Introduction

Repetition is considered to be one of the basic principles of the art of literary

composition and poetical rhetoric. The problem of repetition and its role in art has
long been an object of scholars’ attention.

Repetition serves to convey and intensify various psychological and emotional

states of characters in literary works, their and the author’s attitude towards the things
described.

The object of the diploma paper is typology of repetition and its functions.

The subject of the diploma paper is the repetitions used in Charles Dickens’s
prose and poetic texts.

The aim of the present paper is to study the notion of repetition, exemplify its
use in various types of prose and poetic texts and to present the stylistic analysis of
repetitions employed by Ch. Dickens in the texts of two of his popular works. To
achieve these goals we have to fulfil the following tasks:

 To study the notion of repetition;

 To consider the role of repetition in literary works;
 To analyze the functions of different types of repetition in literary works;
 To investigate the use of repetitive devices in the texts under analysis.
The methods used in the present research are semantic-structural, elements of
stylistic and contextual analyses.

The paper is based on the research in this field of such scholars as V.A. Maltzev,
V.A. Kukharenko, I.V. Arnold, O.M. Morokhovsky, D. Lodge, H. Widdowson and
others.

The structure of the diploma paper. The diploma paper consists of an

Introduction, Four Chapters, Conclusions and a List of references.

Chapter I touches upon the notion of repetition;

Chapter II deals with the classification of repetitions;

Chapter III is devoted to the overview of the main stylistic functions of repetition in
literary works;

Chapter IV presents the analysis of the repetitions used in Charles Dickens’ works.

In Conclusions the results of the investigation are summarized.

 Conclusions

In conclusion, we should state that one of the most prominent places among
stylistic means of expressiveness dealing with the arrangement of members of the
sentence belongs to repetition. A wide range of stylistic, aesthetic and psychological
functions of repetition makes it an indispensable component of various types of
discourse, including folklore, rhymes, poems, stories, novels, tales and stories for
children.

Having considered various literary samples that exemplify the typology and
functions of repetition, in the final part of the paper we focused our attention on the
analysis of the use of repetitive devices, the material being two texts (prose and
poetry) from Ch. Dickens, namely his satirical poem “A Fine Old English
Gentleman” and his famous story/novella “A Christmas Carol”.

The analysis has proved that various types of lexical repetitions and the
peculiarities of their usage in the texts of the works under consideration are
conditioned not only by their potential functional loading in the text, but also by the
peculiarities of the writer’s style, manner of expression, artistic purport in general.

To sum up the results of the analysis, we can state that among the writer’s
favourite and most widely employed repetitions are alliteration and assonance;
morphemic repetitions, such as affixational repetitions; lexical repetitions, including
ordinary repetitions, ordinary contact repetitions, repetitions in strong positions
(lexical anaphora, lexical epistrophe/epiphora, lexical anadiplosis and symploce),
distant repetitions; syntactic repetitions, namely parallel constructions, series
(binomials and enumeration) and polysyndeton. Repetition promotes both structural
and semantic cohesion of the texts and mostly used by Ch. Dickens in its intensifying
function, i.e. aiming at logical and emotional emphasis.
 INTRODUCTION

Comparative tropes and metaphor in particular have long attracted scholars’

attention, and not only of those working in the realm of literature studies. Lately a lot
of works have appeared, which tend to build a coherent, unified theory of metaphor,
simile, epithet that would combine philosophical, psychological, literary and
linguistic approaches to such a phenomenon as the metaphorical, figurative use of
words.

As is known, metaphoric transference is a complex phenomenon studied by

various scientific disciplines. As a trope, it is studied by stylistics, rhetoric and
poetics; as a source of new meanings of words (so called conventional metaphors) –
by lexicology; as a peculiar type of communication; it is studied by pragmatics; as an
associate mechanism – by psychology; as a way of thinking and learning (conceptual
metaphors) – by logic, philosophy and cognitive psychology [7, p. 66].

The analysis of comparative tropes in the context of stylistics gives a possibility

to study more profoundly the writer’s world-view and the philosophical background
to his creative work.

This is one of the factors that determine the topicality of the present work. It
also comes from the fact that the individual style of Kahlil Gibran and the use of
stylistic devices in his writings have not been thoroughly researched, especially in
terms of the use of tropeic means of creating imagery. Besides, nowadays there is a
need to examine Gibran's works with a view to studying and evaluating the original,
unique reflection of two different visions of the world – English and Arabic - as we
can perceive them in his prose and poetry.

The paper is based on the theoretical research of such scholars as….

The object of the paper is comparative tropes in Kahlil Gibran's writings.

