STRUCTURALL WALLS AND STEEL ROOF
FRAMING
STEEL FRAME STRUCTURES
The construction of a framework of structural steel involves two principal operations:
fabrication and erection. Fabrication involves the processing of raw materials to form the
finished members of the structure. Erection includes all rigging, hoisting, or lifting of members to
their proper places in the structure and making the finished connections between members.
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL FRAME CONSTRUCTION
1. Can build very tall and wide (tallest buildings in the world)
2. Light weight and strong (much lighter and stronger than concrete)
3. Prefabricated - frames assemble quickly
4. Precise and predictable (excellent quality control)
THREE BASIC TYPES OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
W A L L B E AR I N G S T R U C T U R E S
In wall-bearing construction, exterior and interior masonry walls are used to support structural
members, such as steel beams and joists, which carry the floors and roof. It should be noted
that while this section of your TRAMAN discusses steel structures, wall-bearing construction is
applicable to nonsteel structures as well. Wall-bearing construction is one of the oldest and
most common methods in use. Although modern developments in reinforced concrete masonry
make the use of this method feasible for high-rise structures, wall-bearing construction is
normally restricted to relatively low structures, such as residences and light industrial buildings.
SKELETON CONSTRUCTION
In this type of construction, all live and dead loads are carried by the structural-frame skeleton.
For this reason, the exterior walls are non-bearing curtain walls. Roof and floor loads are
transmitted to beams and girders, which are, in turn, supported by columns. The horizontal
members or beams that connect the exterior columns are called spandrel beams.
LONG SPAN S T EEL CONSTRUCTION
Oftentimes, large structures, such as aircraft hangars, may require greater distances between
supports than can be spanned by the standard structural steel shapes. In this case, one of
several methods of long-span steel construction is used. One method uses built-up girders to
span the distances between supports.
MEMBERS
The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing members. These support and transfer
the loads on the structure while remaining equal to each other. The places where
members are connected to other members are called joints. The total sum of the load
supported by the structural members at a particular instant is equal to the total dead
load plus the total live load.
GIRDERS
Girders are the primary horizontal members of a steel frame structure. They span from column to column
and are usually connected on top of the columns with cap plates (bearing connections) (Figure 7-8). An
alternate method is the seated connection.
The girder is attached to the flange of the column using angles, with one leg extended along the girder
flange and the other against the column. The function of the girders is to support the intermediate floor
beams.
TRUSS AND LATTICE GIRDERS
Trusses and lattice girders are used in long
span roofing and flooring systems. The
term ‘truss’ is generally applied to roofs,
which may be pitched, whereas lattice
girders are generally used as long-span
floor beams which are more heavily loaded
and not pitched.
The word ‘lattice’ refers to the use of N-
type or W-type bracing along the member.
The top and bottom chords provide the
compression and tension resistance to
overall bending, and the inclined bracing
elements resist the shear forces.
STEEL LATTICE GIRDER FOR PRECAST CONCRETE SLABS
SPACE FRAMES
A ‘space’ frame is a form of construction that covers large areas using assemblies of small
structural components that are connected at pre-formed nodes. They are three-dimensional
assemblies that generally consist of tension and compression elements, connected by inclined
bracing.
There are three generic forms of support to space frames that determine the forces to which
they are subject:
Point support by columns at four or more positions
Multiple supports by rows of columns or ‘column trees’.
Continuous edge support.
PORTAL FRAME STRUCTURE
The portal frame is a traditional structural system. The main frame of this structure
include Roof Beam ,Steel Column ,Roof Bracing , Purlin ,Tie Beam , Wall Girt and so on.
Portal frame steel structure with the advantages of fast production ,easily
installation ,short construction time , which is widely used in industrial and commercial
buildings .
Portal Frame H Section Bearing Structure
The Bearing Structure of Portal Frame formed by H section Steel Frame and Foundation , portal
frame bearing frame , Bracing ,Roof Purlin , Wall Girt and corrugated single color sheet
connected with each other formed enclosured building ,portal frame according structural plan
could divided as Single Clearly Span and Multi-Span ,Single clearly span max wide could reach
60m , Multi-span each wide could reach 30m.
Roof Purlin and Wall Girt
Purlin and Girt mainly used C or Z light-gauge steel section ,the section size choosed
according calculated ,Z section steel overlap connected ,could calculated as Continuous
beam , C section steel calculated as simply supported beam , purlin and girt connected
with Steel Frame by bolt , Roof Purlin mainly used Z section steel , Wall Girt , Window
Column , Door Column mainly used C section steel , the distance less than 1.5m.
Bracing System
The main functions of the bracing system : 1) Longitudinal Tie Beam transmit
longitudinal horizontal force. 2) Roof Horizontal Bracing and Wall Cross Bracing form a
partial rigid region, resist the horizontal force transmitted between the column and roof
. 3) Fly Bracing used to control the flange plate of H section beam ,avoid the partial local
buckling ,reduce the flange plate out-plane calculated length and control the plane
stability .
Corrugated Metal Color Coated Sheet
Corrugated Color Coated Sheet including Single Color Sheet and Insulation panel , Single Color
Sheet used for the building that don’t need insulation requirements, Single Color Sheet fixed on
roof purlin and wall girt used as Roof and Wall Panel , Insulation panel used for the Buildings
with thermal insulation requirements ,Insulation Panel including factory produced Sandwich
panel and Single Color Metal Sheet with Fiber Glass Wool insulation materials ,Sandwich panel
including EPS sandwich panel , Glass Wool Sandwich panel , Rock Wool Sandwich panel ,
Polyurethane ( PU ) Sandwich Panel.
