DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF EXTRACTION WHEEL

A Project Report Submitted

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Mechanical Engineering

by
SHASHANK SINGH (1616440105)
SHIVAM VISHVAKARMA (1616440112)
UTKARSH SRIVASTAVA (1616440122)
VISHAL PAUL (1616440128)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Raisul Hasan
Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur

to the
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

DR. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW
April, 2020
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF EXTRACTION WHEEL

A Project Report Submitted

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Mechanical Engineering

by
SHASHANK SINGH (1616440105)
SHIVAM VISHVAKARMA (1616440112)
UTKARSH SRIVASTAVA (1616440122)
VISHAL PAUL (1616440128)

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Raisul Hasan
Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kanpur

to the
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

DR. A. P. J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW
April, 2020

i
 CERTIFICATE
Certified that Shashank Singh (1616440105) Shivam Vishwakarma (1616440112)
Utkarsh Srivastava (1616440122) Vishal Paul (1616440128) has carried out the
research work presented in this project entitled “Design and Fabrication of Extraction
Wheel” for the award of Bachelor of Technology from Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow, under my supervision. The project embodies results of
original work, and studies are carried out by the student their self and the contents of the
project do not form the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to
anybody else from this or any other University / Institution.

Signature Signature
(Dr. Raisul Hasan) (External Examiner)
(Professor)
Mechanical Engineering
PSIT, Kanpur

Date:

ii
 ABSTRACT

In this project the concept is to reduce the human effort in garbage cleaning from flowing
water (drainage systems) by automated system. The machine is placed in the drain, so
that the solid waste like bottle, clothes which floats on water gets lifted by blades
connected to the wheel.

Nowadays, there are number of devices and machines are used to clean rivers, drainage
systems and other water bodies but these are mainly used for collection or extraction of
garbage and waste from water. On the other hand our project is based on extraction as
well as management of solid waste from flowing water.

This system is powered by electric motors. It consists a conveyor belt mechanism which
transfers the debris that is collected from the water to the storage tank. After successfully
collection of garbage in storage tank, which is cylindrical in shape, there is a piston
cylinder arrangement for reducing the volume of the garbage in order to store more of it
in the storage cylinder and also ease the handling of the garbage. The system is semi-
automated and with the help of sensors the piston will start after the level of garbage
reaches to the specific height.
This project is especially designed for drainage systems of industries as well as for
disposal pipes of sewage treatment plants.
Proposal of this project is management of collected waste from flowing water by
reducing its volume with the help of compression system and also to ease the handling of
the debris.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the B. Tech Project
undertaken during B. Tech. Final Year. We owe special debt of gratitude to Professor Dr.
Raisul Hasan, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pranveer Singh Institute of
Technology, Kanpur for his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our
work. His sincerity, thoroughness and perseverance have been a constant source of
inspiration for us. It is only his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen light of the
day.

We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Professor Dr. Nitin
Srivastava, Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pranveer Singh Institute of
Technology, Kanpur, for his full support and assistance during the development of the
project.

We also do not like to miss the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of all faculty
members of the department for their kind assistance and cooperation during the
development of our project. Last but not the least; we acknowledge our family & friends
for their contribution in the completion of the project.

Signature: Signature:
Name: Shashank Singh Name: Utkarsh Srivastava
Roll No.: 1616440105 Roll No.: 1616440122
Date: Date:

Signature: Signature:
Name: Shivam Vishwakarma Name: Vishal Paul
Roll No.: 1616440112 Roll No.: 1616440128
Date: Date:

iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

Abstract iii
List of figures v

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-8

1.1 Background of project 1
1.2 Definition of waste 1-2
1.3 Types of waste 2-4
1.3.1 S Solid waste 1
1.3.2 Q Liquid waste 2
1.3.3 Organic waste 2-3
1.3.4 Recyclable waste 3
1.3.5 Hazardous waste 3
1.3.6 E-waste 3-4
1.4 Concept of waste management 4
1.5 Process of waste management 4-5
1.6 R‘s of waste management 5-7
1.7 Obstruction in waste management 7-8

Chapter 2 LITERATURE SURVEY 9-12

2.1 Literature review based on different research papers 9-11
2.2 Previous work 11-12
2.3 Conclusion drawn from literature review 12

Chapter 3 DESIGN 13-14

3.1 Design of channel 1 13
3.2 Design of wheel 13-14
3.3 Design of storage tank 1 14
Chapter 4 FABRICATION 16-22

v
4.1 List of components 16
4.2 Details of components 16-19
4.2.1 DC motor 16
4.2.2 Transformer 16
4.2.3 Diodes 17
4.2.4 Capacitors 17
4.2.5 Voltage regulators 17
4.2.6 Infrared sensors 17
4.2.7 SPDT relay 17
4.2.8 Deep groove ball bearing 18
4.2.9 Gears assembly 18
4.2.10 Conveyer belt drive 18
4.3 Fabrication process 20-21
4.4 Cost analysis 22

Chapter 5 TESTING AND ANALYSIS 23

Chapter 6 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 24

6.1 Result 24
6.2 Discussion 24

Chapter 7 CONCLUSION 25

Chapter 8 FUTURE SCOPE 26

REFERENCES 27-28

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Page No.