The subject is types and functions of metaphors, similes and epithets in Gibran's
works.
 The corpus of the analysis comprises 587 comparative tropes, among them:

- 351 metaphors;
- 194 epithets;
- 42 similes.
The aim of the paper is to research and analyze the use of comparative tropes,
their types and functions in Kahlil Gibran's works.

To achieve the aim of the work the following tasks have to be solved:

- to make an overview of scientific approaches to the study of comparative tropes;

- to specify the sources of origin of English comparative tropes;
- to examine the functions of comparative tropes;
- to study in detail comparative tropes used in Gibran's prose and poetry;
- to work out the classification of the author's metaphors, similes and epithets;
- to analyze the role of comparative tropes in Kahlil Gibran's writings.
In order to fulfill all the tasks and achieve the aim the following methods and
types of analysis have been used:

- a method of contextual observation – to find all the examples and to distinguish

their stylistic functions;
- a method of stylistic and lexical analysis – to analyze comparative tropes in
Kahlil Gibran's works and to examine them;
- a method of dictionary definition – to define the meanings of comparative tropes
under research;
- a quantitative method – to calculate the stylistic devices and group them
according to different criteria;
The theoretical value of the present research is in its contribution to the study of
the works of this outstanding writer, poet and philosopher from a linguistic and
stylistic viewpoints.

The practical importance of the paper is determined by the fact that the results of
the analysis and its illustrative material can be successfully used in teaching stylistics,
for practical classes of the English language, or in other courses pertaining to the
study of English literature. The work may be interesting for readers who want to
enlarge their knowledge about Kahlil Gibran and his original style.

The paper consists of the Introduction, Part I, which presents a brief description
of comparative tropes in general and simile, metaphor and epithet in particular, their
types and functions; Part II, which focuses on special features and functions of
comparative tropes used in Kahlil Gibran's works, Conclusions and References.
 CONCLUSIONS

The diploma paper is devoted to the study of comparative tropes in prose and
poetry of Kahlil Gibran, the famous Arabic-American writer, poet, philosopher and
artist. We have subjected to the linguistic and stylistic analysis various samples of the
poetic texts of the author. This kind of approach to the investigation of the author’s
works enabled us to gain an insight into the writer’s world-view and to have a better
understanding of his philosophical and theological ideas.

The results of the paper allow us to draw the following conclusions:

1. Metaphors are the stylistic devices that predominate in Khalil Gibran's works.
Epithets are less numerous and similes are the least used in the author’s texts.

2. On studying the use of comparative tropes in the author’s prose and poetry we
found out that the majority of them are based on the comparison with people or their
properties. Another large group of the comparative tropes are devices based on the
comparison with inanimate things. The comparison with animals, their characteristics
or actions is the least numerous group of comparative tropes that have been traced in
Khalil Gibran's works.

3. Having analysed metaphors, similes and epithets in Gibran's writings, we

singled out the most frequently used types of metaphors (both structural and
semantic):

- sustained metaphors;
- personal metaphors (personification);
Having examined epithets, we pointed out their special types in Kahlil Gibran's
compositions. They are:

- affective (or emotive) epithets.

- figurative epithets, which include:
 metaphorical epithets
 hyperbolical epithets
 Having analyzed the special features of similes, we can state that in most cases
Kahlil Gibran uses similes where the ground is mentioned implicitly to give the
recipient an opportunity to think of qualities and features depending on the context.
By analogy with metaphors, the author's similes can be qualified as co-ordinate (i.e.
the central Tenor is accompanied by a number of co-ordinate, often quite independent
in their semantics, Vehicles / images).

4. Having analysed the role of comparative tropes in Kahlil Gibran's prose and
poetry, we specified the main functions that the author’s metaphors, similes and
epithets fulfil in the text. They are the following:

 The Image- Generating Function;

 The Emotive and Expressive Function;
 The Descriptive Function;
 The Text-Generating Function;
 The Symbol-Bearing Function.
5. Having studied the comparative tropes in Kahlil Gibran's writings, we deduced
the peculiarity of the author's individual style – the noticeable combination and
correlation of two different symbolic visions of the word: Arabic and English. The
analyzed symbols are:

- the symbol of Night;

- the symbol of Wind;
- the symbol of Water;
- the symbol of Rain;
- the symbol of Woman;
- Christian symbols.
To sum up, we can state that the aim of the diploma paper was reached. We
managed to fulfil all the tasks and to distinguish the main types and functions of the
comparative tropes in Kahlil Gibran's works. The results of the work may be useful
for practical classes in stylistics of the English language or may be used as an
additional material for those studying American literature.
 Introduction

Character delineation is a very important part of the creation of literary works.

