walk?
2. mlus i= D;ksa fy[kk\ Why did he write the letter?
3. geus xyrh dc dh\ When did we make a mistake?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh Family> + Did + Subject + not + Verb 1st form + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k eSaus mls I;kj ugha fd;k\ Did I not love her?
2. yksx LVst+ ij dc rd ugha vk;s\ Until when did people not come on stage?
3. mlus ,slk D;ksa ugha fd;k\ Why did he not do so?

Past Continuous Tense

bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe jgk Fkk] lhrk ukp jgh Fkh] yksx ?kwe jgs Fkk] eSa ?kwe jgk FkkA vkfn

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + was/were + verb 1st form+ ing + object.

Singular Subject ds lkFk & was

Plural Subject ds lkFk &were

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences Comments

1. eSa ?kweus tk jgk FkkA I was going for a walk. Subject(I) „1st Person Singular
Subject‟ gS] blfy, was yxk gSA

14
 2. yksx LVst+ ij ukp jgs People were dancing on Subject(People) „3rd Person Plural
FksA the stage. Subject‟ gS] blfy, were yxk gSA
3. og i= fy[k jgh FkhA She was writing a letter. Subject(She) „3rd Person Singular
Subject‟ gS] blfy, was yxk gSA

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + was/were + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke ?kweus ugha tk jgk FkkA Ram was not going for a walk.
2. og rqEgkjs ckjs esa ugha lksp jgk FkkA He was not thinking about you.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh Family> + was/were + subject + verb 1st form+ ing + object?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (was, were) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh
family tSls who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk
iz;ksx gks rks oks rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke dgk¡ tk jgk Fkk\ Where was Ram going?
2. og D;k dj jgh Fkh\ What was she doing?
4. D;k yksx LVst+ ij ukp jgs Fks\ Were People dancing on the stage?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh Family> + was/were + subject + not + verb 1st form+ ing + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. eEeh D;ksa ugha Mk¡V jgh Fkh\ Why was Mom not scolding?
2. D;k og ?kweus ugha tk jgk Fkk\ Was he not going for a walk?
5. D;k ;‛kh ugha fy[k jgh Fkh\ Was Yashi not writing?

Past Perfect Tense

bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk pqdk Fkk] pqdh Fkh] pqds Fks] fy;k Fkk] fn;k Fkk] nh Fkh] yh Fkh] dh Fkh vkfn dk iz;ksx
gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe pqdk Fkk ] lhrk ukp pqdh Fkh ] yksx ?kwe pqds Fks] eSa ?kwe pqdk Fkk vkfn
vxj eSa dgw¡ & eq>s ?kM+h feyh Fkh rks bldk lh/kk lk eryc gS fd eq>s ?kM+h fey pqdh/x;h FkhA

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + had + verb 3rd form + object.
Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „had‟ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

14
 S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences
1. jke ?kweus tk pqdk FkkA Ram had gone for a walk.
2. eSa ?kweus x;k FkkA I had gone for a walk.
3. yksx LVst+ ij ukps FksA People had danced on the stage.

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + had + not + verb 3rd form + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. vfHk’ksd Ldwy ugha x;k FkkA Abhishek had not gone to school.
2. eSaus rqEgsa ugha ns[kk FkkA I had not seen you.
3. cPpksa us gkseodZ ugha fd;k FkkA Students hadn‟t done the homework.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh Family> + had + subject + verb 3rd form + object?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (had) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks
rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke tk pqdk Fkk\ Had Ram left?
2. mlus i= D;ksa fy[kk Fkk\ Why had she written a letter?
3. eSaus dke fdlds fy, fd;k Fkk\ For whom had I done the
work?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh Family> + had + subject + not + verb 3rd form + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ?kweus ugha x;k Fkk\ Had Ram not gone for a walk?
2. D;k yksx LVst+ ij ugha ukps Fks\ Had people not danced on the stage?
3. mlus i= dc rd ugha fy[kk Fkk\ Until when had she not written the letter?

Past Perfect Continuous Tense

bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk Fkk] jgh Fkh] jgs Fks dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fcYdqy oSls gh tSls Continuous
tense esa gksrk gSA QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd ;gk¡ ij le; ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA

tSls - jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk Fkk] lhrk 4 fnu ls ukp jgh Fkh] yksx 10 cts ls ?kwe jgs Fks] eSa lqcg ls jks jgk Fkk vkfnA
le; ds ckjs esa crk;s tkus ij Since vkSj For dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

Since dk iz;ksx fuf‛pr le; ds fy, vkSj For dk iz;ksx vfuf‛pr le; ds fy, vFkkZr vof/k(Duration) ds
fy,A dgk¡ ij Since vkSj dgk¡ ij For dk iz;ksx gksxk] ;g vkidks Present Perfect Continuous Tense
i<+krs oDr crk;k x;k FkkA

14
Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)
Subject + had been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of time/duration>.
Subject pkgs Singular gks pkgs Plural, „Had been‟ dk gh iz;ksx lgk;d fØ;k ds #i esa gksrk gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk FkkA Ram had been walking for 2 hours.
2. og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk FkkA He had been studying since 4 o‟clock.
3. eSa lqcg ls xkuk xk jgk FkkA I had been singing a song since morning.

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Subject + had not been + verb 1st form+ ing+ object+ since/for + <point of time/duration>.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls ugha ?kwe jgk FkkA Ram had not been walking for 2 hours.
2. og 4 cts ls i<+ ugha jgk FkkA He had not been studying since 4 o‟clock.
3. eSa lqcg ls xkus ugha xk jgk FkkA I had not been singing songs since
morning.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD; )

<Wh family> + had + subject + been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>?
iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (had) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks
rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k og lqcg ls i<+ jgk Fkk\ Had he been studying since morning?
2. oks dc ls esjk bUrt+kj dj jgk Fkk \ Since when had he been waiting for me?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh family> + had + Subject + not + been + Verb 1st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point
of time/duration>?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k og 4 cts ls i<+ ugha jgk Fkk\ Had he not been studying since 4 o‟clock?
2. D;k oks i<+ ugha jgk Fkk tc ls ikik Had he not been studying since dad left?
x;s\

14
 Future Indefinite Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk xk] xs] xh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kweus tk;sxk] lhrk ukpsxh] yksx ?kwesaxsA vkfn

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + will + verb 1st form + object.

Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke rqels feysxkA Ram will meet you.
2. yksx ?kweus tk;saxsA People will go for a walk.
3. og rqEgsa dWky djsxhA She will call you.

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + will not + verb 1st form + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke rqels ugha feysxkA Ram will not meet you.
2. yksx ?kweus ugha tk;saxsA People will not go for a walk.
3. og rqEgsa dWky ugha djsxhA She will not call you.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + will + subject + verb 1st form + object?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke rqels dc feysxk\ When will Ram meet you?
2. yksx dgk¡ tk;asxs\ Where will people go?
4. og rqEgsa dWky dSls djsxh\ How will she call you?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + Will + Subject + not + Verb 1st form + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke rqels D;ksa ugha feysxk\ Why will Ram not meet you?
2. D;k yksx ?kweus ugha tk;sxsa\ Will people not go for a walk?
4. D;k og rqEgsa dWky ugha djsxh\ Will she not call you?

14
 Future Continuous Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gkasxs] jgk gw¡xk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe jgk gksxk] lhrk ukp jgh gksxh] yksx ?kwe jgs gkaxs] eSa ?kwe jgk gw¡xk vkfn

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + will be + verb 1st form + ing + object.

Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will be‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke ?kweus tk jgk gksxkA Ram will be going for a walk.
2. og ?kwe jgk gksxkA He will be walking.
3. og izfr;ksfxrk esa ukp jgh gksxhA She will be dancing in the competition.

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + will not be + verb 1st form + ing + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. oks lks ugha jgk gksxkA He will not be sleeping.
2. ikik bl le; v[kckj i<+ jgs gksaxsA Dad will be reading newspaper right now
.
3. og bl oDr ugha [ksy jgh gksxhA She will not be playing at this moment.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + will + subject + be + verb 1st form + ing + object?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks
rks lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke dgk¡ lks jgk gksxk\ Where will Ram be sleeping?
2. D;k og ?kwe jgk gksxk\ Will he be walking?
3. oks dqRrs dks D;k f[kyk jgh gksxh\ What will she be feeding the dog?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + will + subject + not + be + verb 1st form + ing + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ekdsZV ugha tk jgk gksxk\ Will Ram not be going to market?
2. D;k cPps gYyk ugha epk jgs gkasxs\ Will children not be making a noise?
3. D;k eSa lks ugha jgk gw¡xk ml oDr\ Will I not be sleeping at that time?

15
 Future Perfect Tense
bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk pqdk gksxk] pqdh gksxh] pqds gksaxs] fy;k gksxk] fn;k gksxk] nh gksxh] yh gksxh] dh
gksxh vkfn dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
tSls - jke ?kwe pqdk gksxk ] lhrk ukp pqdh gksxh] yksx ?kwe pqds gksaxs] eSa ?kwe pqdk gw¡xk vkfn

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + will have + verb 3rd form + object.

Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will have‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke ekdsZV tk pqdk gksxkA Ram will have gone to market.
2. eSa bl le; rd [ksy pqdk gw¡xkA I will have played by now.
3. yksx LVst+ ij ukp pqds gksaxsA People will have danced on the stage.
4. og izfr;ksfxrk thr pqdh gksxhA She will have won the competition.

Negative (udkjkRed okD;)

Rule: Subject + will not have + verb 3rd form + object.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke ekdsZV ugha x;k gksxkA Ram will not have gone to market.
2. mlus rqEgsa dy ugha ns[kk gksxkA He will not have seen you yesterday.
3. yksx dYiuk ls ugha feys gksaxsA People will not have met Kalpana.
4. og ogk¡ ugha x;h gksxhA She will not have gone there.

Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + will + subject + have + verb 3rd form + object?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke ekdsZV D;ksa x;k gksxk\ Why will Ram have gone to market?
2. D;k mlus rqEgsa dy ns[kk gksxk\ Will he have seen you yesterday?
3. yksx dYiuk ls dc feys gksaxs\ When will people have met Kalpana?
4. og ogk¡ dSls x;h gksxh\ How will She have gone there?

15
Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

Rule: <Wh family> + will + subject + not + have + verb 3rd form + object?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke ?kweus ugha x;k gksxk\ Will Ram not have gone for a walk?
2. D;k mlus rqEgsa dy ugha ns[kk gksxk\ Will he not have seen you yesterday?
3. yksx dYiuk ls D;ksa ugha feys gksaxs\ Why will people not have met Kalpana?
4. D;k og izfr;ksfxrk esa ugha ukph gksxh\ Will she not have danced in the
competition?

Future Perfect Continuous Tense

bl Tense esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk jgk gksxk] jgh gksxh] jgs gksaxs] jgk gw¡xk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA fcYdqy oSls gh tSls
Continuous tense esa gksrk gSA QdZ flQZ bruk gS fd ;gk¡ ij le; ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;k tkrk gSA

tSls - jke 2 ?kaVs ls ?kwe jgk gksxk] lhrk 4 fnu ls ukp jgh gksxh] yksx 10 cts ls ?kwe jgs gksaxs] eSa lqcg ls jks jgk
gw¡xk vkfn

le; ds ckjs esa crk;s tkus ij Since vkSj For dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA Since dk iz;ksx fuf‛pr le; ds fy, vkSj
For dk iz;ksx vfuf‛pr le; ds fy, vFkkZr vof/k (Duration) ds fy,A dgk¡ ij Since vkSj dgk¡ ij For dk
iz;ksx gksxk] ;g vkidks Present Perfect Continuous Tense i<+krs oDr crk;k x;k FkkA

Affirmative (ldkjkRed okD;)

Subject + will have been + verb 1 st form+ ing + object+ since/for + <point of
time/duration>.