Fig.1.1 Process of waste management 4
Fig 3.1 Block diagram of channel 12
Fig3.2 Parts and assembly drawing with the help of 14
autodesk fusion
Fig 4.1 Sketch of Conveyer belt drive 17
Fig4.2 Block diagram of controller circuit 18
Fig 4.3 Block diagram of hardware assembly 18
Fig 4.4 Assembly of components 19
Fig 4.5 Process flow diagram of fabrication 20
Fig 5.1 Process flow chart of testing 21

vii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of project

Conventional methods used for collection of floating waste from the drainage pipes
which are incorporated near the sewage treatment plants of either industries or domestic
sewages are manual basis or by using skimmers etc. and this process is tedious. If
unfortunately some of these indecomposable debris move into the sewage treatment plant
the only way of cleaning this is manually and unfortunately sometimes there may be loss
of human life while cleaning the blockages in the drainage pipes of such sewage
treatment plant[4]. The municipality workers are only responsible to ensure that the
sewage is clean or not. Though they clean the ditches at the side of buildings, they can‘t
clean in very wide sewages. The municipality workers need to get down into the sewage
sludge to clean the wide sewage. It affects their health badly and also causes skin
allergies. These methods are risky and tedious as well.
Our project idea is inspired from the various types of automated river cleaning machines
and semi-automated garbage collectors. These machines effectively collect the waste or
garbage from the flowing water but after collection there is a problem of management of
waste. So our main focus is on the management of the collected waste. The waste
materials that are collected with the help of wheel are stored in the storage cylinder. This
system is powered by electric motors. After successfully collection of garbage in storage
cylinder there is a piston cylinder arrangement for reducing the volume of the garbage in
order to store more of it in the storage cylinder and also ease the handling of the garbage.
The whole system is automated and with the help of sensors the piston will start after the
level of garbage reaches to the specific height. By compressing the waste we can easily
handle it also. The use of this project will be made in rivers, ponds, lakes and other water
bodies for to clean the surface water debris from bodies after made some modifications in
the dimensions of wheel and belt drive and increasing the power of compression
(compression ratio).

1.2 Definition of waste

Waste (or wastes) are unwanted or unusable materials. Waste is any substance which is
discarded after primary use, or is worthless, defective and of no use. A by-product by
contrast is a joint product of relatively minor economic value. A waste product may
become a by-product, joint product or resource through an invention that raises a waste
product's value above zero. Examples include municipal solid waste (household
trash/refuse), hazardous waste, wastewater (such as sewage, which contains bodily
wastes (feces and urine) and surface runoff), radioactive waste, and others.

1
Solid and fluid, hazardous and non-toxic wastes are generated in our households, offices,
schools, hospi-tals, and industries. No society is immune from day-to-day issues
associated with waste disposal. How waste is handled often depends on its source and
characteristics, as well as any local, state, and federal regulations that govern its
management. Practices generally differ for residences and industries, in urban and rural
areas, and for developed and developing countries.

1.3 Types of waste

1.3.1 Solid waste

Solid waste can include a variety of items found in your household along with
commercial and industrial locations. Solid waste is commonly broken down into the
following types:

Plastic waste: This consists of bags, containers, jars, bottles and many other products that
can be found in your household. Plastic is not biodegradable, but many types of plastic
can be recycled. Plastic should not be mix in with your regular waste, it should be sorted
and placed in your recycling bin.

Paper/card waste: This includes packaging materials, newspapers, cardboards and other
products. Paper can easily be recycled and reused so make sure to place them in your
recycling bin or take them to your closest Brisbane recycling depot.

Tins and metals: This can be found in various forms throughout your home. Most metals
can be recycled. Consider taking these items to a scrap yard or your closest Brisbane
recycling depot to dispose of this waste type properly.

Ceramics and glass: These items can easily be recycled. Look for special glass recycling
bins and bottle banks to dispose them correctly.

1.3.2 Liquid waste

Liquid waste is commonly found both in households as well as in industries. This waste
includes dirty water, organic liquids, wash water, waste detergents and even rainwater.
You should also know that liquid waste can be classified into point and non-point source
waste. All manufactured liquid waste is classified as point source waste. On the other
hand, natural liquid waste is classified as non-point source waste.

1.3.3 Organic waste

Organic waste is another common household. All food waste, garden waste, manure and
rotten meat are classified as organic waste. Over time, organic waste is turned into
manure by microorganisms. However, this does not mean that you can dispose them
2
anywhere.
Organic waste in landfills causes the production of methane, so it must never be simply
discarded with general waste. Instead, look to get a green bin from the Brisbane council,
or hire a green skin bin or garden bag for proper waste disposal.

1.3.4 Recyclable waste

Recyclable rubbish includes all waste items that can be converted into products that can
be used again. Solid items such as paper, metals, furniture and organic waste can all be
recycled.
Instead of throwing these items in with regular waste, which then ends up in landfills,
place them in your yellow recycling bin or take them to your local Brisbane recycling
depot.
If you‘re unsure whether an item is recyclable or not, look at the packaging or the
diagrams on the lid of your yellow recycling bin. Most products will explicitly state
whether they are recyclable or not.[1]

1.3.5 Hazardous Waste

Hazardous waste includes all types of rubbish that are flammable, toxic, corrosive and
reactive.
These items can harm you as well as the environment and must be disposed of correctly.
Therefore, I recommend you make use of a waste removal company for proper disposal
of all hazardous waste.

