ANALYTICAL FUNCTIONS

Contents

 Definition of Analytical Function

 Cauchy Riemann Equations

 Properties of analytical functions

 Determination of Harmonic Conjugate

 Milne-Thomson’s method
Analytical functions :- ( Regular functions or Holomorphic functions)

Definition:-

A Single valued function f(z) is said to be analytic at a point z0 ,if

it has a derivative at z0 and at every point in some neighbourhood of z0 .

Note :

If it is analytical at every point in a region R, then it is said to be

analytic in the region R.
 Necessary condition for a complex function
f(z) to be analytic:-
Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-

Statement:-
If f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y) is analytic in a region R
of the z-plane then
i) ux , uy, vx , vy exist and
ii) ux = vy and uy = -vx at every point in that region.
Necessary condition for a complex function
f(z) to be analytic:-
Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-
Proof:-
Let f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y)

We first assume f(z) is analytic in a region R. Then by the

definition, f(z) has a derivative f’(z) everywhere in R.

Now
 Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-

Let z = x+iy
= +i
( )=( )+i( )

f (z z) u (x x, y y) i v (x x, y y)
We know that, f(z) = u(x,y) + i v(x,y)

Now
 Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-
Case (i) :-

u v
= i
x x

f’(z) = ux+ i vx -------

 Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-
Case (ii) :-

1 u v
=
i y y

f’(z) = -i uy+ vy ------- (since 1/i = -i)

 Derivation of Cauchy-Riemann equations:-

from (1) & ( ) , we get

ux + i vx = -i uy+ vy

Equating real and imaginary parts weget,

ux = vy and uy = - vx

The above equations are called Cauchy-Riemann equations (or)

C-R Equations .

Therefore the function f(z) to be analytic at the point z, it is

necessary that the four partial derivatives ux , uy, vx, vy should exist
and satisfy the C-R equations.
 Sufficient condition for f(z) to be analytic

Statement:- The singled valued continuous function f(z) = u + i v

is analytic in a region R of the z-plane, if the four partial derivatives
ux , uy , vx , vy , (i) exist , (ii) continuous , (iii) they satisfy the C-R
equations ux = vy and uy = - vx at every point of R.

Note:- All polynomials, trigonometric, exponential functions are

continuous.
 Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar form
Statement:- If f(z) = u(r, ) + i v(r, ) is differential ar z = rei , then

u 1 v 1
u v
r r r
r

v 1 u 1
v u
r r r
r

Proof:- Let z = rei

and f(z) = u+iv

i.e., u+iv = f( rei ) (1)

 Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar form
Differentiating partially w.r.t. r weget,

u v
i f re i
e i
( )
r r

Differentiating partially w.r.t. weget,

u v
i f re i
re i
i

ri f re i
e i

u v
ri i ( from eqn. (2))
r r
u v
ir r (3)
r r
 Cauchy-Riemann Equations in Polar form

Equating real and imaginary parts in eqn. (3) , weget,

u v v u
r and r
r r

i.e., u r v and
r
v ru r

1 1
(or ) v u and u v
r r
r r
 EXAMPLES
1) Show that f(z) = z3 is analytic.

Proof:- Given f(z) = z3 =(x+iy)3 = x 3 + 3 x (iy) + 3x(iy) + (iy)3

= (x 3 - 3xy ) + i ( 3x y – y3 )
We know that f(z) = u+iv

So ,
u x 3 xy
3 2
, v 3x y y
2 3

u v
3x 3 y
2 2
, 6 xy
x x
u v
6 xy , 3x 3 y
2 2

y y
 EXAMPLES

from the above equations weget ,

u v and u
x y y
v x

C R equations are satisfied .

Here ux , uy , vx , vy exists and continuous.
Hence the given function f(z) is analytic.