Subject pkgs „Singular‟ gks ;k „Plural‟, „Will have been‟ dk gh iz;ksx gksrk gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls [ksy jgk gksxkA Ram will have been playing for 2 hours.
2. og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk gksxkA He will have been studying since 4 o‟clock.

Negative (udkjkRed okD; )

Subject + will not have been +verb 1 st form+ ing+ object+ since/for + <point
of time/duration>.

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. jke 2 ?kaVs ls ugha [ks y jgk gks xkA Ram will not have been playing for 2 hours.
2. og 4 cts ls ugha i<+ jgk gksxkA He will not have been studying since 4 o‟clock.

15
 Interrogative (iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh family> + will + subject + have been + verb 1st form+ ing + object+
since/for + <point of time/duration>?

iz‛uokpd okD;ksa esa helping verb (will) subject ls igys vk tkrh gSA vkSj vxj okD; es Wh family tSls
who, why, when, what, which, until when, since when, how long vkfn dk iz;ksx gks rks oks rks
lcls igys gh iz;ksx dh tkrh gSA

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke 2 ?kaVs ls [ksy jgk gksxk\ Will Ram have been playing for 2 hours?
2. D;k og 4 cts ls i<+ jgk gksxk\ Will he have been studying since 4 o‟clock?

Negative Interrogative (udkjkRed iz‛uokpd okD;)

<Wh family> + will + subject + not + have been + verb 1 st form+ ing +
object+ since/for + <point of time/duration>?

S.No fgUnh okD; English Sentences

1. D;k jke 2 ?kaVs ls [ksy ugha jgk Will Ram not have been playing for 2 hours?
gksxk\
2. D;k og 4 cts ls i<+ ugha jgk Will he not have been studying since 4 o‟clock?
gksxk\

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el esa tkdj “Playlist” esa tkb, vkSj Lesson-wise Videos nsf[k,A
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ur djus okyksa dh dHkh gkj ugha gksrhA esjh ‚kqHkdkeuk,a ges‛kk vkids lkFk jgsaxhA –

15
 Tense – Practice Exercise

vkb, vH;kl djsaA fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dk vaxst+h esa vuqokn dfj, &
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –

1- eSa ugha x;kA 46- eSa fdl yM+dh dk HkkbZ gw¡ \

2- rqe dgk¡ tkrs gks \ 47- mlds ikik us eq>ls ckr djuk ilUn D;ksa ugha
3- ge fdl rjg vk;asxs\ fd;k\
4- eSa dc rd rqEgkjk lkFk nwa¡xk\ 48- jke eqf‛dy ls gh dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA
5- jksfgr dh cgu dgk¡ tk jgh gS\ 49- D;k ;s ckrsa ;kn vk;saxh rqEgsa\
6- oks fdl ‚kgj ls vk;k Fkk\ 50- ge lHkh yksx ml usrk dks ilUn ughsa djrsA
7- jke [ksyrk gSA 51- esjs HkkbZ us fdlh yM+dh dks ijs‛kku ugha fd;kA
8- oks yM+dk ,slk D;ksa lksprk gS\ 52- mlus ns[kus dh dksf‛k‛k ughsa dhA
9- ;s cPps dgk¡ jgrs gSa\ 53- oks vf/kdrj lhrk ds lkFk [ksyrk gSA
10- yM+fd;k¡ dy ls Mk¡l dk vH;kl dj jgh gaSA 54- mlus esjs fy, dHkh dqN fd;k \
11- jkds‛k ugha le>rkA 55- mlus dqN ugha fd;kA
12- ?kko ls [kwu fudy jgk gSA 56- ge rqEgkjs lkFk ?kweus tk;saxsA
13- eSa i<wa¡xkA 57- jke mls cgqr I;kj djrk gSA
14- oks lHkh fdlds HkkbZ gSa\ 58- rqeus esjk fny nq[kk;k gSA
15- oks f[kM+dh ls >k¡d jgk FkkA 59- vk¡[ksa Ëkks[kk nsrh gSaSA
16- cPps vk jgs gksaxsA 60- D;k rqeus lHkh dks [kkuk ijksl fn;k gS\
17- eSa f‛keyk vDlj tkrk g¡wA 61- fdlus rqEgsa ns[kk Fkk\
18- oks [kwc i<+rk gSA 62- ;s fny dHkh&dHkh I;kj ds fy, rM+irk gSA
19- oks dHkh&dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA 63- eSaus Hkxoku ls dqN ek¡xk gSA
20- cl pyh xbZ gksxhA 64- mlus xyrh dh gSA
21- rqe dc rd ;gk¡ Bgjksxs\ 65- gekjh vk¡[ksa mls ns[k jgh FkhA
22- ek¡ vius cPps dks nw/k fiyk jgh gksxhA 66- fdlus rqEgsa pksV igqaq¡pkbZ\
23- ge cgqr nsj rd lksrs gSaA 67- eaSus ,slk dHkh ugha lkspkA
24- oks ?kj ls ugha vk;k gSA 68- jke us eq>s esjh thr ij c/kkbZ nh gSA
25- oks vius liuksa dks lkdkj djsxkA 69- nqdkunkj us eq>s ywV fy;kA
26- eSa fdlds ckjs esa lksprk g¡wa\ 70- D;k rqe eq>s ;kn fnykvksxs \
27- eSa vkSj rqe fdlds lkFk [ksy jgs Fks\ 71- cqjs nkSj esa rqEgkjk lkFk fdlus fn;k \
28- ge ogk¡ x;s FksA 72- ek¡ cPpkssa dks tUe nsrh gS o cnys esa dqN ugha
29- esjk nksLr dkSu lh dkj pyk jgk gS\ ek¡xrh!
30- mlus ml vkneh dks tku ls ekj fn;kA 73- ge nks cts ikdZ esa ?kwe jgs FksA
31- jke us yM+dh dk cykRdkj ugha fd;k gSA 74- oks fdlds fy, bruh nwj x;k \
32- yM+ds ds ifjokj okyksa us ml ij vkjksi yxk;k gSA 75- rqEgkjk psgjk eq>s fdlh dh ;kn fnykrk gSA
33- ml fnu esjs lkFk dbZ yksx fQYe ns[k jgs Fks A 76- ;s dkSu djrk gS\
34- geus Vhoh esa fdldh yM+kbZ ns[kh\ 77- ;s lk¡i lfn;ksa ls viuh lkFkh dh ryk‛k dj jgk
35- ge jke dks fcydqy ugha tkursA gSA
36- ;s VwVk gqvk fny dqN dg jgk gSA 78- mlus fdrkc ys yh FkhA
37- D;k oks Ldwy ls vk x;k gksxk\ 79- eSa isu ls fy[kw¡xkA
38- rqe cgqr rst nkSM+ jgs FksA 80- D;k rqe jkst guqeku th dh iwtk ugha djrh \
39- dkSu tk;sxk\ 81- oks ?kweus x;k FkkA
40-fdl ghjks dk nksLr rqEgkjs ikik ds lkFk tkWac djrk 82-;s dke fdlus fd;k \
gS\ 83-;s dgkfu;k¡ eq>s ilan ughaA
41-eSa vDlj mlds ?kj tkrk gw¡A 84-geus xyrh ugha dhA
42-lhek vk;s fnu rqEgas gkseodZ fy[kus ds fy, cqykrh 85-jke esjs ckjs esa dqN u dqN rks crk,xkA
gSA 86-oks nksuksa gesa D;k fl[kk,saxs\s
43-cPps lqcg ls Vh oh ns[k jgs gaSA 87-rqEk lH; yxrs gksA
44-mls fdl ikVhZ dk lkFk ugha fey jgk gS\ 88-oks rqEgkjs ?kj igys gh vk pqdk gSA
45-oks eksckbZy esa D;k ns[k jgk gS\ 89-eSa rqEgsa jkst ns[kus vk;kA
15
90- rqe viuh xyrh Lohdkj dj pqds gksA 140- D;k Lkhrk ogk¡ cSBh\
91- eSa rqels dHkh ugha feykA 141- oks xkuk dgk¡ xkrk gS\
92- eSa fdlh rjg vkWfQl igq¡pk gww¡A 142- oks rqEgkjs ?kj esa [kkuk [kk pqdk gSA
93- D;k vki gels dqN dg jgs gSaA 143- tc eSa vkšxk] rqe tk jgs gksaxsA
94- oks rqEgkjs ?kj dh rjQ D;ksa vkrk gS \ 144- mlus eq>s ekQ fd;kA
95- eSa nhokj ds ihNs Nqi x;kA 145- eSa vkWWfQl ifjlj esa flxjsV ugha ihrkA
96- eSa rqels feyus dks ikxy gks jgk FkkA 146- eSa viuh xyrh eglwl dj pqdk gw¡A
97- eSa tYn gh vkWfQl igq¡p jgk gw¡A 147- eSaus ;s igsyh lqy>k nhA
98- Lkhrk us dEiuh NksM+h vkSj pyh x;hA 148- eSa dHkh xkuk ugha xkrkA
99- rqe vPNs yx jgs gksA 149- eSa vkids ikl dc vkšxk \
100-rqeus ,slk D;ksa lkspk\ 150- nwYgk vPNk yxrk gSA
101-mlus xkuk dgk¡ xk;k\ 151- ;g lquus esa vPNk yxrk gSA
102-fiz;k esjs fny dks le> jgh FkhA 152- D;k Lkhrk ogk¡ cSBsxh\
103- eSaus lc dqN le> fy;k FkkA 153- lfpu us iqjkus lÒh fjdkMZl rksM+sA
104- Ykskx feBkb;k¡ [kk pqds FksA 154- eaS vkidk izLrko Lohdkj djrk gw¡A
105- eq>s mldh ;kn vk jgh FkhA 155- jke vxys eghus dEI;wVj lh[ksxkA
106- og nks lky igys dEiuh NksM+ pqdk gSA 156- D;k Lkhrk ogk¡ cSBrh gS\
107- oks rqEgsa /kedh D;ksa nsrk gS\ 157- rqe ,slk D;ksa lksp jgs gks\
108- eSa vkWWfQl ds ckgj igys gh vPNh rjg ns[k pqdk 158- rqe vPNs yxrs gksA
gw¡A 159- cPpk Nr ij jks jgk gksxkA
109- D;k vki gels lger gSa \ 160- eSa rqEgkjs ckjs esa D;k lksprk gw¡\
110- jke /kks[kk ns jgk FkkA 161- jke vkSj vkfnR; fdl vkWfQl ls vk jgs gaS\
111- Okks vkneh eq>ls ugha feyrk gSA 162- D;k vki muls feys gks\
112- rksrk Nr ij jks jgk FkkA 163- eSaus rqEgkjs fy, izkFkZuk dh FkhA
113- oks rqEgkjk bUrt+kj 2 cts ls dj jgk FkkA 164- jke vPNh rjg ls rS;kjh dj pqdk gSA
114- eSa rqEgkjs ckjs esa dqN ugha lksp jgk g¡wA 165- ;s fdlus fd;k \
115- eSa rqels ckr d#¡xkA 166- mlus vutkus esa eq>s nq[k igq¡pk;kA
116- yksx eq>ls feyus ugh vk;saxsA 167- eSaus yksxksa ls iSls bdV~Bs dj fy, gSaA
117- jke dEI;wVj lh[krk gSA 168- eSa dle [kkrk gw¡ fd eSa ogk¡ dHkh ugha tkÅ¡xkA
118- rqEgkjs cky >M+ pqds FksA 169- rqEgkjh fdrkc fdlus yh \
119- eSa vius ekrk firk dks fonk dj pqdk g¡wA 170- D;k gqvk \
120- 2 ?kUVs gks x;s] ?kko ls [kwu fudy jgk gSA 171- rqEgkjs fnekx dks fdlus ijs‛kku fd;k \
121- eSa vius ekrk firk dks Hkst pqdk FkkA 172- ge csotg ,d nwljs ds lkFk yM+ jgs FksA
122- D;k vki 3 lky ls dke dj jgs gSa\ 173- rqe D;k <¡w< jgs gks \
123- D;k vki lqcg ls ?kwe jgs gSa\ 174- mUgksaus iwjs dejs dh ltkoV cny nhA
124- uy fn[kus esa vPNk yx jgk FkkA 175- eSaus mldh vkokt+ igpku yhA
125- mlus rqEgsa /kedh D;ksa nh Fkh\ 176- mlus eq>s iwjh rjg ls lg;ksx dk vk‛oklu fn;kA
126- rqe eq>s lqcg ls D;ksa <w<+ jgs gks\ 177- mlus crZu /kks fy, gSaA
127- jke vkWfQl dc tkrk gS\ 178- mlus brus lkjs yksxksa dks dSls l¡Hkkyk \
128- mlus eq>s vdsyk NksM+ fn;k gSA 179- tks dksbZ esjs ikl vk;k] eSaus enn dhA
129- rqe ,slk D;ksa lksprs gks\ 180- [ksy ds nkSjku oks [kks;k [kks;k lk yxkA
130- eSa vkids ikl dc vk;k \ 181- rqe dgha [kks;s ls yxrs gksA
131- eSa rqels dHkh ugha feyw¡xkA 182- eSaus mls mruk iSlk ugha fn;kA
132- D;k vkius [kkuk [kk;k\ 183- gt+kjksa yksx lM+d ij fonzksg dj jgs gSaA
133- Lkhrk Hkxoku dh iwtk dc ls dj jgh gS\ 184- gLr js[kk foKku us mls ikxy dj fn;k gSA
134- rqeus gky gh esa dkSu lh fQYe ns[kh gS\ 185- esjk HkkbZ fdlh rjg ?kj igq¡pkA
135- eSa ?kweus x;kA 186- eSa viuh lQ+yrk dk Js; rqEgsa nsrk gw¡A
136- eSa 2 ?kaVs ls BaM ls dka¡i jgk gw¡A 187- D;k rqeesa ls dksbZ iwtk djrk gS \
137- og nks lky igys dEiuh NksM+ pqdk gSA 188- rqe bruh lkjh fdrkcsa dSls ykvksxs \
138- rqeus esjk ewM [kjkc fd;kA 189- rqeesa ls fdrus rktegy x;s gks \
139- eSa 2008 ls bl dEiuh esa dke jgk gww¡A 190- mlus "kM+;= dk HkkaMk QksM+ fn;kA