1.3.6 E-waste
A new and growing segment of our waste stream is termed ?e-waste.‘ Although not
clearly defined, e-waste applies to much of the electronic equipment used by businesses
and individual consumers that are nearing the end of their usefulness. This includes, but
is not limited to, computers, fax machines, copiers, and televisions.
A factor that complicates disposal of these items is that certain components contain
hazardous materials. The cathode ray tubes in computer monitors and televisions are an
example. As such, many old electronics sit idle due to the uncertainty of how to manage
them.[14]
Yet, many of these products can be reused, refurbished, or recycled. There are a number
of options to reuse equipment that can still function—from selling it to someone who can
use it or giving it as a charitable donation. Many non-working items can be refurbished in
order to recover them into working condition. Finally, any components that cannot be

3
repaired can often be recycled.
Although there no federal regulation for e-waste, some states have taken various
approaches toward its management. Many states, including Massachusetts , Florida , and
New York , have streamlined their regulations to increase the level of recycling. On the
other hand, in 1993 California passed the Electronic Waste Recycling Act; yet, they also
regulate cathode ray tubes as hazardous waste, banning them from regular trash
disposal.[13]

1.4 Concept of waste management

Waste management (or waste disposal) are the activities and actions required to
manage waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection,
transport, treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the
waste management process.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gas and each type has different methods of disposal and
management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial,
biological and household. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health. Waste
is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw
materials. Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on
human health, the environment or aesthetics.
Waste management practices are not uniform among countries
(developed and developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas),
and residential and industrial sectors can all take different approaches.
A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW)
which is the bulk of the waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial
activity.[12]

1.5 Process of waste management

Fig 1.1: Process of waste management

4
Waste generation:
Material that is discarded because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful;
becomes the waste.

Storage and Processing: The activities which are associated with the handling storage
and processing of solid waste at the point of generation.

Collection: The activities concerned with the collection of solid wastes at specific
locations.

Transfer and Transport: Activities involve the transfer of wastes from the collection
points to the vehicles and then transport of wastes to the disposal sites.

Processing and Recovery: Methods and facilities that are used to recover the wastes for
recycling and other treatments.

Disposal: The final step is the disposal of solid wastes to a landfill site. Solid wastes are
mostly generated in the urban areas and hence, solid waste disposal is primarily an urban
problem. Huge amounts of wastes are produced by different activities, which need to be
properly handled.

1.6 6 R’s of waste management

Rethink/Reinvent: consider and question consumption habits

To make a difference, people must make a conscious effort to do so. That begins by
questioning our actions. We must ask ourselves, do we really need these things? Is there
another use for this? Can this be recycled? These are just some of the basic questions
that we should consider every day. By investing more time in understanding personal
consumption habits, people will become increasingly self-aware of their effect on the
environment. This self-awareness may influence their behavior, values and consumption
habits.

Refuse: make the choice to not generate waste

The most direct method of reducing the amount of trash is by refusing to consume. This
does not mean to stop generating trash altogether but rather to stop consuming particular
products. A person may decide not to buy certain items that generate more waste than
benefit. For example, a person may feel the need to buy apples every time he goes to the
store. However he may not eat them and often they go to waste. Knowing this, one may

5
decide to quit purchasing apples which will result reduces the amount of waste they
produce.

Of course, there are other reasons why people may choose to make a conscious effort to
refrain from buying certain products. A person may decide to refuse a product either
because of the quality, a short shelf life or it cannot be easily repaired, the company‘s
ethics, the chemicals involved, and so on. Whatever the rationale behind declining
product purchases the result is less trash. This lifestyle operates from the value of
learning to do without, to make do with what you have.

Reduce: make decisions that decrease the amount of waste produced

To cut trash, simply consume less. It is the idea that less is more. We can reduce the
amount of material, toxins and waste sent to landfills through various means:

 Buy only what we need, by avoiding impulse shopping or purchasing too much of
an item.
 Buy reusable or refillable items. An example of this is using a shopping bag rather
than plastic bag, a coffee mug and not wax paper cup.
 Buy in bulk or economy-size. An example of this is by purchasing economy size
cereal bags and not several smaller bags of cereal which would result in more
waste.
 Avoid single-serving sizes. An example of this is by making pudding in a large
bowl rather than purchasing single serving plastic cups of pudding.

Re-Use/Repair: expand the shelf-lives of products

By reusing what you already have or by reinventing new uses for the item, you can
extend the item‘s product life. Before rushing out to the store to buy an item make the
decision to buy as a last recourse. For example, we can use pickle jars for storage rather
than buying a brand new container. It‘s the idea of being creative with the things you
have, to extend the life of a product.

Recycle: reclaim the raw materials

By separating items such as aluminum cans and plastic, we can reclaim the raw materials
from these items which would have otherwise been thrown away. While recycling takes
added effort compared to simply throwing the item in the garbage, there are many
benefits in doing so. Helps conserve natural resources and sustain the environment for
future generations. What can be recycled, though? There is an array of items, including
paper, aluminum, yard trimmings, glass, and plastic, used motor oil, steel and batteries.
Consumers can recycle these materials by disposing of them in separate trash bins at
home, work and school. These items can then be dropped off at local recycling collection

6
sites and processing plants. Many cities, through their municipality waste management
programs, offer curbside recycling option as well. By taking the time to separate these
items, diverting them away from landfills through recycling, we can cut our impact on the
environment.

Replace/Rebuy: next time consider recycled and green content

Consumers can promote recycled products by purchasing items that incorporate recycled
materials (Wake Forest University, 2012). We make these items in whole or in part from
material recovered from the waste stream. Consumers can look for labels on packages
that include a percentage of recovered materials. If the demand for these products is
present, businesses have an incentive to continue producing items that are more
environmentally friendly. In addition, consumers can choose to replace a majority of their
goods with green products. These products often contain fewer harmful chemicals,
reduced emissions in production and/or incorporate renewable materials into their
production (Vermeer & Michalko, 2010). By reviewing green certifications and
recovered material percentage labels, consumers can make better informed buying
decisions that promote sustainable practices.