Examine the analyticity of the following functions and find its

derivatives.
i) f ( z) e z

ii ) f ( z ) cos z
iii ) f ( z ) sinh z
 EXAMPLES

i) Solution:-
f ( z) e z
e x iy
e e x iy
e cos y i sin y
x

Here u e cos y
x
and v e sin y
x

u x
e cos y
x
v x
e sin y
x

u y
e sin y
x
v y
e cos y
x

u x
v and
y
u y
v x

C R equations are satisfied .

f ( z ) is analytic everywhere in the complex plane.
 EXAMPLES

Now f ( z ) ux i vx

e x cos y i e x sin y

e x cos y i sin y

e x eiy

e x iy

ez
 EXAMPLES

ii) Solution:-

f ( z) cos z
cos( x iy )
cos x cos(iy ) sin x sin(iy )
cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y (Q cos(ix) cosh x
sin(ix) i sinh x)
u cos x cosh y v sin x sinh y
u x
sin x cosh y v x
cos x sinh y
u y
cos x sinh y v y
sin x cosh y
u x
v and
y
u y
v x
 EXAMPLES

C R equations satisfied
It is analytic

Also f ( z) u x
iv x

sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y

1
sin x cos iy i ( cos x sin(iy ))
i
sin x cos iy cos x sin(iy )
sin( x iy )
sin z
 EXAMPLES

iii) Solution:-
1
f ( z ) sinh z sin(iz )
i
i (sin i ( x iy ))
i (sin(ix) cos y cos(ix) sin y )
i (i sinh x cos y cosh x sin y )
sinh x cos y i cosh x sin y
u sinh x cos y , v cosh x sin y
u cosh x cos y , v sinh x sin y
x x

u y
sinh x sin y , v y
cosh x cos y
u x
v and
y
u y
v x
 EXAMPLES

C R equations are satisfied

f ( z ) is analytic.

Now f ( z) u x
iv x

cosh x cos y i sinh x sin y

1
cos(ix) cos y i sin(ix) sin y
i
cos(ix y )
cos i ( x iy ) Q 1/ i i
cos i z
cosh z
 TRY IT
Examine the analyticity of the following functions and find its
derivatives.

i) f ( z) e x ( cos y i sin y )

ii ) f ( z ) e x ( cos y i sin y )

iii ) f ( z ) sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y

 EXAMPLES

3) Show that the function f ( z ) xy is not regular (analytic)

at the origin, although C R equations are satisfied
at the origin.
Solution :
Given f ( z ) xy
Hence u xy and v 0

u u( x x, y ) u ( x, y )
Now, u x lim
x x 0
x
 EXAMPLES

u ( x,0) u (0,0)
u x (0,0) lim 0
x 0
x

llly u y (0,0) 0
vx (0,0) 0
v y (0,0) 0

ux v y and u y vx at the origin.

C R equations are satisfied at the origin.

 EXAMPLES

f (0 z) f ( z)
But f (0) lim
z 0
z
x y 0
lim
x i y 0
z
Along the curve y = mx
2
m x m
f (0) lim
y m x
x 0 x 1 im 1 im

The limit is not unique, since it depends on 'm'.

f (0) does not exist.
Hence f(z) is not regular at the origin.
 C-R equations in polar form
EXAMPLES

1) Check for analyticity of logz

(or) Show that f(z) = logz is analytic everywhere except at the origin
and find its derivatives.
Solution:-
f ( z ) log z
log(r ei ) (Q z r ei )
log r log ei
log r i

w.k .t. f ( z ) u iv
Here u log r and v
 EXAMPLES

1
ur vr 0
r
u 0 v 1

ur , u , vr , v exist, are continuous and satisfy C-R equations

1 1
ur v and v r u everywhere except at r 0 i.e. z 0.
r r

f ( z ) is analytic everywhere except at z 0.

 EXAMPLES
Prove that f(z) = zn is analytic function and find its derivatives.

Proof:-
f ( z) zn (rei ) n
r n ein
r n cos n i sin n
u r n cos n ; v r n cos n
ur nr n 1 cos n ; vr nr n 1 sin n
u nr n sin n ; v nr n cos n
1 1
ur v and vr u
r r
 EXAMPLES

Thus ur , u , vr , v exist , are continuous and

satisfy C R equations everywhere.
f ( z ) is analytic.

ur i vr
Also f ( z)
ei
nr n 1 cos n i nr n 1 sin n
ei
nr n 1 cos n i sin n
ei
nr n 1ein n 1
n re i
nz n 1
ei
 Laplace Equations