15
Answers
1. I didn‟t go. 36. This broken heart is saying something.
2. Where do you go? 37. Will he have come from school?
3. How will we come? 38. You were running very fast.
4. Until when will I support you? / Until 39. Who will go?
when will I stand by you? 40. Which actor‟s friend works with your dad?
5. Where is Rohit‟s sister going? 41. I often go his home.
6. From which city had he come? 42. Seema often calls you to write homework.
7. Ram plays. 43. Kids have been watching TV since morning.
8. Why does that boy think so? 44. Which party‟s support is he not getting? /
9. Where do these children live? Which party is not supporting him.
10. Girls have been practicing dance 45. What is he watching in Mobile?
since yesterday. 46. Which girl‟s brother am I?
11. Rakesh doesn‟t understand. 47. Why did his father not like to talk to me?
12. Blood is oozing from the wound. 48. Ram seldom comes my home.
13. I will study. 49. Will you remember these moments?
14. Whose brothers are they/those all? 50. We all people don‟t like that leader.
15. He was peeping through the window. 51. My brother didn‟t bother any girl.
16. Children/kids will be coming. 52. He didn‟t try to see.
17. I often go to Shimla. 53. He mostly plays with Seeta.
18. He studies a lot/so much. 54. Did he ever do something for me?
19. He sometimes come my home. 55. He did nothing.
20. Bus will have left. 56. We will go for a walk with you.
21. Until when will you stay here? 57. Ram loves him/her a lot.
22. Mother will be feeding her child. 58. You have hurt me.
23. We sleep till late. 59. Eyes cheat/ Eyes deceive. / Eyes are
24. He has not come from home. deceptive.
25. He will fulfill his dreams. / He 60. Have you served the food to all?
will materialize his dreams. 61. Who had seen you?
26. About whom do I think? 62. This heart sometimes craves for love.
27. With whom were I & you playing? 63. I have begged something from God.
28. We had gone there. 64. He has committed / made a mistake.
29. Which car is my friend driving? 65. Our eyes were searching him.
30. He killed that man. 66. Who hurt you?
31. Ram has not raped the girl. 67. I never thought so.
32. Boy‟s family has blamed him/her. 68. Ram has congratulated me on my
33. Many people were watching the movie win/victory.
with me that day. 69. Shopkeeper ripped me off.
34. Whose fight did we watch on TV? 70. Will you remind me?
35. We don‟t know Ram at all. / We have no idea 71. Who supported you in bad time? / Who stood
who Ram is. by you in bad phase?

15
72. Mother bears children and demands nothing 111. That man does not meet me.
in return. 112. Parrot was crying on the roof.
73. We were walking in the park at 2 o‟clock. 113. He had been waiting for you since 2
74. For whom did I go this far? o‟clock.
75. Your face reminds me of someone. 114. I am not thinking anything about you./
76. Who does it? I am thinking nothing about you.
77. This snake has been searching his partner 115. I will talk to you.
for centuries. 116. People will not come to meet me.
78. He had taken the book. 117. Ram learns computer.
79. I will write with pen. 118. Your hair were fallen.
80. Do you not worship Lord Hanuman daily? 119. I have seen off my parents.
81. He had gone for a walk. 120. Blood has been oozing from the wound for
82. Who did this work? 2 hrs.
83. I don‟t like these stories. 121. I had sent my parents.
84. We didn‟t make a mistake. 122. Have you been working for 3 years?
85. Ram will tell at least something about me. 123. Have you been walking since morning?
86. What will they both teach us? 124. Tap was looking good.
87. You look civilized. 125. Why had he threatened you?
88. He has already come your home. 126. Why have you been searching me since
89. I came to see you daily. morning?
90. You have accepted your fault. 127. When does Ram go to office?
91. I never met you. 128. He has left me alone.
92. I have reached office somehow. 129. Why do you think so?
93. Are you saying something to us? 130. When did I come to you?
94. Why does he come towards your home? 131. I will never meet you.
95. I hid behind the wall. 132. Did you eat the food?
96. I was craving to meet you. 133. Since when has seta been worshipping
97. I am reaching office soon. God?
98. Seeta left the company and went. 134. Which movie have you recently seen?
99. You are looking good. 135. I went for a walk.
100. Why did you think so? 136. I have been shivering with cold for 2 hours.
101. Where did he sing the song? 137. He has left the company 2 years ago.
102. Priya was understanding my feelings. 138. You spoiled my mood.
103. I had understood everything. 139. I have been working with this company
104. People had eaten the sweets. since 2008.
105. I was missing him/her. 140. Did Seeta sit there?
106. He has left the company 2 years ago. 141. Where does he sing the song?
107. Why does he threaten you? 142. He has eaten/taken/had the food at
108. I have already seen properly outside your home.
the office. 143. When I come, you will be going.
109. Do you agree with us? 144. He forgave me.
110. Ram was cheating. 145. I don‟t smoke in the office premises.
15
 146. I have realized my mistake. 169. Who took your book?
147. I unraveled this enigma. / I solved 170. What happened?
this puzzle. 171. What disturbed your mind?
148. I never sing a song. 172. We were unnecessarily fighting with each
149. When will I come to you? other.
150. Groom looks good. 173. What are you looking for?
151. It sounds good. 174. They changed the entire room decoration.
152. Will seeta sit there? 175. I recognized his voice.
153. Sachin broke all the previous records. 176. He assured me of full cooperation.
154. I accept you proposal. 177. He has washed the utensils.
155. Ram will learn computer next month. 178. How did he handle these many people?
156. Does seeta sit there? 179. Whoever came to me, I helped.
157. Why are you thinking so? 180. During the game, he seemed to be lost.
158. You look good. 181. You seem to be lost somewhere.
159. Child will be weeping on the roof. 182. I didn‟t give him that much money.
160. What do I think about you? 183. Thousands of people are protesting on
161. From which office are Ram & roads.
Aditya coming? 184. Palmistry has made him crazy.
162. Have you met them? 185. My brother somehow reached home.
163. I had prayed for you. 186. I ascribe my success to you.
164. Ram has prepared well. 187. Does any of you worship?
165. Who did it? 188. How will you bring these many books?
166. He unknowingly hurt me. 189. How many of you have visited the Taj?
167. I have collected the money from people. 190. He unearthed the conspiracy.
168. I swear that I will never go there again.

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

So go ahead and try

e things that you didn‟t do than by the ones you did do, so throw off the bowlines, sail away from safe harbor, cat

15
 Tense – Test Papers

Test – I

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 20 x 1 = 20

1. Do you really feel the pain of those who are poor and hungry?
2. Will he ever realize that he was in the wrong?
3. Which one are you looking for at the moment?
4. How many times have I told you not to disturb me?
5. Why did you back out of your promise?
6. Sometimes, He takes things pretty lightly.
7. I will seldom go to the US because I feel myself an alien there.
8. Have you ever been in Agra?
9. I don‟t know what to do.
10. He has not been working for money since beginning.
11. For how long have you been waiting for me in the airport?
12. It sounded good but I know it‟s not worthwhile.
13. I will sue you in court.
14. Prime Minister addressed the gathering.
15. Shyam unnecessarily elongates the matter.
16. Most of the People are traveling by metro these days.
17. He feeds his animals thrice a day.
18. Are you feeling like going there?
19. These two are not looking to be twins as their faces are different altogether.
20. He is fighting for his self respect and dignity.

Q2: Choose the correct alternative in the following sentences: 10 x 1 = 10

1. He has been in Delhi (since/for) a long.

2. I never (tells/tell) a lie.
3. He didn‟t go (somewhere/anywhere).
4. Do you love (to watch / watching) TV?
5. I like (to play / playing) cricket.
6. He (founded/found) peace nowhere.
7. I (was/were) watching you.
8. Shalini (does/do) not go to parties.
9. Rahul (looks / looked) tired that day.
10. (Do/Does) you know how to speak in English?