In order for any change to take place, people must first make a conscious effort to do so.
The final five Rs are dependent on the first, rethinking. It is that moment of pause, that
hesitation to throw out something that still has value; it‘s the recognition of that value
that creates change. While it may take practice, as most habits don‘t develop overnight,
over time an individual‘s conscious efforts may become part of her character. Living a
life that supports sustainable practices may influence others to do the same as there are
many long-term benefits in doing so. In order to reap the benefits though, it takes the
willingness to change for the better.[5]

1.7 Obstruction in waste management

Segregation of Waste: The biggest problem in the country is the lack of awareness
among people regarding the segregation of household waste. Unlike in western nations
where they have different dustbins for organic and non-organic waste, in India, we have
poorly maintained dustbins at every nook and corner. Hence it becomes very difficult for
the municipality to segregate the waste at the destination. Bangladesh is an exceptional
example of segregating waste and managing the fertility of soil by then turning waste to
manure (Iftekhar Enayetullah & Maqsood Sinha, 2015).

Lack of Political Will and Burdened Municipalities: Till now the government of India
does not have an adequate national policy for waste management and this absence led to

7
serious health and environmental problem across India. The Municipal Solid Waste
Management Handling Rules, 2000 indicated that all the municipal authorities should
take the responsibility of the collection, transportation, disposal and segregation of solid
waste. But most municipalities‘ solid waste management practices are highly inefficient.
Other administrative obstructions such as the difficulties in the decision making and the
problem of cost planning. The latest Swacch Bharat Mission of government has raised
some hopes by its ambitious plans, but it would be too early to comment on its success.
The Municipalities bodies under the state government are mostly understaffed as most of
its financial budgets are utilised in the waste dumping practices.[6]
Behaviour Change: Indian people have the worst hygiene and sanitation ethics. Our
people have habits of littering the garbage in the open. Most of the drains in major cities
are clogged with garbage leading to severe epidemics like Chikungunya, Malaria etc.
Lack of awareness about waste management has led to such indiscriminate garbage
dumping. For years the government and courts have imposed heavy fines for polluting
environment, but sadly it had no impact on the behaviour change. For Indian, we have
imbibed the truth that waste out of the site means that it is no longer a threat to health.

Lack of Availability of Data: Very few researchers have ventured into this field and
India has no time series data or panel data in connection with solid or liquid waste. So it
is very difficult to analyze the economy of the waste management. Hence it becomes
difficult for private entities to enter into the market without prior assessment of future
prospects. It becomes very difficult to understand the relationship between cost and
benefits of the waste management policies. This inaccessibility of the area and the
unavailability of the data is one of the major problems faced by waste planners in the
country.

8
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Literature review based on different research papers

This paper emphasis on design and fabrication details of the river waste cleaning
machine. The work has done looking at the current situation of our national rivers which
are dump with crore litres of sewage and loaded with pollutants, toxic materials, debris
etc. The government of India has taken charge to clean rivers and invest huge capital in
many river cleaning projects like ―Namami Gange‖, ‗‘Narmada Bachao‘‘ and many
major and medium projects in various cities like Ahmadabad, Varanasi etc.[2]

This project mainly concentrates on offering an easy, safety, reliable solution to the
common problem of inefficient garbage disposal. This paper presents the Semi-automatic
waste collector machine for foot paths. The machine is built on a metallic base which is
powered by battery. The machine movement is controlled by remote or by mechanically
(push or pull). The machine is designed to collect Garbage at foot path, public places
(parks, schools and colleges), mostly cemented paths and beaches. Basically, our idea of
collection of waste from flowing water with the help of rotating wheel is taken from this
project.[1]

Wastewater is characterized as the stream of utilized water from homes, organizations,

ventures, business exercises and foundations which are subjected to the treatment plants
by a precisely planned and built system of funnels. There are no occasions for wastewater
treatment, and most plants work 24 hours each day of the week. Wastewater treatment
plants take a shot at basic purpose of the water cycle, helping nature shields water from
the intemperate contamination. But the abundant amount of undesirables in the waste
water such as solid wastes and other form of materials that do not form the waste water
treatment can overwhelm the system at times due to rainfall and natural forces. In order
to remove a certain amount of solid waste and undesirables from the waste water we use
the automatic gutter cleaning machine which is intended to as a check point at various
focus points where the waste get accumulated. Thus it reduces the work done by the
treatment plan and facilitates smooth flow of waste water system.[4]

The objectives of writing this paper is to study the current practices related to the various
waste management initiatives taken in India for human wellbeing. The other purpose is to
provide some suggestions and recommendations to improve the waste management
practices in Indian towns. This paper is based on secondary research. Existing reports
related to waste management and recommendations of
planners/NGOs/consultants/government accountability agencies/key industry experts/ for

9
improving the system are studied. It offers deep knowledge about the various waste
management initiatives in India and find out the scope for improvement in the
management of waste for the welfare of the society. The paper attempts to understand the
important role played by the formal sector engaged in waste management in our country.
This work is original and could be further extended. The study of types of waste is done
with the help of this paper.[11]