In Cartesian form :
2 2

0
x 2
y 2

i.e., 2
0

In Polar form :
2
1 1 2

0
r 2
r r r2 2
 HARMONIC FUNCTIONS

A real valued function of two real variables x and y is

said to be harmonic, if
i) The second order partial derivatives uxx , uxy , uyx , uyy exist
and they are continuous.
and
ii) The Laplace equation
2
u 2
u
0 satisfies.
x 2
y 2

Conjugate Harmonic functions:-

If u+iv is an analytic function of z then v is called a conjugate
harmonic function of u; (or) u is called a conjugate harmonic
function of v; (or) u and v are called conjugate harmonic functions.
 Properties of Analytic functions

Property (1) :- The real and imaginary parts of an analytic function

f(z) = u+iv satisfy the Laplace equation (or) real part “u” and
imaginary part “v” of an analytic function f(z) = u+iv are harmonic
functions.

Proof:-

Given f(z) = u+i v is an analytic function.

i.e., u and v are continuous, ux , uy , vx , vy are exist and they

satisfy the C-R equations ux = vy and uy = - vx
(1)
 Properties of Analytic functions

Diff . eqn.(1) partially w.r.t. x, weget ,

u xx v yx (3)

Diff . eqn.(2) partially w.r.t. y, weget ,

u yy vxy (4)

Adding (3) & (4) weget ,

u xx u yy v yx vxy 0 Q v yx vxy
u satisfies Laplace equation.
Hence u is a Harmonic function.
 Properties of Analytic functions

Now ,
Diff . eqn.(1) partially w.r.t. y, weget ,
u xy v yy (5)
Diff . eqn.(2) partially w.r.t. x, weget ,
u yx vxx (6)
subracting (5) & (6) weget ,
v yy vxx u xy u yx 0 Q u xy u yx
v satisfies Laplace equation.
Hence v is a Harmonic function.
Thus u and v are harmonic functions.
Note:- The converse of the above result need not be true.
 Properties of Analytic functions

Try it
Prove that the real and imaginary parts of an analytic
function f(z) = u(r, ) + i v(r, ) satisfy the Laplace equation in polar
coordinates.
i.e., To prove that
1 1
u rr ur u
r r 2

and
1 1
vrr vr v
r r 2
 Properties of Analytic functions

Orthogonal Curves:-
Two curves are said to be orthogonal to each other then they
intersect at right angles. [ product of slopes m1 m = -1]
-
If f(z) = u+ iv is an analytic function then the family of curves
u(x,y) = a and v(x,y) = b (where a&b are constants) cut each
other orthogonally.
Proof:-
Given : u ( x, y ) a and v( x, y ) b
Taking differentials on both sides, weget ,
du 0
 Properties of Analytic functions

u u
dx dy 0
x y
dy ux
m1
dx uy

llly v ( x, y ) b
v v dy
0
x y dx
dy vx
m2
dx vy
 Properties of Analytic functions

ux vx
Pr oduct of slopes, m1 m2
uy vy

( u x ) (u y ) Q ux vy
(u y ) (u x ) and u y vx

1
Hence the two curves in eqns. (3) & (4) are orthogonal curves.
 Properties of Analytic functions

Result :- (1) An analytic function with constant modulus is

constant.
Proof:-
Let f(z) = u + i v be an analytic function
f ( z) u 2 v2

Given : f ( z) c
i.e., u2 v2 c
u2 v2 c2 (1)
 Properties of Analytic functions

Diff . eqn.(1) partially w.r.t. x, weget ,

2uu x 2vvx 0 uu x vvx 0 (2)

Diff . eqn.(1) partially w.r.t. y, weget ,

2uu y 2vv y 0 uu y vv y 0 (3)

Since f ( z ) is analytic, it satisfies C R equations

i.e., u x v y and u y vx
(2) uu x v( u y ) 0 uu x vu y 0
(3) uu y v(u x ) 0 uu y vu x 0
 Properties of Analytic functions
Squaring and adding the above equations, weget,
2 2
uu x vu y uu y vu x 0

u 2u x2 v 2u y2 2uvu x u y u 2u y2 v 2u x2 2uvu y u x 0

u 2 u x2 u y2 v 2 u x2 u y2 0

u2 v2 u x2 u y2 0

But u 2 v2 c2 0 ( from eqn. (1))

u x2 u y2 0 (4)
 Properties of Analytic functions
Since
f ( z) u i v
f ( z ) u x i vx
ux i uy ( by C R eqns.)
f ( z) u x2 u y2
2
f ( z) u x2 u y2
0 from (4)
f ( z) 0
f ( z ) is a constant
An analytic function with constant modulus is constant.
 Properties of Analytic functions
Result :- ( ) If f(z) = u+iv is a regular function of z = x+iy then
2 2
2
f ( z) 4 f ( z)