Q3: Translate the following sentences into English? 10 x 1 = 10

1- rqe ogk¡ fdl jkLrs ls gksrs gq, tkrs gks \ jgh gS \
2- brus lkjs fxys f‛kdos ysdj dgk¡ tkvksxs rqe
\
3- jgrs dgk¡ gks nksLr \ vDlj fn[krs ughaA
4- nokbZ [kkus ds ckn vPNk eglwl gks jgk gS
eq>sA
5- eSa dkQh nsj ls mls <w¡< jgk FkkA
6- ljdkj xjhcksa ds fy, lgh ek;uksa esa D;k dj
15
7- lp dgw¡ rks eq>s ugha irk fd eSa vkxs D;k djus okyk
gw¡A
8- D;k oks eq>s tkurk Fkk \
9- eSusa mls bruk I;kj fd;k ftruk dksbZ mls
dHkh ugha djsxk \
10-ckrksa ls isV ugha HkjrkA

16
 Answers
Q1:
1. Do you really feel the pain of those who are poor and hungry?
D;k rqe okdbZ mu yksxksa dk nnZ eglwl djrs gks tks xjhc vkSj Hkw[ks gSa \
2. Will he ever realize that he was in the wrong?
D;k oks dHkh eglwl djsxk fd oks xyr Fkk \
3. Which one are you looking for at the moment?
bl le; rqe dkSu lk okyk <¡w< jgs gks \
4. How many times have I told you not to disturb me?
eSaus rqEgsa fdruh ckj dgk gS fd eq>s ijs‛kku er fd;k djks\
5. Why did you back out of your promise?
rqe vius okns ls D;ksa eqdjs \
6. Sometimes, he takes things pretty lightly.
dHkh&dHkh oks phtksa dks cgqr gYds esa ysrk gSA
7. I will seldom go to the US because I feel myself an alien there.
eSa ‚kk;n gh dHkh vesfjdk tkÅ¡xk D;ksafd eSa ogk¡ vius vki dks vtuch eglwl djrk gw¡A
8. Have you ever been in Agra?
D;k rqe dHkh vkxjk esa jgs gks \
9. I don‟t know what to do.
eSa ugha tkurk fd D;k d:¡ \
10. He has not been working for money since beginning.
oks ‚kq: ls gh iSlksa ds fy, dke ugha dj jgk gSA
11. For how long have you been waiting for me in the airport?
rqe ,vjiksVZ ij esjk bUrt+kj dc ls dj jgs gks \
12. It sounded good but I know it‟s not worthwhile.
lquus esa vPNk yxk ysfdu eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s Qk;ns dk lkSnk ugha gSA
13. I will sue you in court.
eSa rqEgsa dksVZ esa ?klhVw¡xkA@ eSa rqEgkjs f[kykQ eqdnek nk;j d:¡xkA
14. Prime Minister addressed the gathering.
iz/kkuea=h us HkhM+ dks lEcksf/kr fd;k@Hkk"k.k fn;kA
15. Shyam unnecessarily elongates the matter.
‚;ke Qkyrw esa ekeys dks yEck dj nsrk gSA
16. Most of the People are travelling by metro these days.
bu fnuksa vf/kdrj yksx eSVªks ls ;k=k dj jgs gSaA
17. He feeds his animals thrice a day.
oks vius tkuojksa dks fnu esa rhu ckj f[kykrk gSA
18. Are you feeling like going there?
D;k rqEgkjk ogk¡ tkus dk eu dj jgk gS \
19. These two are not looking twins as their faces are different altogether.
;s nksuksa tqM+ok ugha yx jgs gSa D;ksafd buds psgjs fcYdqy vyx gaSA
20. He is fighting for his self respect and dignity.
oks vius vkRe lEeku vkSj izfr"Bk ds fy, yM+ jgk gSA

16
Q2: Correct alternative is written bold & underlined

1. He has been in delhi (since/for) a long.

2. I never (tells/tell) a lie.
3. He didn‟t go (somewhere/anywhere).
4. Do you love (to watch / watching) TV?
5. I like (to play / playing) cricket.
6. He (founded/found) peace nowhere.
7. I (was/were) watching you.
8. Shalini (does/do) not go to parties.
9. Rahul (looks / looked) tired that day.
10.(Do/Does) you know how to speak in English?

Q3:

1- rqe ogk¡ fdl jkLrs ls gksrs gq, tkrs gks\

From which way do you go there?

2- brus lkjs fxys f‛kdos ysdj dgk¡ tkvksxs rqe \

Where will you go with these many differences?

3- jgrs dgk¡ gks nksLr \ vDlj fn[krs ughaA

Where are you mate? Not seen very often.

4- nokbZ [kkus ds ckn vPNk eglwl gks jgk gS eq>sA

I am feeling good after having/eating medicine.

5- eSa dkQh nsj ls mls <w¡< jgk FkkA

I had been searching him for a long.

6- ljdkj xjhcksa ds fy, lgh ek;uksa esa D;k dj jgh gS \

What is government ideally doing for the poor?

7- lp dgw¡ rks eq>s ugha irk fd eSa vkxs D;k djus okyk gw¡A
To be honest I don‟t know what I am going to do further.

8- D;k oks eq>s tkurk Fkk \

Did he know me?

9- eSusa mls bruk I;kj fd;k ftruk dksbZ mls dHkh ugha djsxk \
I loved her so much that nobody will ever do.

10-ckrksa ls isV ugha HkjrkA

Words can‟t feed. / Action is better than the words.

16
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the sentences from Hindi to English: 35 x 1 = 35

1- rqeus eq>s fdruk I;kj fd;k \ 18- eSaus rqEgkjs ckjs esa cgqr dqN lkspkA
2- eSa dSls tkuw¡ fd rqEgkjs fy, eSa dkSu FkkA 19- eq>s ,d I;kjh lh ?kM+h feyh gSA
3- tc eSa rqels feyus vkšxk] eq>s yxrk gS fd rqe 20- rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \
lks jgs gksxsA 21- esjs pkjksa HkkbZ [kkuk [kk pqds gSaA
4- rqe dy 6 cts vkuk] rc rd rks eSa rqEgkjk dke 22- eSaus lkjs fnu xkM+h pykbZA
dj pqdk gw¡xkA 23- rqeus eq>s gj txg <wwWa¡<+kA
5- rqEgsa ,slk D;ksa yxrk gS fd esjs ikl cgqr iSlk gSA 24- rqe esjs ihNs D;ksa Nqi jgs gks \
6- ft+Unxh gesa cgqr dqN fl[kkrh gSA 25- oks rqEgkjk D;k gS \
7- vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA 26- eSa eEeh dks dbZ fnuksa ls ;kn dj jgk FkkA
8- rqe dc rd ogk¡ jgksxs \ 27- rqEgkjk uke esjs fny dh /kM+duksa ij fy[kk gSA
9- ge dgha ugha tk jgs FksA 28- rqeus ges‛kk eq>s xyr le>kA
10- oks vkneh ,d cPps dks dkQh nsj ls ekj jgk gSA 29- eSa rqels lp dg jgk g¡wA
11- jke dbZ fnuksa ls rqEgkjs ;gk¡ tk jgk FkkA 30- eq>s fcYdqy ugha irk fd rqe dkSu gks \
12- eSa fØØsV [ksyuk dSls fl[kw¡xk \ 31- D;k rqeus dHkh fdrkcsa [kjhnh \
13- oks cPps rqEgkjs ?kj dSls vk;s \ 32- eq>s rqEgkjs ckjs esa lc dqN irk gS A
14- EkaS lHkh yksxksa ls fey pqdk g¡wA 33- jke us lHkh fdrkcsa Vscy ij j[khA
15- rqEgkjs lHkh nksLr eq>ls fey pqds FksA 34- rqe D;ksa lksp jgs gks fd eSa ugha vkšxkA
16- rqe dc rd esjs ?kj #dksxs \ 35- rqe tc ls vk;s gks] flQZ mlds ckjs esa ckr
17- jke dc ls dEI;wVj ij cSBk gqvk gS \ dj jgs gksA

Answers
Q1:

1- rqeus eq>s fdruk I;kj fd;k \ 5- rqEgsa ,slk D;ksa yxrk gS fd esjs ikl cgqr iSlk gSA
How much did you love me? Why do you think that I have lots of money?
2- eSa dSls tkuw¡ fd rqEgkjs fy, eSa dkSu FkkA 6- ft+Unxh gesa cgqr dqN fl[kkrh gSA
How do I know, who I was for you. Life teaches us a lot.
3- tc eSa rqels feyus vkšxk] eq>s yxrk gS fd rqe lks 7- vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA
jgs gksxsA We have nothing today. / We don‟t have
When I come to meet you, I think you will anything today.
be sleeping.
8- rqe dc rd ogk¡ jgksxs \
4- rqe 6 cts vkuk] eSa rqEgkjk dke dj pqdk gw¡xkA Until when will you be/stay/live there?
You come at 6 o‟clock; I will have
finished your work.
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 22-eSaus lkjs fnu xkM+h pykbZA
9- ge dgha ugha tk jgs FksA I drove the car throughout the day.
We were not going anywhere./We were
going nowhere. 23-rqeus eq>s gj txg <ww¡<+kA
You sought/searched me everywhere.
10-oks vkneh ,d cPps dks dkQh nsj ls ekj jgk gSA
That man has been beating a kid for a long. 24-rqe esjs ihNs D;ksa Nqi jgs gks \
Why are you hiding behind me?
11-jke dbZ fnuksa ls rqEgkjs ;gk¡ tk jgk FkkA
Ram had been going to your place for many 25-oks rqEgkjk D;k gS \
days. What/Who is he to you?

12-eSa fØØsV [ksyuk dSls fl[kw¡xk \ 26-eSa eEeh dks dbZ fnuksa ls ;kn dj jgk FkkA
How will I learn to play cricket? I had been missing mom for many days.

13-oks cPps rqEgkjs ?kj dSls vk;s\ 27-rqEgkjk uke esjs fny dh /kM+duksa ij fy[kk gSA
How did those children come to your house? Your name is written on my heartbeats.

14-EkSa lHkh yksxksa ls fey pqdk gw¡A 28-rqeus ges‛kk eq>s xyr le>kA
I have met all the people. You always took me wrong.

15-rqEgkjs lHkh nksLr eq>ls fey pqds FksA 29-eSa rqels lp dg jgk gw¡A
All of your friends had met me. I am telling you the truth.

16-rqe dc rd esjs ?kj #dksxs \

Until when will you stay at my home? 30-eq>s fcYdqy ugha irk fd rqe dkSu gks \
I really don‟t know who you are.
17-jke dc ls dEI;wVj ij cSBk gqvk gS \
Since when has Ram been sitting on the 31-D;k rqeus dHkh fdrkcsa [kjhnh \
computer? Did you ever buy books?

18-eSaus rqEgkjs ckjs esa cgqr dqN lkspkA 32-eq>s rqEgkjs ckjs esa lc dqN irk gS A
I thought a lot about you. I know everything about you.

19-eq>s ,d I;kjh lh ?kM+h feyh gSA 33-jke us lHkh fdrkcsa Vscy ij j[khA
I have found a nice watch. Ram put/kept all the books on the table.

20-rqEgkjs fdrus HkkbZ gSa \ 34-rqe D;ksa lksp jgs gks fd eSa ugha vkšxkA
How many brothers do you have? Why are you thinking that I will not come?

21-esjs pkjksa HkkbZ [kkuk [kk pqds gSaA 35-rqe tc ls vk;s gks] flQZ mlds ckjs esa ckr dj
jgs gksA
All of my 4 brothers have taken/eaten/had
Ever since you have come, you are only
the food.
talking about him/her.