The most sacred river in the world and the national river of India ―Ganga River.‖ Ganga
is the soul of India and is Holly River in India. If we look at current status of our national
river it is very shocking we dump about 29 crore litres of sewage in Ganga which is
loaded with pollutants, toxins.[9] We also dump tones of municipal solid waste. The
government Of India takes charge to clean rivers Ahmadabad, Varanasi, etc. All of us
know about the Ganga Abhiyan. Similarly, The villages in all state of India which joint
with small & big lake and maximum villages does not use the water of lake for farming
as well as drinking and daily uses due to the maximum amount of garbage present in the
lake water by taking this into consideration. Our main motive is to clean the lake water
for that purpose we are making efficient lake garbage collector by using pedal operated
boat. In this we are using pedal operated boat with the conveyor attached to it for
collecting garbage from the lake.[10]

The ―River Waste Collector‖ used in that places where there is waste debris in the water
body which are to be removed. This machine consist of different size of Fins in which
garbage's are going to collect in between them. This also reduce the difficulties which we
face when collection of debris take place. In this machine one end of fins is fixed and
another side is movable , with the help of servo motors we lift the fins from movable
side. All the waste debris are get collected at tank placed at the end of boat.This will
ultimately result in reduction of water pollution and lastly the aquatic animal's death to
these problems will be reduced.The use of this project will be made in rivers, ponds,
lakes and other water bodies for to clean the surface water debris from bodies.[8]

According to a World Bank Sponsored Study (State of Environment Report- U.P.) (In:
Mallikarjun, 2003), pollution levels in the Ganga are contributing 9-12% of total disease
burden in Uttar Pradesh (U.P.). The coliform bacteria levels are in excess of 2 lakh MPN
as against the national water quality standard of 5000 (Mallikarjun, 2003). The report
estimated total health damage on account of water pollution in up to is around 6.4 million
daily (Disability Adjusted Life Year).According to the CPCB survey report, the total
municipal sewage generated in the identified 25 towns in 1985 was of the order of1340
million liters per day (mld). Apart from this sewage, 260 mld of industrial wastewater,
runoff from 6 million tons of fertilizers and 9,000 tonnes of pesticides used in agriculture
within the basin, large quantities of solid waste, including thousands of animal carcasses
and human corpses were being released into the river every day. Out of this, works
corresponding to 873 mld only (65%) were taken up under the first phase of GAP. The
10
remaining sewage was to be taken up under the 2nd phase of GAP which is already in
progress. The Action Plan primarily addressed itself to the interception and diversion for
treatment of the targeted municipal sewage of 873 mld. According to report of Water
Resources Planning Commission (May, 2009), the programme GAP and NRCP has been
positive. Water quality monitoringdone by reputed independent institutions indicates
some improvement in the water quality over pre-GAP period. The water quality analysis
of samples collected at 16 stations on River Ganga during 1986 and 2008 shows
improvement in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels at 4 locations namely up and down
streams of Allahabad and Varanasi. All the 16 stations except Patna downstream and
Rajmahal show reduction in Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) values.

The problem of flooding and climate change has become outrageous because of its recent
trends in our environment today. This has become a cause of major concern to the world,
especially the developing countries. Water running through a water drainage system
mostly carries along waste materials most which are non biodegradable which not only
cause flooding but also climate change. Overflow of water drainage system occurs when
there is a blockage of an end of the drainage system forcing the water to find its way
elsewhere apart from the mapped out drainage system, therefore the running water spills
over the horizontal height of the drainage systems spreading to regions alongside the
drainage system, thereby causing problems such as pushing down of structures such as
fences, water logging of farm lands and residential building, etc. The impurities present
in water can cause hazardous and disease. As long as the draining system is considered
the function of the main drainage system is to collect, transport and dispose of the water
through an outfall or outlet. Impurities in drainage water can be only like empty bottles,
polythene bags, papers, etc. This paper focuses more on Automation of Drainage 10

Cleaning System. There is a problem of mobility and space, to overcome this problem.
Automation of the system is necessary. Our concept is to use this in efficient way to
control the disposal of wastages and with regular filtration of wastages. Introduction of
autonomous vehicle is been done to make the system mobile. The system does require
man power only to control the motion of the system.

2.2 Previous work

M.Mohamed Idhris M. Mohamed Idhris, M. Elamparthi, C. Manoj Kumar Dr.N.

Nithyavathy, Mr. K. Suganeswaran, Mr. S. Arun kumar ― Design and Fabrication of
Remote Controlled Sewage Cleaning Machine ‖ have been prepared a remote control
machine which having two power window motors and used collect the sewage waste the
arms.

11
Mr.Abhijeet. M.Ballade, Mr. Vishal.S.Garde, Mr.Akash.S.Lahane and
Mr.Pranav.V.Boob ―Design & Fabrication of river cleaning system ‖ have been prepared
a clean-up machine which removes the waste debris from water surface and has been
tested on Godavari river at Nasik.

Osiany Nurlansa, Dewi Anisa Istiqomah, and Mahendra Astu Sanggha Pawitra
―AGATOR (Automatic Garbage Collector) as Automatic Garbage Collector Robot
Model ‖ have prepared an AGATOR(Automatic garbage collector) in Indonesia to solve
the garbage issues which arises due to heavy tourism.

Basant rai "Pollution and Conservation of ganga river In modern India "have given some
ideas to solve some pollution issues in Ganges river and it‘s conservation.

Huang Cheng, Zhang Zhi " Identification of the Most Efficient Methods for Improving
Water Quality in Rapid Urbanized Area Using the MIKE 11 Modeling System " have
prepared a MIKE 11 modelling system to improve water quality in urban area.