Pr oof :
2 2
2 2
To prove that f ( z) 4 f ( z)
x2 y2
Let f ( z) u iv
f ( z) u iv

f ( z) f ( z) u iv u iv u2 v2
2
f ( z) u2 v2
 Properties of Analytic functions

Now,
2 2 2 2
2
f ( z) u2 v2
x2 y2 x2 y2
2 2 2 2

(u 2
) ( v 2
) (u 2
) ( v 2
)
x 2
x 2
y 2
y 2

(1)

Now, consider , u2 2uu x

x
2

u2 2uu x 2uu xx 2u x2
x2 x
2

llly u2 2uu yy 2u y2
y2
 Properties of Analytic functions

u2
2 2
u2
2u u xx u yy 2 u x2 u y2
x2 y2
Q f ( z ) is analytic
2 u (0) ux2
uy
2

u is harmonic
Q f ( z ) is analytic,
2 ux 2
( vx ) 2

C R eqns. satisfied
2 u x2 vx2
2
Q f ( z) u x i vx
2 f ( z)
f ( z) u x2 vx2
 Properties of Analytic functions

2
v2 v2
2
2
llly 2 f ( z)
x2 y2

2 2
2 2 2
(1) f ( z) 2 f ( z) 2 f ( z)
x2 y2

2
4 f ( z)

Thus proved
 EXAMPLES

1) If f ( z ) e x (cos y i sin y ) is analytic function

prove that u , v are harmonic functions.
Solutions :
To prove that u and v are Harmonic functions
i.e., T .P.T . u xx u yy 0 and vxx v yy 0

Here u e x cos y v e x sin y

ux e x cos y vx e x sin y
u xx e x cos y vxx e x sin y
uy e x sin y vy e x cos y
u yy e x cos y v yy e x sin y
 EXAMPLES

u xx u yy e x cos y e x cos y 0

and vxx v yy e x sin y e x sin y 0

Both u & v satisfies Laplace equation

Hence u & v are Harmonic functions.

 CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Milne-Thomson method :-

To find the analytic function f(z):

i) when u(x , y) is given ( i.e., real part is given)

f ( z) u x ( z , 0) dz i u y ( z , 0) dz

ii) when v(x ,y ) is given ( i.e., Imaginary part is given)

f ( z) v y ( z , 0) dz i vx ( z , 0) dz
 CONSTRUCTION OF ANALYTIC FUNCTION

Method to find out the Harmonic conjugate:

Let f(z) = u + i v be an analytic function.

Given: u(x ,y )

v u y dx u x dy

treating y Integrating the terms

as constant independent of x
 EXAMPLES
1) If u(x ,y ) = x2 + y2 , find v(x ,y ) and Hence find f(z).
Solution :

Given : u x 2 y 2
ux 2 x , u y 2y
we know that ,
v u y dx u x dy

treating y Integrating the terms

as constant independent of x
 EXAMPLES

v ( 2 y ) dx 2 x dy
IInd integral is zero since
2 xy 0
there is no term indep. of "x "

v 2 xy

f ( z) u iv
f ( z) x2 y2 i 2 xy
x 2 i 2 y 2 2 x(iy )
2
x iy
f ( z) z2
 EXAMPLES
1) Find f(z), when u(x ,y ) = x2 + y2 .
(same example, using Milne-Thomson method, finding f(z) )

Solution :
Given : u x 2 y 2
ux 2 x , uy 2y
u x ( z ,0) 2 z , u y ( z ,0) 0

By Milne-Thomson method ,
f ( z) u x ( z , 0) dz i u y ( z , 0) dz
2 z dz i 0 dz
f ( z) z2
 EXAMPLES

2) Show that the function u(x ,y ) = sinx coshy is harmonic.