16
 Test – III

Q1: Translate the sentences from Hindi to English: 20 x 1 = 20

1- rqeus eq>s dHkh dqN dgk D;k \

2- eSa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs D;k gksA
3- tc dHkh eSa rqels feyus vkšxk] D;k rqe eq>s oks lkjh fdrkcsa nksxh \
4- dbZ fnuksa ls eq>s rqe dqN ;kn fnyk jgh gksA
5- rqEgsa dSls ekywe fd esjs ikl bruk iSlk gSA
6- ft+Unxh ds glhu iy ge lc ds fy, ,d tSls gh gSaA
7- vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA
8- rqe flQZ fct+usl djus ds fy, gh cus gksA
9- ge yksx mu vkoktksa dks le>us dh dksf‛k‛k dj jgs FksA
10- oks yksx ml cPps dh ckrksa dks et+kd esa ys jgs FksA
11- jke dbZ fnu vkSj dbZ jkrksa ls fcuk #ds i<+ jgk FkkA
12- eSaus rqEgsa Mk¡Vk vkSj rqeus jksuk ‚kq# dj fn;k A
13- oks cPps rqEgkjs ?kj dh nhokj ds ihNs fNi x;s Fkss A
14- EkSa lHkh dks ml Hkwfr;k ?kj ds ckjs esa crk pqdk FkkA
15- rqEk esjs lkFk dHkh Hkh ugha FksA
16- rqe dc ls esjs ?kj esa jg jgs gks \
17- jke gekjh mEehnksa ij [kjk mrj jgk gSA
18- ek¡ vkSj cPpksa dk fj‛rk cgqr [kwclwjr gksrk gSA
19- eSa Hkhxk gqvk Fkk blfy, BaM yx x;hA
20- tgk¡ dgha Hkh rqe tkvksxs] oks rqEgsa ugha NksMs+xkA

Q2: Correct the following sentences: 10 x 1 = 10

1) He is walking in the park for a long.

2) My friend did not found peace anywhere.
3) I didn‟t went there.
4) Ram worked with me never.
5) Life teach us thousand things.
6) I looked at the calender for the dates.
7) He is not walking because he is so week.
8) Have you seen my 3 story building?
9) He was sweeting when he came to me.
10) There were 5 students. There parents had also come.

16
 Answers

Q1:

1- rqeus eq>s dHkh dqN dgk D;k \ Did you ever say something to me?
2- eSa dSls crkš fd rqe esjs D;k gksA How do I tell, what you are to me.
3- tc dHkh eSa vkšxk] D;k rqe eq>s oks lkjh fdrkcsa nksxh \ Whenever I come, will you give me all those
books?
4- dbZ fnuksa ls eq>s rqe dqN ;kn fnyk jgh gksA You have been reminding me of something for
many days.
5- rqEgsa dSls ekywe fd esjs ikl bruk iSlk gSA How do you know that I have this much money?
6- ft+Unxh ds glhu iy ge lc ds fy, ,d tSls gh gSaA Life‟s romantic moments are same for all of us.
7- vkt gekjs ikl dqN ugha gSA We have nothing today.
8- rqe flQZ fct+usl djus ds fy, gh cus gksA You are only meant / made for business.
9- ge yksx mu vkoktksa dks le>us dh dksf‛k‛k dj jgs FksA We people were trying to understand those
voices.
10- oks yksx ml cPps dh ckrksa dks et+kd esa ys jgs FksA Those people were taking that child lightly.
11- jke dbZ fnuksa ls yxkrkj i<+ jgk FkkA Ram had been continuously studying for many
days.
12- eSaus rqEgsa Mk¡Vk vkSj rqeus jksuk ‚kq# dj fn;k A I scolded you and you started weeping.
13- oks cPps rqEgkjh nhokj ij dqN fy[k jgs Fkss A Those children were writing something on your
house‟s wall.
14- EkSa lHkh dks ml Hkwfr;k ?kj ds ckjs esa crk pqdk FkkA I had told everyone about that haunted house.
15- rqEk esjs lkFk dHkh Hkh ugha FksA You were never with me.
16- rqe dc ls esjs ?kj esa jg jgs gks \ Since when have you been living at my home?
17- jke gekjh mEehnksa ij [kjk mrj jgk gSA Ram is living up to our expectations.
18- ek¡ vkSj cPpksa dk fj‛rk cgqr [kwclwjr gksrk gSA Mother and children‟s relation is very beautiful.
19- eSa Hkhxk gqvk Fkk blfy, BaM yx x;hA I was drenched hence got cold.
20- tgk¡ dgha Hkh rqe tkvksxs] oks rqEgsa ugha NksMs+xkA Wherever you go, he will not spare you.

Q2: correct sentences are written below with underlined corrected words or
group of words:

1) He is (has been) walking in the park for a long.

2) My friend did not found (find) peace anywhere.
3) I didn‟t went (go) there.
4) Ram worked with me never. (Ram never worked with me)
5) Life teach (teaches) us thousand things.
6) I looked at the calender (calendar) for the dates.
7) He is not walking because he is so week (weak).
8) Have you seen my 3 story (storey) building?
9) He was sweeting (sweating) when he came to me.
10) There were 5 students. There (Their) parents had also come.

16
 Test – IV

Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 50 x 1 = 50

1- D;k vki yksx ml yM+ds ls feys Fks\ 26-oks dHkh ugha x;kA
2- eSaus mldh cgu dks igpku fy;k FkkA 27-lqjs‛k eq>ls feysxkA
3- [ksy ds nkSjku oks Fkdk gqvk lk yxkA 28-ge 7 cts Ldwy ds fy, fudys A
4- rqe eq>s cgqr vPNss yxrs gksA 29-cPps dHkh ugha x;s A
5- eSaus mls iSlk dHkh ugha fn;kA 30-eq>s ;s vPNk ugha yxrkA
6- dbZ yksx lM+d ij fpYyk jgs FksA 31-jke mls I;kj djrk gSA
7- mlus rqEgsa viuh ft+Unxh ls Hkh T;knk I;kj fd;kA 32-oDr ds lkFk lc cny tkrk gSA
8- ;s VwVk gqvk fxykl fdlus j[kk ;gk¡ \ 33-iSlk vkneh dh uh;r cnyrk gSA
9- D;k oks Ldwy x;k gksxk \ 34-mls dqN feyk gS] ‚kk;n dksbZ iSu A
10-rqe bruh rst D;ksa nkSM+ jgs gks \ 35-eSaus ;s iz‛u igys Hkh gy fd;k gSA
11-dkSu dkSu tk;sxk esjs lkFk \ 36-mlus 4 ?kaVs esjk bUrt+kj fd;k A
12-fdl vkneh dk csVk rqEgkjs ikik ds lkFk tkWac djrk gS\ 37-cPps pqi D;ksa ugha jgrs \
13-eSa vDlj mlds ;gk¡ tkrk gw¡A 38-eSaus mls gj txg <w¡<k A
14-oks fnu jkr D;ksa i<+rk gS \ 39-viuk jkLrk mlus [kqn cuk;kA
15-oks dHkh&dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA 40-eq>s fdlh us ugha dgk] eSaus [kqn fd;k A
16-ge cgqr nsj rd mBs jgrs gaSA 41-oks eq>s ijs‛kku dj jgk gSA
17-rqEgkjk nksLr dkSu lh dkj pykrk gS \ 42-yksx vk;s FksA
18-eSa fdlds HkkbZ ds lkFk ukp jgk Fkk \ 43-eSaus vDlj mls ;gk¡ ns[kk gSA
19-rqe nksigj ls dqN <w¡< jgs gks \ 44-jke ugha djrkA
20-eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s gksxkA 45-mlus eq>s lkjh ckr crk;hA
21-rqe ogk¡ x;s Fks A 46-oks dbZ fnuksa ls yxkrkj i<+ jgk gSA
22-eSaus jke dks ns[kk gSA 47-eSaus ,slk ugha lkspk FkkA
23-mlds ikik esjs ?kj vk;s A 48-bl oDr oks i<+ jgk gksxk A
24-mUgkasus eq>s crk;k gSA 49-eSaus dqN Hkh ugha iwNkA
25-D;k mlus dgk \ 50-ge fQYe ns[k jgs Fks ml oDr] tc oks vk;k A

Answers
1- D;k vki yksx ml yM+ds ls feys Fks\ Had you people met that boy?
2- eSaus mldh cgu dks igpku fy;k FkkA I had recognized his/her sister.
3- [ksy ds nkSjku oks Fkdk gqvk lk yxkA He seemed/looked tired during the game.
4- rqe eq>s cgqr vPNss yxrs gksA I like you a lot.
5- eSaus mls iSlk dHkh ugha fn;kA I never gave him money.
6- dbZ yksx lM+d ij fpYyk jgs FksA There were many people shouting on the road.

16
7- mlus rqEgsa viuh ft+Unxh ls Hkh T;knk I;kj fd;kA He loved you more than his life.
8- ;s VwVk gqvk fxykl fdlus j[kk ;gk¡ \ Who kept this broken glass here?
9- D;k oks Ldwy x;k gksxk \ Will he have gone to school?
10-rqe bruh rst D;ksa nkSM+ jgs gks \ Why are you running this fast?
11-dkSu dkSu tk;sxk esjs lkFk \ Who all will go with me?
12-fdl vkneh dk csVk rqEgkjs ikik ds lkFk tkWac djrk gS\Which man‟s son works with your dad?
13-eSa vDlj mlds ;gk¡ tkrk gw¡A I often go to his place/home.
14-oks fnu jkr D;ksa i<+rk gS \ Why does he study 24 hours?
15-oks dHkh&dHkh esjs ?kj vkrk gSA He sometimes comes my home.
16-ge cgqr nsj rd mBs jgrs gaSA We wake up till late.
17-rqEgkjk nksLr dkSu lh dkj pykrk gS \ Which car does your friend drive?
18-eSa fdlds HkkbZ ds lkFk ukp jgk Fkk \ With whose brother was I dancing?
19-rqe nksigj ls dqN <w¡< jgs gks A You‟ve been searching something since afternoon.
20-eSa tkurk gw¡ fd ;s gksxkA I know it will happen.
21-rqe ogk¡ x;s Fks A You had gone there.
22-eSaus jke dks ns[kk gSA I have seen Ram.
23-mlds ikik esjs ?kj vk;s A His father came to my home.
24-mUgkasus eq>s crk;k gSA He has told me.
25-D;k mlus dgk \ Did he say?
26-oks dHkh ugha x;kA He never went.
27-lqjs‛k eq>ls feysxkA Suresh will meet me.
28-ge 7 cts Ldwy ds fy, fudys A We left for school at 7.
29-cPps dHkh ugha x;s A Children never went.
30-eq>s ;s vPNk ugha yxrkA I don‟t like this.
31-jke mls I;kj djrk gSA Ram loves him/her.
32-oDr ds lkFk lc cny tkrk gSA Everything changes with time.
33-iSlk vkneh dh uh;r cnyrk gSA Money changes one‟s character.
34-mls dqN feyk gS] ‚kk;n dksbZ iSu A He has found something, probably a pen.
35-eSaus ;s iz‛u igys Hkh gy fd;k gSA I have solved this question before as well.
36-mlus 4 ?kaVs esjk bUrt+kj fd;k A He waited for me for 4 hours.
37-cPps pqi D;ksa ugha jgrs \ Why do children not keep quiet?
38-eSaus mls gj txg <w¡<k A I searched him everywhere.
39-viuk jkLrk mlus [kqn cuk;kA He made his way himself.
40-eq>s fdlh us ugha dgk] eSaus [kqn fd;k A Nobody said to me, I did myself.
41-oks eq>s ijs‛kku dj jgk gSA He is bothering me.
42-yksx vk;s FksA People had come.
43-eSaus vDlj mls ;gk¡ ns[kk gSA I have seen him here quite often.
44-jke ugha djrkA Ram doesn‟t do.
45-mlus eq>s lkjh ckr crk;hA He told me everything.
46- oks dbZ fnuksa ls yxkrkj i<+ jgk gSA He has been studying continuously for many days.
47-eSaus ,slk ugha lkspk FkkA I hadn‟t thought so.
48-bl oDr oks i<+ jgk gksxk A He will be studying at this time/moment.
49-eSaus dqN Hkh ugha iwNkA I didn‟t ask anything at all.
50-ge fQYe ns[k jgs Fks ml oDr] tc oks vk;k A We were watching a movie, when he came.