Emaad Mohamed H. Zahugi, Mohamed M. Shanta and T. V. Prasad " Design of Multi-
Robot System For Cleaning Up Marine Oil Spill" have designed a multi robo system to
clean the main oil spills on water surface.

Prof. N.G.Jogi,Akash Dambhare, Kundan Golekar, Akshay Giri, Shubham Take "
Efficient Lake Garbage Collector by Using Pedal Operated Boat "have prepared pedal
operated boat to use as garbage collector.

Ankita B.Padwal, Monica S. Tambe, Pooja S. Chavare, Reshma K. Manahawar, Mitali S.

Mhatre " Review Paper on Fabrication of Manually Controlled Drainage Cleaning
System " have reviewed a fabrication of manually controlled drainage cleaning system.

2.3 Conclusion drawn from literature review

The papers we have studied during our literature survey, we have find that there are
different types of machines available for the cleaning of rivers, sewages and different
types of water bodies and also for collection of waste. But, when we observe on the
behalf of management of waste they just collect it from the water bodies, so we are
mainly focusing on the management of this collected waste by storing and compressing.

12
 CHAPTER 3
DESIGN

3.1 Design of channel

Channel is a type of artificial flow which is created as a replica of drainage pipe, for
taking fix volume of water we have fixed the dimensions of channel.
Length of channel = 915 mm
Breadth of channel = 203 mm
Height of channel = 102 mm
Volume of channel(in liters) = L.B.H = 18.95 liters

Fig 3.1 Block diagram of channel

3.2 Design of wheel

Torque developed by motor on wheel:

[P=12 W; N=10rpm]

=> T=11.459 N-m

Force exerted by water on wheel blade(F) = rate of change of momentum in direction of

force
F = (mass of water per second)* (final velocity – initial velocity)
F = m/t (v-0) [Given data:
F = Q. .v Q= discharge through pipe for maintaining flow
F = a.v. .v = 3.08 * 10-4 meter3/second
2
F=a v a = area of pipe; 𝜌 = density of water
2
F = Q /a Radius of pipe = 0.0127 meter]
13
 F = 114.986 N

Diameter of wheel:
Torque = Force *radius of wheel
11.459 = 114.986*r
r = 0.09965m;
Diameter =2r =199.3 mm
Diameter ≈ 200mm

3.3 Design of storage tank

Storage tank is cylindrical pipe shaped tank in which collected debris is compressed with
the help of piston cylinder arrangement which is operated by a DC motor via rack and
pinion gear assembly.

[Given:
Power of motor =12 Watt
Length of tank = 0.76 m
Diameter of piston = 0.1016 m]

Area of piston head(Ap) =

Ap = *(0.1016/2)2
Ap = 8.1073*10-3 m2
Pm= pressure in KN/m2
L= length of tank in m
Pressure inside storage tank:
A= area of piston head in m2
N = number of oscillations

Pm = 118.411 KPa

14
Fig3.2 Parts and assembly drawing with the help of autodesk fusion
15
 CHAPTER 4
FABRICATION
4.1 List of components

 DC motor
 Transformers
 Diodes
 Capacitors
 Voltage regulators
 Infrared sensors LM358
 SPDT Relay
 Deep groove ball bearing
 Gears assembly
 Conveyer belt

4.2 Details of components

4.2.1 DC Motor
In our prototype total three DC motors are used, the driven or operated components by
DC motors are given below:

 Extraction wheel
 Conveyer belt
 Piston of storage tank

Specifications:

S.No Property Rating

1 Voltage 12 V
2 Rated Current 1A
3 Torque 0.313 N-m
4 Power 15 W
5 RPM 10

4.2.2 Transformers
One step down transformer is used to give DC to the project prototype.
Specifications:
S.No Property Rating
1 Input voltage 230 V
2 Output voltage 0-12 V
3 Rated Current 3A

16
4.2.3 Diodes
Diodes are used in making of rectifier for converting AC into DC.
S.No Property Rating
1 Forward current 1A
2 Maximum forward voltage 1.1 A
3 No. of pins 2

4.2.3 Capacitors
S.No Property Rating
1 Capacitance 1000uF
2 Maximum voltage 25 V
3 Tolerance ± 15%
4 Max temperature +85o

4.2.4 Voltage regulator

It is used in regulate the voltage for different components of prototype such as motors,
sensors, LED‘s.
S.No Property Rating
1 Input Voltage 7V-35V
2 Ground voltage 0V
3 Regulated output 5V

4.2.5 Infrared Sensors

Three IR sensors are used; two of them are used in detecting the level of garbage in the
storage tank and the third one is used in positioning of piston rod.
S.No Property Rating
1 Supply Voltage 3V-36V
2 Temperature range 48o-85o

4.2.6 SPDT relay

Single pole double throw relay is used in making a electrical switch for operating motors
of piston and conveyer belt.
S.No Property Rating
1 Rated Load 10A, 250VDC
2 Max. switching current 10A
3 Coil Power 0.45W

17
4.2.7 Deep groove ball bearing
Total 6 bearings are used; two of them are used to support the wheel and rest are used in
conveyer belt drive
S.No Property Rating
1 d 6mm
2 D 19mm
3 B 6mm
4 D1 11.1mm
5 D2 16.5mm
6 Basic dynamic 0.95 kN
load
7 Basic static 2.34 kN
load

4.2.8 Gears assembly

Three types of gears assembly are used in this prototype:

• Worm and worm wheel in wheel

• Spur gear in conveyer belt drive
• Rack and pinion in piston rod

4.2.9 Conveyer belt drive

Material – Fabric material e.g. canvas, cotton, etc.