Characterization presupposes the use of different techniques and methods of
presenting characters as though they were real people. The two main methods used
by authors are ‘telling’ and ‘showing’. The first method presupposes that the author
gives a rather full description of personages` personality, opinions and looks. The
other method, by contrast, is based on the readers` own analysis, since the characters
reveal themselves through their dialogues and actions. The author in this case, as it
were, steps aside.

The material for the present investigation of means and methods of

character delineation is the novel ‘Sense and Sensibility’ written by Jane Austen.

There were times when the role of Jane Austen in the development of world
literature was underestimated. Critics and authors did not consider her to be
prominent, even though such writers as Sir Walter Scott or Virginia Woolf claimed
that she had created a new type of novel. Interest in her works was revived at the
beginning of the twentieth century. Jane Austen`s novels are translated, analyzed and
adapted for filming. Many recent studies have focused on the investigation of her
novels.

Nowadays we can find a lot of works ( for example, by such scholars as

Edward Copeland, D. Cecil, O.W. Firkins, S. Howard, B. Hughes and others) that are
dedicated to the profound study of Jane Austen`s style.

The aim of the paper is to investigate the novel ‘Sense and sensibility’ in
terms of methods and types of character presentation.

The object of the diploma paper is various theoretical approaches to the

identification of the types and means of character delineation.

The subject of the paper is methods of character delineation used in the

novel, as well as means of representation of the main characters in the light of the
ideas of ‘sense’ and ‘sensibility’.
 The theoretical and practical value of the research is determined by its
contribution to the contemporary studies of Jane Austen’s oeuvre, her individual
style, creative method and writing manner.

To achieve the aim of the work the following tasks have to be solved:

- to investigate general principles and procedures of character delineation in

fiction;
- to consider Jane Austen`s place in literature and outline the peculiarities of her
literary style;
- to analyze the novel in terms of the main types of character delineation;
- to research the central opposition of the ideas of ‘sense’ and ‘sensibility’ and
the main characters as their representations;
- to carry out the investigation of various means of characterization used by the
author in portraying the novel’s minor characters.
In order to fulfill all the tasks and achieve the aim the following methods and
types of analysis have been used: a method of contextual observation, a method of
stylistic and lexical analysis, elements of comparative analysis.

The paper consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusions, a list of

references and a summary.

The first chapter is dedicated to the problem of character delineation in J.

Austen`s novel ‘Sense and sensibility’. It also deals with the identification of the
place and style of the author in literature and the main ideas of the novel under study.

The second chapter presents the analysis of the use of the direct method of
character delineation. This method includes different techniques, such as
characterization through the use of names, through appearance and characterization
by the author.

The third chapter is concerned with the analysis of the novel with respect to the
indirect method of personages` portrayal, namely characterization through dialogue
and actions as constituents of indirect presentation of the characters. This chapter also
investigates the use and role of setting in character portraying.
 CONCLUSION