16
Lesson – 20
It ¼bV½ & ;g]
vkt ge vkidks „It‟ dk Concept i<+kus okys gSaA „It‟ dk iz;ksx dbZ rjg ds okD;ksa esa gksrk gS vkSj bl
;sToday, we are going to teach you the concept of „It‟. „It‟ is used in many types of sentences and has m

1st Concept

„It‟ vkSj „This‟ nksuksa dk vFkZ gS Þ;gÞ ij QdZ ;s gS fd „This‟ dk iz;ksx ltho o futhZo nksuksa ds lkFk gksrk gS
tcfd „It‟ dk iz;ksx dsoy futhZo ds lkFkA
„It‟ & „This‟ both are almost same in usage but the difference is: „This‟ is used for
both living and non living but „it‟ is used only for non living.

Example: ¼ mnkgj.k ½

1- ;g ,d iSu gSA This is a pen. (Correct)

It is a pen. (Correct)
2- ;g I;kj gSA This is love.
(Correct) It is love.
(Correct)
3- ;g esjk nksLr jke gSA This is my friend Ram. (Correct)
It is my friend Ram. (Incorrect because „It‟ can‟t be used with
living being) ¼bl okD; eas „It‟ dk iz;ksx ugha dj ldrs D;ksafd jke ltho gS
futhZo ughaA½

,d ckr /;ku jgs fd dHkh&2 vki ik;saxs fd yksx ltho ds lkFk Hkh „It‟ dk iz;ksx dj jgs gSaA ekWMuZ vaxzst+h esa dbZ
fu;eksa ds viokn gSaA
You might find people using „it‟ with living being as well, like “It‟s my friend, Rahul.”.
It‟s nothing but an exception in modern English.

2nd Concept
„It‟ as a subject („It‟ dk iz;ksx subject dh rjg)

fdlh Hkh okD; dh ‚kq:vkr fnu ;kfu Ms ¼Day½ ls ugha gks ldrhA vxj okD; dh ‚kq:vkr *vkt*] *dy*] *ijlksa* vkfn
ls gks rks „It‟ dk iz;ksx Subject dh rjg fd;k tkuk pkfg,A tSls & vkt lkseokj gSA] dy NqV~Vh FkhA vkfnA

vxj ge dgsa fd vkt lkseokj gSA rks gekjk vaxzst+h esa ;s dguk fd Today is Monday xyr gksxkA ctk; blds
geas It dks Subject dh rjg iz;ksx djuk gksxk vkSj dguk gksxk „It is Monday today‟.

No Sentence can start with any day i.e. Monday, Sunday, Yesterday etc. If I say
16
“Today is Monday”, it‟s an incorrect sentence; rather I need to say „It is Monday
today. Basically „it‟ is to be used as a subject if any day is mentioned.

17
Example: ¼mnkgj.k ½

dy NqV~Vh FkhA It was holiday yesterday.

vkt esjk tUefnu gSA It is my birthday today.
dy NqV~Vh gksxh A It will be holiday tomorrow.
ml fnu dqN [kkl FkkA It was something special that day.
ijlksa D;k Fkk \ What was it day before yesterday?
dy jfookj FkkA It was Sunday yesterday.

3rd Concept
le; gks pqdk gS@x;k gS & Has been
le; gks pqdk Fkk@x;k Fkk & Had been
„It‟ as a subject („It‟ dk iz;ksx subject dh rjg)

,sls okD;ksa esa „It‟ dk iz;ksx Subject dh rjg gksrk gSA

[„It‟ is used as a subject in such kind of sentences.]

Example: ¼mnkgj.k ½
1- nks fnu gks x;s gaSA It has been 2 days.
2- nks lky gks pqds gSaA It has been 2 years
3- dbZ lky gks pqds FksA It had been many years.
4- lfn;k¡ chr pqdh gaSA It has been centuries.
5- djhc nks ?kaVs gks x;s gSaA It has been about 2 hours.
vc eSa ;s crkšxk fd bruk le; fdls yxk gS] *eq>s*] *mls* ;k fQj fdlsA
Now I will tell you who has taken this much time. It‟s „me‟, „him‟ or who?

1- eq>s nks fnu gks x;s gSaA It has been 2 days to me.
2- jke dks 6 lky gks x;s gSA It has been 6 years to Ram.
3- lhrk dks 5 eghus gks pqds gSaA It has been 5 months to Seeta.
4- eq>s 3 lky gks x;s FksA It had been 3 years to me.
vc ge bu okD;ksa esa dqN vkSj tksM+ nsrs gSaA (Let‟s add on something more in these sentences)
vxj eSa dgw¡ & i<+rs gq, & Reading
lksrs gq, & Sleeping
[ksyrs gq, & Playing

;gk¡ ij Subject fØ;k dks vHkh Hkh dj jgk gSA tc eSaus dgk Þeq>s i<+rs gq, nks lky gks x;s gSaAÞ rks ;gk¡ ij Subject
;kfu eSa vHkh Hkh i<+us ds dke dks dj jgk gw¡A ,sls okD;ksa esa eSa verb dh 1st form ds lkFk flQZ „ing‟ dk iz;ksx
d#¡xkA
ij vxj eSa dgw¡ &
x;s gq, & having gone.
ns[ks gq, & having seen.
feys gq, & having met.
17
;gk¡ ij Subject fØ;k dks dj ugha jgk cfYd mls ;s dke fd;s gq, oDr gks pqdk gSA eSas dgrk gw¡ Þeq>s i<+ss gq, nks
lky gks x;s gSaAÞ rks ;gk¡ ij Subject ;kfu eaS i<+us ds dke dks dj pqdk gw¡ vkSj 2 lky dk oDr Hkh chr pqdk gSA ,sls
okD;ksa esa eSa having ds lkFk verb dh 3rd form dk iz;ksx d#¡xkA

Example: ¼ mnkgj.k ½

1- eq>s nks fnu gks x, gSaA It has been 2 days to me.

2- eq>s feyrs gq, nks fnu gks x, gaSA It has been 2 days to me meeting.
(;gk¡ ij eSa nks fnu ls fey jgk gw¡A)
3- eq>s fey+s gq, nks fnu gks x, gSaA It has been 2 days to me having met.
(;gk¡ ij eSa nks fnu igys feyk FkkA)
4- jke dks 2 lky gks x, FksA It had been 2 years to Ram.
5- jke dks eq>ls feyrs gq, 2 lky gks x, FksA It had been 2 years to Ram meeting me.
6- jke dks eq>ls feys gq, 2 lky gks x, FksA It had been 2 years to Ram having met me.
Few more example: ¼ dqN vkSj mnkgj.k ½

1- nks fnu gks x;s rqEgsa ns[ks gq,A It has been 2 days having seen you.
2- 7 lky gks x;s gaS mlds lkFk jgrs gq,A It has been 7 days living with him.
3- fdrus fnu gks x;s \ How many days has it been ?
gaS
4- fdruk le; gks x;k Fkk \ How much time had it been ?
5- D;k 5 feuV gks x;s gSa \ Has it been 5 minutes ?
6- D;k lfn;k¡ xqtj x;h gSa \ Has it been centuries ?
7- mls 10 feuV gks x;s Fks A It had been 10 minutes to him.
8- eq>s cxZj [kk;s ,d eghuk gks x;k gSA It has been a month to me having eaten burger.
9- eq>s rqEgsa i<+k;s gq, eghuksa gks x;s gaSA It has been months to me having taught you.
10-fy[krs gq, eq>s nl feuV ugha gq, gSaA It has not been 10 minutes to me writing.

4th Concept
–
le; yxuk] le; gks pqdk gksuk
„Take‟ as a verb („Take‟ dk iz;ksx verb dh rjg)
„It‟ as a subject („It‟ dk iz;ksx subject dh rjg)

vxj okD; esa „Subject‟ ugha gS rks „It‟ dk iz;ksx „Subject‟ dh rjg fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
If there is no subject in the sentence then „It‟ can be used as a Subject.

Example: ¼ mnkgj.k ½
fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa Subject ugha gSA

1- nks feuV yxrs gSaA It takes two minutes.

2- nks feuV yx jgs gSaA It is taking two minutes.
3- nks feuV yx pqds gSaA It has taken two minutes.
4- nks feuV yxsA It took two minutes.

17
5- nks feuV yx jgs FksA It was taking two minutes.
6- nks feuV yx pqds FksA It had taken two minutes.

17
 7- nks feuV yxsaxsA It will take two minutes.
8- nks feuV yx ldrs gSaA It can take two minutes.
9- nks feuV yxus pkfg,A It should take two minutes.
10-nks feuV iDdk yxus pkfg,A It must take two minutes.

fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa Subject gSA

1- eq>s nks feuV yxrs gSaA I take two minutes. / It takes two minutes to me.
2- eq>s nks feuV yx jgs gSaA I am taking two minutes. / It is taking two minutes to me.
3- jke dks 10 feuV yxus pkfg,A Ram should take 10 minutes. / It should take 10 minutes to
Ram.

vc bu okD;ksa esa dqN vkSj tksM+rs gSaA (Let‟s add something more in these sentences)
le; rks yxrk gS ij D;k djus esa \ (Takes time but in doing what?
feyus esa & To meet
vkus esa & To come
tkus esa & To go
igq¡pus esa & To reach

Example:¼ mnkgj.k ½
1- ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSaA It takes 2 minutes to reach.
2- eq>s ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSaA I take 2 minutes to reach./ It takes me 2 mins to reach.
3- jke dks ig¡qpus esa 2 feuV yxrs gSaA Ram takes 2 minutes to reach.
4- rqels feyus esa dbZ lky yxsaxsA It will take many years to meet you.
5- rqels feyus esa eq>s dbZ lky yxsaxsA I will take many years to meet you.
6- ogk¡ ig¡qpus esa ikik dks 10 feuV yxsA Dad took 10 minutes to reach there.
7- [kkuk [kkus esa eq>s fdruk le; yxk \ How much time did I take to eat the food ?
8- [kkuk [kkus esa fdruk le; yxk \ How much time did it take to eat the food ?
9- eq>s vkidks i<+kus esa dkQh oDr yxsxkA I will take lots of time to teach you.
10-;s djus esa eq>s nl fnu ls T+;knk yxsA I took more than 10 days to do this.

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

ne way to avoid criticism: do nothing, say nothing, and be nothing. So remember, if you are criticized, never be afraid.

e it big unless you try.

efore God at the end of my life, I would hope that I would not have a single bit of talent left and could say, I used everything

s for himself; but if you do for others too, you live even after your life.

meaning if I contribute nothing for the poor.

riticized, that simply means you are not doing anything special.