Dimensions: •Length of rollers=170mm •Distance between rollers=220mm •Diameter of
roller=50mm

Fig 4.1 Sketch of Conveyer belt drive

18
 Relay based circuit

1 2 3

Fig4.2 Block diagram of controller circuit

Fig 4.3 Block diagram of hardware assembly

19
4.3 Fabrication process

For making the prototype of our project first we fix the specifications of major
components which are:

• The dimensions of the channel

• Power of the motor of wheel
• Flow rate of water

By fixing the volume and flow rate of water we calculate the force developed by water on
the blades of a wheel. With this force we have selected the power of DC motor to rotate
the wheel against the direction of flow of water so that the blades of wheel easily collect
the floating garbage from the surface of water by the action reaction law of motion.
According to the power of motor the safe diameter of the wheel is calculated and wheel is
constructed according to this diameter. The storage is constructed according to the
pressure limit which is created by DC motor by pushing the piston into the tank and this
pressure is calculated in the design part of this report. The storage tank is created upto
safe pressure limit.

Fig 4.4 Assembly of components

20
 Fixed dimensions channel for constant
volume of water is constructed

1.With constant volume and constant flow rate force developed by water on blades is
calculated
2.After selection of motor with the calculated force the diameter of wheel is calculated

Construction of wheel with the safe

dimensions

Wheel is constructed with APP Sheets For supporting of wheel on the frame a
mild steel shaft is used

Storage tank

made up of PVC plastic pipe to bear piston is also made up of APP sheet
pressure upto 260 psi and fixed inside the tank

Construction of Conveyer belt

 Belt is constructed by canvass material

 Rollers are fixed to frame with the help of mild steel shaft and
bearings

Fig 4.5 Process flow diagram of fabrication

21
4.4 Cost analysis

No. of quantity
Product Cost
used
Transformer 1 200
Diodes 6 30/-
Capacitors 4 44/-
DC motors 3 1200/-
Arduino nano 1 200/-
Water motor 1 200/-
Wires - 224/-
Voltage Regulator 1 20/-
Infrared Sensor
LM358 6 300/-
SPDT Relay 3 90/-
Deep Groove Ball Bearing 6 500/-
ACP Sheet - 80/-
Conveyer Belt 1 250/-
Conveyer roller 2 500/-
GI Sheet - 100/-
Mild steel shaft (6mm dia.) - 440/-
Gears - 500/-
Plywood - 400/-
PVC Pipe - 100/-
Aluminum Pillars (6) - 300/-
Machinery & tools charges - 5000/-
Miscellaneous 2000/-
Electronic circuit design and -
programming Charges 1000/-
Total 13678/-

 Estimated cost = ₹ 15000

 Actual cost = ₹ 13678
 % Difference between actual and estimated cost = 8.813%

22
 CHAPTER 5
TESTING AND ANALYSIS

After fabrication, we have tested our project under variable conditions and measure the
tensions and forces and finally analyses the safe limit and working conditions which are
as follows
Types of tests performed on the project:
1) Calculation of wheel diameter as per power provided
2) Calculation of effective load and forces acting on components
3) Design testing and process flow chart

Working limits of various components:

Property Rating

Wheel diameter 0.2m

Load limit 300 gm
Volume of water 18.9 lt
Voltage rating 12V +/- 1V
Power rating 12W
Safe limits 20-25 min
Working pressure of compressor 118 kpa

Effective load limits:

Force developed by water on the wheels = 114.986 N
The wheel is rotated against this force freely with the help of torque developed by 12W
dc motor.
Pressure developed by motor in storage tank = 118.411 KPa
Pressure required to compress the plastic (tested waste) = 110kpa, so the compression of
waste is done in storage tank is possible.

Fig 5.1 Process flow

23 chart of testing
 CHAPTER 6
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
6.1 Result

The project ―Design and Fabrication of Extraction Wheel‖ has been fabricated and final
tested under given load and time. As a result of this testing we conclude that the
dimensions, which are calculated under given loads in the design part, of the components
used in this project are safe. The selected bearing and gear assemblies are also safe and
supported.
Pressure created in in storage tank(Pm) = Pm = 118.411 KPa
Pressure required to compress low grade plastic (at normal room temperature) = 110Kpa
Since, the tested garbage is easily compressed in storage tank.

6.2 Discussion

The project ―Design and Fabrication of Extraction Wheel‖ is an automated garbage

collector from the drainage pipe and able to manage the collected waste by compressing
it in the storage tank from where we can collect the stored waste and transfer it further to
the high capacity waste management plant for further operations for complete
management of waste.

In this project our main concern is about collection of light weight garbage such as
polythene, paper and other kinds of plastic garbage which is floating on the surface of
water.

24
 CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION

On the whole the project is mainly focused on the management of the solid waste which
is to be collected form the drainage system so to reduce the daily manual work which was
being done on the earlier garbage collection systems.

We mainly focus on the management of the collected waste by reducing its volume or by
compressing it up to safe limit of our storage tank. The whole system is automated and
sensors are used for start and end the compression of collected waste in the storage tank
which is cylindrical in shape. The automated buzzer system is also provided for providing
the indication of emptying the storage tank.

25
 CHAPTER 8
FUTURE SCOPE

In the design and fabrication of Extraction Wheel we have confined the limit of
components up to certain limit by focusing on incorporation of it in drainage or sewage
pipes and also our main concern is about collection of light weight garbage such as
polythene, paper and other kinds of plastic garbage which is floating on the surface of
water. These limits can be enhanced by using motors with heavy power and with some
modifications.