Find its harmonic conjugate v( x , y ) and the analytic function

f(z) =u + i v .

Solution :
Given : u sin x cosh y
u x cos x cosh y uy sin x sinh y
u xx sin x cosh y u yy sin x cosh y
u xx u yy 0
u is harmonic.
 EXAMPLES
To find v( x, y ) :
we know that , v u y dx u x dy

treating y Integrating the terms

as constant independent of x

V sin x sinh y dx cos x cosh y dy

since no term is
sinh y sin x dx 0
independent of x
sinh y ( cos x)
V cos x sinh y
 EXAMPLES

Now,
f ( z) u iv sin x cosh y i cos x sinh y

sin(iy )
sin x cos(iy ) i cos x
i

sin x cos(iy ) cos x sin(iy )

sin( x iy )
sin z
f ( z) sin z
 EXAMPLES

3) Construct analytic function f(z) of which imaginary part

v(x,y) = - y - e-y ).

Solution :
Given : v ( x, y ) 2 sin x e y
e y

i.e., v 4 sin x sinh y Qe y

e y
2sinh y

v x
4 cos x sinh y , v y
4 sin x cosh y
v ( z ,0)
x
0 , v ( z ,0)
y
4sin z

f ( z) v ( z ,0) dz
y
i v ( z ,0) dz
x

4 sin z dz
f ( z) 4cos z c
 EXAMPLES
4) Find the analytic function f(z) = u+iv such that,
u+v = x3 + 3x y - 3xy - y + 4x + 5 and f( ) = +3i .

Solution :
we knowthat , f ( z ) u i v
i f ( z ) iu v
f ( z ) i f ( z ) u i v iu v
f ( z ) (1 i ) u v i u v
F ( z) U iV
where F ( z ) f ( z ) (1 i )
U u v ,V u v x 3
3 x y 3 xy
2 2
y 2
4x 5
 EXAMPLES

By Milne-thomson method,
F(z) = v ( z ,0) dz i v ( z ,0) dz
y x

Now, v x
3x 2
6 xy 3 y 2
4
v y
3x 2
6 xy 2 y
v ( z ,0)
x
3z 2
4
v ( z ,0)
y
3z 2

F ( z) 3 z dz i 3 z
2 2
4 dz
3z 3
3z 3

i 4z
3 3
 EXAMPLES

F ( z) z 3
i (z 3
4) c

(1 i ) f ( z ) z (1 i ) i 4 z c
3

i4z c
f ( z) z 3

(1 i ) (1 i )
i 4 z (1 i )
z 3
c
(1 i ) (1 i )
1

4 z (i 1)
z 3
c
2
1

f ( z) z 3
2 z (1 i ) c 1
(1)
 EXAMPLES

Given : f (0) 2 3i

put z 0 in (1), weget , f (0) c 1

c 1
2 3i

f ( z) z 3
2 z (1 i ) 2 3i

f ( z) z 3
2z 2 i (2 z 3)
 CONFORMAL MAPPING
Intro.: Suppose two curves c1 , c in the y c1 c
z-plane intersect at z and the corresponding v 1
curves 1 , in the w-plane intersect at w by z w ’
the transformation w= f(z). x u
If the angle between the two curves in the z-plane is same as
the angle between the curves in the w-planes both in magnitude and
in direction, then the transformation w = f(z) is said to be conformal
mapping.
Definition:-
A transformation that preserves angles between every pair of
curves through a point both in magnitude and sense of rotation is
said to be conformal at that point.
 CONFORMAL MAPPING

Isogonal Transformation:-
The transformation which preserves angle between every

pair of curves in magnitude and not in direction(sense) is called an

isogonal transformation.

Theorem:-
If f(z) is analytic and f'(z) in a region R of the z-plane then
the mapping performed by w=f(z) is conformal at all points of R.
 CONFORMAL MAPPING

Critical points:-
The point at which the mapping w=f(z) is not conformal, i.e.,

Eg .: Consider w f ( z) sin z
f ( z) cos z
3
f (0) 0 , when z , ,.........
2 2
2n 1
i.e., z , where n is an int eger ,
2
which are the critical points of the given transformation.
THANK YOU