17
 It – Practice Exercise
Let‟s practice. Translate the following sentences into English –
1- vkt rqEgkjk fnu gS] dy esjk gksxkA 50-;s diM+k flyus esa djhc 20 fnu yxsaxsA
2- rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s nl fnu gks x;s gSaA
3- jke ls feys gq, lkr lky gks x;s gSaA
4- D;k dy NqV~Vh Fkh \
5- 5 fnu yxsaxsA
6- 6 lky yxsA
7- eq>s ?kj igq¡pus esa 5 ?kaVs yxrs gSaA
8- eq>s Ldwy igq¡pus esa vk/kk ?kaVk yxrk gSA
9- jke dks [kkuk cukus esa dkQh le; yxrk
gSA
10-gesa dEI;wVj lh[kus esa 3 eghus yxsA
11-rqEgsa <+w¡<+us esa eq>s dsoy 5 feuV yxs A
12-;s dke djus esaa dkQh le; yxsxkA
13-vkt lkseokj ugha gS A
14-dy NqV~Vh Fkh A
15-vkt ckfj‛k gksxhA
16-dy ckfj‛k gqbZ Fkh A
17-ijlksa NqV~Vh FkhA
18-ijlksa NqV~Vh gksxhA
19-2 feuV yxrs gaSA
20-2 feuV yx jgs gSaA
21-2 feuV yxs gaSA
22-2 feuV yxsA
23-2 feuV yx jgs FksA
24-2 feuV yxs FksA
25-2 feuV yxsaxsA
26-eq>s 2 feuV yxsaxs A
27-vc rqEgkjh ckjh gSA
28-;g rqEgkjk I;kj gSA
29-;g D;k gS \
30-2 fnu gks x;s gSaA
31-2 fnu gks x;s Fks A
32-eq>s 2 fnu gks x;s FksA
33-rqels feys gq, eq>s 2 fnu gks x;s FksA
34-mls fdruk le; yxsxk \
35-rqEgsa fdruk le; yxrk gS \
36-rqEgas bruk le; D;ksa yx jgk gS \
37-vkWfQl igq¡pus esa fdruk le; yxk \
38-vkWfQl igq¡pus esa rqEgsa fdruk le; yxk \
39-jke dks cgqr le; yxk A
40-dy vksys iM+s FksA
41-vkt vksys iM+saxsA
42-ijlksa vksys iM+saxsA
43-ijlksa vksys iM+s Fks A
44-ckfj‛k dc gksxh \
45-D;k ckfj‛k gksxh \
46-D;k ckfj‛k gks jgh gksxh \
47-fdrkc [kRe djus esa eq>s 2 eghus yxsA
48-Lkhrk dks dkQh lky yxsA
49-vkbZ , ,l vf/kdkjh cuus esa 3 lky yxsA

17
51-vxj rqe iSfUly ls fy[kks] rks dkQh le;
yxsxk A
52-rqe fdruk le; yksxs \
53-;s [kRe djus esa rqe fdruk le; yksxs \
54-eSa nl feuV yw¡xk A
55-oks fnu ,d Lis‛ky fnu Fkk A
56-ml fnu D;k Fkk \
57-va/ksjk gks jgk gSA
58-mel gks jgh gSA
59-;g esjh [okfg‛k gSA
60-gekjh ‚kknh dh lkyfxjg gS vktA
61-rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s djhc 2 lky gks x;s gaSA
62-tc eSa ogk¡ igq¡pk] ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA
63-ogk¡ cgqr ckfj‛k gksrh gSA
64-vkt ckfj‛k gks ldrh gSA
65-vkt ckfj‛k gksuh gSA
66-vkt ckfj‛k gksuh FkhA
67-;s rqEgkjh lksp gSA
68-;s fdldk iSu gS \
69-[kkus [kk;s gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
70-vPNs diM+s igus gq, dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
71-ogk¡ x, gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
72-[kkuk [kk;s gq, eq>s dbZ fnu gks x;s gSaA
73-vkt vksys iM+us FksA
74-vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSasA
75-vkt vksys iM+ ldrs Fks ij ugha iM+sA
76-oks esjh ft+Unxh dk cgqr vge fnu FkkA
77-jke dks fy[kus esa T+;knk le; ugha yxkA
78-jke dks fy[kus esa FkksM+k lk gh le; yxkA
79-bldh dher 5 # gSA
80-bldh dher 5 # gksxhA
81-ml fnu iwjs ns‛k esa NqV~Vh FkhA
82-lqcg ls ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA
83-D;k vkt lkseokj gS \
84-;gk¡ ckfj‛k gks jgh gSA
85-ogk¡ vksys iM+ jgs FksA
86-D;k dkQh le; gks x;k gS \
87-fdruk le; gks x;k gS \
88-D;k dy ckfj‛k gksxh \
89-eq>s nks ?kaVs yxsA
90-psjkiw¡th eas lcls vf/kd ckfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS \
91-cxZj [kk;s gq, eq>s 4 eghus gks x;s gSaA
92-rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s 3 fnu gks x;s gSaA
93-D;k nsgjknwu esa ckfj‛k gqbZ \
94-Ckkfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS \
95-mUgsa ?kj igq¡pus esa fdruk le; yxk \
96-eSp dk vkuUn ysrs gq, 2 ?kaVs gks x, gSaA
97-ewoh ns[krs gq, eq>s 15 feuV gks x, gSaA
98-;g I;kj gSA
99-;g ,d dqlhZ gSA
100- ml ‚kgj esa ckfj‛k gks jgh gksxhA

17
 Answers
1. It is your day today, tomorrow will be mine.
51. If you write with pencil, it will take longer time.
2. It has been 10 days to me having seen you.
52. How much time will you take?
3. It has been 7 years having met Ram.
53. How much time will you take to finish this?
4. Was it holiday yesterday? / Was it
54. I will take 10 minutes.
off yesterday?
55. It was a special day that day.
5. It will take 5 days.
56. What was it on that day?
6. It took 6 years.
57. It is getting dark.
7. It takes me 5 hours to reach home.
58. It is getting humid.
8. It takes me half an hour to reach school.
59. It / This is my wish/desire.
9. Ram takes lots of time to prepare the food.
60. It is our marriage anniversary today.
10. We took 3 months to learn computer.
61. It has been about 2 years having seen you.
11. I took only 5 minutes to find you.
62. When I reached there, it was raining.
12. It will take plenty of time to do this work.
63. It rains a lot there.
13. It is not Monday today.
64. It can rain today.
14. It was holiday yesterday. / It was off yesterday.
65. It has to rain today.
15. It will rain today.
66. It had to rain today.
16. It had rained yesterday.
67. It/This is your thinking.
17. It was holiday day before yesterday.
68. Whose pen is this/it?
18. It will be holiday day after tomorrow.
69. It has been many days to me having had food.
19. It takes 2 minutes.
70. It‟s been many days having worn good clothes.
20. It is taking 2 minutes.
71. It has been many days to me having gone there.
21. It has taken 2 minutes.
72. It has been many days to me having eaten.
22. It took 2 minutes.
73. It had to hail today.
23. It was taking 2 minutes.
74. It can hail today.
24. It had taken 2 minutes.
75. It could have hailed today but didn‟t.
25. It will take 2 minutes.
76. It was a very important day of my life.
26. I will take 2 minutes. / it will take me 2 minutes.
77. Ram didn‟t take much time to write.
27. It/This is your turn now.
78. Ram took a little time to write.
28. It/This is your love.
79. Its cost is Rs 5. / It costs Rs 5.
29. What is it/this?
80. Its cost will be Rs 5. / It will cost Rs 5.
30. It has been 2 days.
81. It was holiday that day in whole country.
31. It had been 2 days.
82. It had been raining since morning.
32. It had been 2 days to me.
83. Is it Monday today?
33. It had been 2 days to me having met you.
84. It is raining here.
34. How much time will he take?
85. It was hailing there.
35. How much time do you take?
86. Has it been enough time?
36. Why are you taking this much time?
87. How long has it been?
37. How much time did it take to reach office?
88. Will it rain tomorrow?
38. How much time did you take to reach office?
89. It took me 2 hrs. / I took 2 hrs.
39. Ram took lots of time.
90. Why does it rain the most in Cherapunji?
40. It had hailed yesterday.
91. It has been 4 months to me having eaten Burger.
41. It will hail today.
92. It has been 3 days to me having seen you.
42. It will hail day after tomorrow.
93. Did it rain in Dehradun?
43. It had hailed day before yesterday.
94. Why does it rain?
44. When will it rain?
95. How much time did they take to reach home
45. Will it rain?
96. It has been 2 hrs, enjoying the match.
46. Will it be raining?
97. It has been 15 mins to me, watching this movie.
47. It took me 2 months to finish the book.
98. It is love. / This is love.
48. Seeta took lots of time.
99. It is a chair. / This is a chair.
49. I took 3 years to become an IAS officer.
100. It will be raining in that city.
50. It will take about 20 days to stitch this cloth.
17
 It – Test Papers

Test - I
Q1: Translate the following sentences into English: 50 x 1 = 50

1- 5 lky gks x;s gSaA 27-;s djrs gq, gesa 2 lky gks pqds FksA
2- mls dbZ lky gks x;s gaSA 28-vxj ckfj‛k gqbZ rks eSa Hkhx tkÅ¡xk A
3- jke dks [kRe djus esa cgqr le; yxk A 29-lkspus dh ckr gSA
4- rqEgsa de le; yxsxk A 30-tc ge feys Fks ml fnu ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA
5- eq>s 2 fnu yxsA 31-ml fnu D;k Fkk \ eaMs ;k laMs \
6- cPpksa dh NqV~Vh gS vkt A 32-mls ;s crkus esa le; D;ksa yxk \
7- ogk¡ igq¡pus esa 2 fnu yxrs gSaA 33-vPNk yxrk gSA
8- rqEgkjh lkyfxjg dc gS \ 34-ogk¡ vDlj ckfj‛k gksrh FkhA
9- mls dkQh le; gks x;k gSA 35-[kkuk [kk;s gq, gesa dbZ fnu gks x;s FksA
10-ckfj‛k gks jgh Fkh A 36-fdrus fnu gks x;s gaS \
11-D;k ;s dksbZ fx¶V gS \ 37-Ckkfj‛k gks ldrh Fkh ij gqbZ ugha A
12-8 fnu gks x;s FksA 38-;s dqN vkSj ugha rqEgkjh lksp gSA
13-‚kk;n dy ckfj‛k gksxhA 39-;s vPNh ckr ugha gSA
14-ijlksa vksys iM+s FksA 40-mls feys gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s gaS \
15-esjk tUefnu FkkA 41-ckfj‛k ogk¡ dHkh ugha gksrh A
16-vkt dqN gSA 42-gesa dbZ fnu yx tk;saxs A
17-;s fdrkc i<+rs gq, eq>s 3 eghus gks pqds gSaA 43-;s dqN vkSj ugha Hkz"Vkpkj gSA
18-dy Ldqy dh NqV~Vh gksxhA 44-;s ukVd ns[ks eq>s iwjs 2 eghus gks x;s gSaA
19-vkt vksys iDdk iM+saxs A 45-ogk¡ x;s gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;sA
20-dkQh le; gks x;k FkkA 46-ijlksa ckfj‛k gqbZ FkhA
21-D;k ml fnu dqN Fkk \ 47-;s dqN vkSj ugha ikxyiu gSA
22-ml fnu lkseokj FkkA 48-ml fnu ckfj‛k tedj gksxh A
23-eq>s ;gk¡ jgrs gq, 10 lky gks x;s gSaA 49-vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSaA
24-rqe ij fuHkZj djrk gSA 50-vkt ckfj‛k ugha gksuh pkfg, D;ksafd esjh cgu
25-dbZ lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gaSA dh ‚kknh gSA
26-bruh ckfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS ;gk¡ \

Answers

1- 5 lky gks x;s gSaA It has been 5 years.