In further modifications in place of simple compression using piston, a hydraulic or

pneumatic piston cylinder arrangement can be used for compressing the heavy weighted
garbage. With enhancement in dimensions of wheel and storage tank it can be used in
river banks also for cleaning the garbage from the river at the river banks where pilgrims
take holy bath in rivers.

By fixing such type of device on boats and ships we can make live project which can
easily collect the trash from the rivers and oceans and after collection can be stored
efficiently. Although such type of device is already made and we study about in the
research paper ―Efficient lake garbage collector by using pedal operated boat‖ [10] but in
that concept there was no discussion about the storage of collected waste efficiently. In
our concept we work on efficiently storage of the waste which is collected by the
extraction wheel.

26
 REFERENCES

[1] Brijesh K J, Karthik P, Adarsh S B, Githin V, Kevin Xavier, ―Design and Fabrication
of Waste Collecting Machine‖, ―International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology‖, Volume 06, Issue 05, May 2019, ISSN: 2395-0056.

[2] Mr. P. M. Sirsat1, Dr. I. A. Khan, Mr. P. V. Jadhav, Mr. P. T. Date, ―Design and
fabrication of River Waste Cleaning Machine‖, ―International Journal of Civil,
Mechanical and Energy Science‖, Special Issue-1, 2017, ISSN: 2455-5304

[3] Sheikh Md Shahid Md Rafique, Dr. Akash Langde, ―Design And Fabrication Of
River Cleaning Machine‖, ―International Journal for Science and Advance Research In
Technology‖, Volume 3, Issue 11 –Nov 2017, ISSN: 2395-1052

[4] N.Dhayanidhi, B.Babu, S.Dhamotharan, ―Design and fabrication of automatic

drain/gutter cleaning machine‖, ―Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative
Research‖, Volume 5, Issue 9, September 2018, ISSN:2349-5162.

[5] Madhavi N.Wagh, Kashinath Munde, ―Design and Analysis of River Water Cleaning
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Issue 7, July 2018, ISSN: 2455-2631

[6] Raj Vaibhav Tiwari, Aditya Maheshwari, Dr. M.C. Srivastava and Ashwini Sharma,
―Design and Fabrication of Project on Water Bodies Cleaning Robot‖, ―International
Journal of Engineering and Management Research‖, Volume 08, Issue 03, June 2018,
ISSN: 2250-0758

[7] Pankaj Singh Sirohi, Rahul Dev, Shubham Gautam, Vinay Kumar Singh, Saroj
Kumar, ―Review on Advance River Cleaner‖, ―Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary
Research‖ Volume 03, Issue 04, 2017, ISSN: 2454-1362.

[8] Mahto Ravishankarkumar Ravindrabhai, Dehadray Vaibhav, Kaka Smit, Prof. Ankur
Joshi, ―Design And Fabrication Of River Waste Collector‖, ―International Journal of
Advance Engineering and Research Development‖, Volume 5, Issue 03, March 2018,
ISSN: 2348-4470

[9] Mr. Saurabh S. Satpute, Mr. Vitthal R. Darole, Mr.. Pravin M. Khaderao3, Mr..Pankaj
B. Hiralkarl 4, ―Automatic Sewage Cleaning System‖, ―International Journal of Advance
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2348-4470
[10] Prof. N. G. Jogi. ―Efficient lake garbage collector by using pedal operated boat‖,
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04, April 2016, ISSN: 2455-1457

27
[11] Dr. Raveesh Agarwal, Mona Chaudhary, Jayveer Singh, ―Waste management
initiatives in India for human well being‖, ―European Scientific Journal‖, special edition, June
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[12] 9th World Conference on ―Earth & Environmental Science‖ August 24-25, 2019
Edinburgh, Scotland.

[13] International Conference on Solid Waste Management, 2015, ―Municipal Solid

Waste Management in India: A Few Unaddressed Issues‖, ―Tapas Kumar Ghatak‖

[14] Ahluwalia, I.J (2016). Recycling begins at home. The Indian Express.Retrieved from
http://indianexpress. com/article/opinion/columns/waste-recycling- organic-enerygy-
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[15] Guerrero, L. A., Maas, G., & Hogland, W. (2013). Solid waste management
challenges for cities in developing countries. Waste Management, 33(1), 220–232.

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 PLAGIARISM SCAN REPORT

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In this project the concept is to reduce the human effort in garbage cleaning from flowing water (drainage systems) by
automated system. The machine is placed in the drain, so that the solid waste like bottle, clothes which floats on water gets
lifted by blades connected to the wheel. Nowadays, there are number of devices and machines are used to clean rivers,
drainage systems and other water bodies but these are mainly used for collection or extraction of garbage and waste from
water. On the other hand our project is based on extraction as well as management of solid waste from flowing water. This
system is powered by electric motors. It consists a conveyor belt mechanism which transfers the debris that is collected from
the water to the storage tank. After successfully collection of garbage in storage tank, which is cylindrical in shape, there is a
piston cylinder arrangement for reducing the volume of the garbage in order to store more of it in the storage cylinder and
also ease the handling of the garbage. The system is semi-automated and with the help of sensors the piston will start after
the level of garbage reaches to the specific height. This project is especially designed for drainage systems of industries as well
as for disposal pipes of sewage treatment plants. Proposal of this project is management of collected waste from flowing
water by reducing its volume with the help of compression system and also to ease the handling of the debris.

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