Having analyzed the works of the researchers concerning the study of the category
of “style”, we can make a conclusion that there are still different approaches to its
understanding. And yet we can say that style is a set of tools, the choice of which is
predetermined by the content, the aims, and the character of expression.
The understanding of a style as an individual creative method, a writer’s artistic
manner is the most widespread in literary studies. The author’s individual style does
not only depend on the method the writer uses, but on his creative individuality as
well.
The author’s idiostyle can be defined as an ideological and artistic originality of
the author’s writing, the features of his/her creative methods, which are
predetermined by his or her life experience, worldview, culture, temperament, likes
and dislikes etc.
The study of a prose and poetry language is a large field of study, as writers use a
great amount of various instruments. The most widespread rhetorical figures and
tropes are metaphors, epithets, similes, various kinds of repetition. Humour, irony
and sarcasm are also among important components of writers’ attitudes encoded in
their texts. They all perform different stylistic functions and influence the reader in
different ways. The author’s skills and ability to use these instruments in order to
achieve some definite stylistic purpose underlie the author’s professionalism.
The aim of the research was to study L. M. Montgomery’s individual style
represented in the use of various means of verbal imagery in the novel “Anne of
Green Gables”.
Having fulfilled the tasks that were set we have come to the following
conclusions:
1) One of L. M. Montgomery’s main stylistic techniques is a wide use of tropes.
Their role in the novel cannot be underestimated as they contribute to a more
imaginative perception of all the objects and events portrayed by the author.
2) The text abounds in metaphors and epithets as the work is based on the
revealing of the world of the little girl who is very imaginative. The elements of a
fairy tale provide perfect vehicles for creating the image. It should be also pointed out
that the majority of the metaphors analyzed in the paper are personified: streams have
minds, trees talk and whisper, brook laughs etc. Such a method aims at animating the
phenomena of nature, inhaling life into them and by doing this - making them fulfil
the author’s intention.
3) L. M. Montgomery is also a master of using similes in various kinds of
descriptive contexts. Most of them are metaphorical, and the majority of them are
based on the vivid imagination of the main heroine who is so fond of fantasizing.
4) The main emotive keys of the novel are humour and sarcasm. These types of
modality are realized in speeches of the main characters’ discourse: Anne always
finds many things very funny, while Marilla is sarcastic. However her sarcasm does
not leave the reader with negative feelings.
5) Having conducted a quantitative analysis, we have come to the conclusion that
L. M. Montgomery’s most favourite narrative techniques and linguostylistic
instruments in the story that make her idiostyle so remarkably unique are the
repetitive elements: alliteration, lexical and syntactic repetition. The most numerous
are lexical repetitions. Some of the words repeated have acquired a symbolic
connotation: “kindred spirit”, “romantic”, “bosom friend”, “fiddlesticks”, “thrill” and,
certainly, the protagonist’s most favoured word “imagine” that was used 140 times.
Tag questions were used 79 times only by the main heroine.
6) We have also demonstrated that the majority of the tropes and stylistic devices
are introduced into the novel in the speech planes of the main characters, and in fact,
the character of the protagonist Anne is one of the main conductors of the author’s
ideas, while her conversation is a means of representation of the writer’s individual
style.
The results achieved in the process of the research can serve a useful material for
the further study of an author’s individual style in general and the idiostyle of L. M.
Montgomery in particular.
 Conclusion

In this work we have attempted to research the life, career and the world outlook
of Truman Capote and analyze his novel “Breakfast at Tiffany’s” in terms of
character representation.
In the theoretical part of our work we have considered three types of narrative -
the author’s narrative, the character’s speech, the represented speech - and the
difference between these types. Furthermore, we dealt with the traditional narrative-
compositional forms, which are the narration about events (or narrative proper),
description and argumentation. Additionally, we presented some theoretical
information on types of characters that are distinguished in modern literary criticism,
such as flat, round, stable and dynamic characters and outlined some other types,
such as antagonist, protagonist, foil, confidante and stock. In addition, we have
analyzed the techniques which help writers to establish their characters, such as
characterization through the use of names, characterization through appearance,
characterization by the author, characterization through dialogue, characterization
through actions, characterization through other characters and characterization
through thoughts/inner speech.
In the practical part we have conducted the literary – stylistic analysis of Truman
Capote’s “Breakfast at Tiffany’s”, an excellent example of literary work where
author managed to create memorable, lifelike and extraordinary literary characters.
On analyzing the novel “Breakfast at Tiffany’s”, first of all, we should mention that
the author uses both methods of personage portrayal - ‘telling’ and ‘showing’. The
author provides a lot of information about his characters by telling the readers about
them. However, the method of ‘showing’ prevails, and it is done, probably, because
the most memorable characters are remembered by their doing or saying something.
The author used a variety of methods of personage portrayal: characterization through
the use of names, appearance, dialogues, actions and characterization through other
characters.
 As regards the characterization through the use of names, the names of the
characters are very important in the novel as they give us direct information about
their personalities.
Furthermore, we should state that the author did not emphasize the character’s
appearances. He prefers to characterize his personages through their inner qualities.
The appearance seems to be considered by the author as less significant since the
description of appearance is not detailed and exhaustive.
Truman Capote widely employs the characterization through dialogue and inner
speech/thoughts. The personages in the novel are talking about their lives, views,
feeling, and outlook, thus revealing themselves.
As for the characterization through actions, we learn a lot about the personages
by what they do. The actions of the character tell the readers even more than the
characters tell about themselves. Actions in the novel under investigation serve as
quite valuable and reliable data that help to reveal the personage’s personality.
Truman Capote frequently uses the characterization by other personages. The
minor characters in the novel serve as a link to the protagonist and give the readers
significant information.
The author uses different stylistic devices to characterize his personages:
metaphors, epithets, similes. Among them, epithets are the most frequently used. All
in all, we may conclude that in Truman Capote’s “Breakfast at Tiffany’s” the
figurative use of language effectively contributes to the process of character portrayal
within the frames of the main methods and types of personage characterization
employed by the author in the text of his novel.