2- mls dbZ lky gks x;s gaSA It has been many years to him.
3- jke dks [kRe djus esa cgqr le; yxk A Ram took a long to finish.
4- rqEgsa de le; yxsxk A You will take less time.
5- eq>s 2 fnu yxsA I took me 2 days./ I took 2 days.
6- cPpksa dh NqV~Vh gS vkt A It‟s children‟s holiday today.
7- ogk¡ igq¡pus esa 2 fnu yxrs gSaA It takes 2 days to reach there.
8- rqEgkjh lkyfxjg dc gS \ When is your anniversary?
9- mls dkQh le; gks x;k gSA It has been a long to him.
10-ckfj‛k gks jgh Fkh A It was raining.
11-D;k ;s dksbZ fx¶V gS \ Is it some/a gift?

17
 12-8 fnu gks x;s FksA It had been 8 days.
13-‚kk;n dy ckfj‛k gksxhA It may/might rain tomorrow.
14-ijlksa vksys iM+s FksA It had hailed yesterday.
15-esjk tUefnu FkkA It was my birthday.
16-vkt dqN gSA It‟s something today.
17-;s fdrkc i<+rs gq, eq>s 3 eghus gks pqds gSaA It has been 3 months to me reading this book.
18-dy Ldwy dh NqV~Vh gksxhA It will be school‟s off tomorrow.
19-vkt vksys iDdk iM+saxs A It must hail today. / It will definitely hail today.
20-dkQh le; gks x;k FkkA It had been a long time.
21-D;k ml fnu dqN Fkk \ Was it something that day?
22-ml fnu lkseokj FkkA It was Monday that day.
23-eq>s ;gk¡ jgrs gq, 10 lky gks x;s gSaA It has been 10 years to me living here.
24-rqe ij fuHkZj djrk gSA It depends on you.
25-dbZ lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gaSA It has been many centuries.
26-bruh ckfj‛k D;ksa gksrh gS ;gk¡ \ Why does it rain this much here?
27-;s djrs gq, gesa 2 lky gks pqds FksA It had been 2 years to us doing this.
28-vxj ckfj‛k gqbZ rks eSa Hkhx tkÅ¡xk A If it rains, I will be drenched.
29-lkspus dh ckr gSA It is a matter to think.
30-tc ge feys Fks ml fnu ckfj‛k gks jgh FkhA The day we had met, it was raining.
31-ml fnu D;k Fkk \ eaMs ;k laMs \ What was it that day? Monday or Sunday?
32-mls ;s crkus esa le; D;ksa yxk \ Why did he take time to tell this?
33-vPNk yxrk gSA It seems good./It feels good.
34-ogk¡ vDlj ckfj‛k gksrh FkhA It used to rain there quite often.
35-[kkuk [kk;s gq, gesa dbZ fnu gks x;s FksA It had been many days to us having taken the food.
36-fdrus fnu gks x;s \ How many days has it been?
gaS
37-Ckkfj‛k gks ldrh Fkh ij gqbZ ugha A It could have rained but didn‟t.
38-;s dqN vkSj ugha rqEgkjh lksp gSA It is nothing else but your thinking.
39-;s vPNh ckr ugha gSA It‟s not good.
40-mls feys gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s gaS \ How many years has it been to you having met him?
41-ckfj‛k ogk¡ dHkh ugha gksrh A It never rains there.
42-gesa dbZ fnu yx tk;saxs A We will take many days. / It‟ll take us many days.
43-;s dqN vkSj ugha Hkz"Vkpkj gSA It is nothing else but corruption.
44-;s ukVd ns[ks gq, eq>s iwjs 2 eghus gks x;s gSaA It‟s been complete 2 months to me having seen this serial.
45-ogk¡ x;s gq, rqEgsa fdrus lky gks x;s \ How many years has it been to you having gone there?
46-ijlksa ckfj‛k gqbZ FkhA It had rained day before yesterday.
47-;s dqN vkSj ugha ikxyiu gSA It is nothing else but obsession.
48-ml fnu ckfj‛k tedj gksxh A It will rain heavily that day.
49-vkt vksys iM+ ldrs gSaA It may/might hail today.
50- ckfj‛k ugha gksuh pkfg, D;ksafd vkt esjh cgu dh ‚kknh gSAIt mustn‟t rain as it is my sister‟s marriage
today.
egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

Failure is better teacher than success, because when you fail, you focus more for the next try.
You can never cross the ocean until you have the courage to lose sight of the shore.

17
 Test – II

Q1: Translate the following sentences into Hindi: 50 x 1 = 50

1. It took me lots of time. 26. It will be raining there.

2. Did it hail there? 27. It took me a while to repair that mobile.
3. Does it make a difference? 28. What does it do?
4. How much time will you take? 29. What is it today?
5. It has been about a year having seen him. 30. It‟s my birthday.
6. It was nothing but his vision. 31. It wasn‟t my cup of tea.
7. It‟s hailing continuously. 32. Did it take much of your time?
8. It‟s hailing continually. 33. It can‟t bother me.
9. It didn‟t make any difference. 34. It is nothing else but a pen.
10. It was Monday that day. 35. It depends on your mentality.
11. It might rain today. 36. What is it in your pocket?
12. It might change your mind. 37. Why is it taking time? Is it because you are
13. It has been years to me having seen you. new?
14. It is nothing else but a try. 38. It‟s because I don‟t know about this.
15. It was taking long time. 39. It‟s because I had no knowledge.
16. It‟s holiday tomorrow. 40. Is it a machine kind/sort of?
17. It takes just 2 minutes to reach home. 41. It is something of that sort.
18. Did I take more than 5 minutes? 42. Is it a mobile kind/sort of?
19. Will you take much time? 43. No, it is nothing of that sort.
20. He had taken 3 hours to read the 44. Did it really rain heavily?
whole book. 45. It is not your cup of tea.
21. Does it matter? 46. How old is it?
22. It has been centuries having someone 47. It seems to be very old.
come here. 48. It seemed to be new one.
23. Will it bother you? 49. Should it be told to him?
24. It could have been delayed. 50. How can it be improved?
25. It will be better to go there.
Answers

1. It took me plenty of time. eq>s dkQh@cgqr le; yxk A

2. Did it hail there? D;k ogk¡ vksys iM+s \
3. Does it make a difference? D;k blls dksbZ QdZ iM+rk gS \
4. How much time will you take? rqEgsa fdruk le; yxsxk \
5. It has been about a year having seen him. mls ns[ks gq, djhc ,d lky gks x;k gSA
6. It was nothing but his vision. ;s dqN vkSj ugha cfYd mldk n`f"Vdks.k¼lksp½ FkkA
7. It‟s hailing continuously. yxkrkj vksys iM+ jgs gSaA
8. It‟s hailing continually. #d&#d dj vksys iM+ jgs gSaA
9. It didn‟t make any difference. blls dksbZ QdZ ugha iM+kA
10. It was Monday that day. ml fnu lkseokj FkkA
11. It might rain today. vkt ‚kk;n ckfj‛k gks ldrh gSA
12. It might change your mind. ;s ckr rqEgkjk eu cny ldrh gSA
13. It has been years to me having seen you. rqEgsa ns[ks gq, eq>s lkyksa gks x, gSa A
14. It is nothing else but a try. ;s dqN vkSj ugha] ,d dksf‛k‛k gSA
18
 15. It was taking long time. dkQh le; yx jgk Fkk A
16. It‟s holiday tomorrow. dy NqV~Vh gSA
17. It takes just 2 minutes to reach home. ?kj igq¡pus esa cl 2 feuV yxrs gSaA
18. Did I take more than 5 minutes? D;k eq>s 5 feuV ls T+;knk yxs \
19. Will you take much time? D;k rqEgsa cgqr le; yxsxk \
20. He had taken 3 hours to read the whole book. mls iwjh fdrkc i<+us esa 3 ?kaVs yxsA
21. Does it matter? QdZ iM+rk gS D;k \
22. It has been centuries having someone come here.lfn;k¡ chr xbZ gaS] ;gk¡ dksbZ vk;s gq,A
23. Will it bother you? D;k ;s rqEgsa ijs‛kku djsxk \
24. It could have been delayed. nsjh gks ldrh Fkh A
25. It will be better to go there. ogk¡ tkuk csgrj gksxk A
26. It will be raining there. ogk¡ ckfj‛k gks jgh gksxhA
27. It took me a while to repair that mobile. eq>s ml eksckby dks Bhd djus esa FkksM+k le; yxkA
28. What does it do? ;s D;k djrk gS \
29. What is it today? vkt D;k gS \
30. It‟s my birthday. esjk tUefnu gSA
31. It wasn‟t my cup of tea. ;s esjs cl dh ckr ugha Fkh A
32. Did it take much of your time? D;k blus rqEgkjk dkQh le; fy;k \
33. It can‟t bother me. ;s ckr eq>s ijs‛kku ugha dj ldrh A
34. It is nothing else but a pen. ;s dqN vkSj ugha] ,d iSu gSA
35. It depends on your mentality. ;s rqEgkjh lksp ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
36. What is it in your pocket? rqEgkjh tsc esa D;k gS \
37. Why is it taking time? Is it because you are new? le; D;ksa yx jgk gS\ blfy, D;ksafd rqe u;s gks\
38. It‟s because I don‟t know about this. blfy, D;ksafd eSa blds ckjs esa ugha tkurk A
39. It‟s because I had no knowledge. blfy, D;ksafd eq>s Kku ugha FkkA
40. Is it a machine kind/sort of? D;k ;s dksbZ e‛khu tSlk gS \
41. It is something of that sort. ;s dqN oSlk gh gSA
42. Is it a mobile kind/sort of? D;k ;s eksckby tSlk dqN gS \
43. No, it is nothing of that sort. ugha] ;s ml rjg dk dqN ugha gSA
44. Did it really rain heavily? D;k okdbZ esa Hkkjh ckfj‛k gqbZ \
45. It is not your cup of tea. ;s rqEgkjs cl dh ckr ugha gSA
46. How old is it? ;s fdruk iqjkuk gS \
47. It seems to be very old. ;s cgqr iqjkuk yxrk gSA
48. It seemed to be new one. ;s u;k lk yxk A
49. Should it be told to him? D;k ;s ckr mls crk;h tkuh pkfg, \
50. How can it be improved? bls dSls lq/kkjk tk ldrk gS \

egku O;fDr;ksa }kjk dgh xbZ ckrsa (Quotations)

Hkfo"; gksrk ugha gS] bldk fuekZ.k gesa [kqn djuk gksrk gSA

rkyhesa ugha nh tkrh ifjanksa dks mM+kuksa dh] os [kqn gh r; djrs gSa] ÅapkbZ vklekuksa dh] j[krs gSa t
oks ugha djrs ijokg t+ehu is fxj tkus dhA

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Lesson – 21
Modals ¼eksMkYl½
“Modals ,slh lgk;d fØ;k,¡ gksrh gSa ftudk iz;ksx okD; esa eq[; fØ;k ds lkFk fd;k tkrk gS rkfd fd;s tkus
okys dk;Z dh leFkZrk] lEHkkouk] fuf‛prrk] btkt+r vkSj vko‛;drk O;Dr dh tk ldsA”
uhps nh x;h Vscy ls vki tku ik;saxs fd eksMky lgk;d fØ;k,¡ dkSu lh gSa] udkjkRed okD;ksa esa not dk iz;ksx fd

“Modal Helping verbs are used with main verbs of the sentence to express ability, possibility, certaint
Following table lets you know about modal helping verbs, their negatives and also the form of main verbs t

eq[; fØ;k dh