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BS en 14359 - 2006

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BS en 14359 - 2006

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Pippozzo Pipini
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Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Instiute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 [Link] GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontwlled Co; BRITISH STANDARD Gas-loaded accumulators for fluid power applications ‘The Rorupean Standard EN 1435-20046 has the status of w British Stundard res rina NO COPYING WITHOUT HEI PERMISSION KXCEPY AS PKIMUTTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW BS EN 14359:2006 | | os British Standards BS EN 14859:2006 ——————————————— National foreword This British Standard waa published by BSI. It is the UK implementation of EN 14359:2006. It supersedes BS 7201-1:1989 which ie withdrawn, ‘The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted by Technical Commitee ‘MOE/18, Fluid power ayetems and componenta, to Subcommittee MOE/18)-/1, Accumulators. Aliat of organizations represented on MCB/18¢/1 can be obtained an request to its ceceetary. ‘This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisiona of a contract. Users are responsible for ite correct application. Compliance with a British Standard cannot confer immunity from legal obligations. ‘This ritsh Sundardmae | Amendmenta issued since publication Eee edad Ply and Statgy Connie = Amd No. [Date [Commenta tm 0 Noweaber 2008 BST xe Nw sH0 es, Licensed Copy: Instimte Of Technology ‘Tallaght, Institute of'Technolgy, Mon Mar 12 [Link] GM1+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSE 2: Ra STS SSE SESS SSS SET SSNS 04} 2007, Uncontolled Copy, (c) BSI S 4 3 8 a = Sg . y 5 i 3 ie a i 2 3 2 § a 2 2 a g 3 4a 3 5 3 Z EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 14359 NORME EUROPEENNE EUROPAS CHE NORM October 2006 Hes 17.040.30 ‘Englbh Version Gas-loaded accumulators for uid power applications -Acuarlatean: bydmpucumatiques pour masala Hipdmepeleber te Hydmlimirwsndage ‘pdms ‘Tok Youmpean Standant was appmred by CEN on 18 Septcaher 2086, (CEN meshes ate bound w comply wit ihe CHNICENELEC Infernal Reguindons which 35% Cast steels ‘ NOTE Only 1.5 ts walld for fme-grained steele and heat-treated steals, 5.5 Design and calculation methods common te all accumulator types 5.51 General ‘All applicable equations shall be used in order to damonstrets conformity with this European Standard. ‘The maximum allowable pressure PS can be replaced by the tast prassure PT when calculating for test conditions. 5.52 Specific definitions 5524 Cylinder right circular eyfinclar 55.22 Torispherical end dished end, made up of @ spherical cap, a toroidal knuckle and = cylindrical shall, the three ‘components having common tangents whera they mest Klopper-type torispherical end for which RID, = and 9D, = 0.1 5524 Korbbogen-type torispherical end for which RID, \8 and 11D, = 0.154 00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (¢) BSL 2 z 8 = 2 s a & 3 a 2 = = ° 8 £ j 6 s & a 4 z = a z & : 5 i z EN 14359:2006 (E) 5.5.3 Cylindrical shells Figure 5.2 — Geometry for cylindrical shells ‘The requirad wall thicknass @ is given by: PS-0, fechas 51 2f-z-PS 8 y « ou fe (652) hasPS For a given geometry: Afzes 653) Da +P, NOTE The requirements of Equations 5.5-2 and §.5-3 are valld for 9/0g not greater then 0,16. 554 Dished ends under internal pressure [Link] Homispherical ends Figure 5.3 — Hemispherical end 00 2007, Uncontmlled Copy, (c) BSI cH 16:24 GME z i A a & g é 5 # a 4 z 4 a : q 5 é a z Licensed Co] EN 14359:2006 (E} “Tha raquirad wall thicknass @ of = hemispharical end (or spharical shell} shall be calculated from one Df tha two following equations: F3-0, | ease 554 aFz-PS f i = PS-De (655) : 4-f-24+PS Shall thickness may be incraesed at junctions with othar parts such es cylindrical shells cx the torus of fs torispherical end. Increased thickness may also be necassary to provide reinforcement at isolated ‘openings. The thickness of the cylinder up to the tangent lin shall be kept at or above the minimum, of the required cylinder wall thickness. 55.42 Torispherical ends 55421 General Figure 5.4— Torisphericel end 55.422 Conditions of epplicability “The following requirements are limited in application to ends for which all of the following conditions re met: a) $0201 b) 20,083; o) 6226 2 £008 De ®) 6, 20,005 De ) R2Ds 2 a & 3 2 f 5 3 S R 3 5 5 2 a a = & § 3 2 2 3 4 2 4 5 8 : 4 & 5 E a EN 14359:2006 (E} “The requirad thickness @ chal ba the greatest of es and ey where (55-6) (657) where Bis found from the following equations: ¥ = minja/R:04) (558) Z=logio(1/¥} (55-9) X=r/D, (65-10) None eee (55-11) 62+(0-v* ForX= 0,08 Boos =N{-0,98982* +221242?-320372+1.8673) For 0,06 400 mm 24mm. NOTE For thread calculation see 5.5.6. Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology ‘Tallaght, Institte of Technology, Mon Mar 12 [Link] GMI+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, x SI 200 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) 16:24 GMIEH00 ‘Licensed Copy: institute Of Technology ‘Tallaght, Institute of’Technology, Mon Mar 12 23; EN 14359:2006 (E) [Link] Thickness of flat end plates [Link].1 Internally threaded body “The thickness of flat end pistes = for an intemally threaded body shall ba determined from the following equation: “The value of C= 0,5 is suitable for threaded end pistas. ‘Ye dependent upon the value of the quotient O:/0.. (8-6-2) Ay= 9,9900342 A,= 1,9806260 As= -9.0185540 A= 186328300 Ag= -19,497 590.0 A= 76125080 Altamativaly, 2 value of 1,16 may be used for Y which will provide a conservative design. [Link].2 Externally threaded body ‘Ths thickness of flat end plates 2 for en externally threaded body shall ba determined from the following equation: s=¥'s, (6833) where Sys. 66-4) and @ ve|eS i @=G,-2-6 68) 6 NOTE Gan be approximated by the msan gsomatricsl dlameter of the seal and 6, to the hat lath of te ‘seal in contsct (b approximates to the hat scion dlametar for an ‘0 ring). where m= 0,5 for elastomeric seals with hardness less than 75 IRDM: 0 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSL 00: cH y? Ins fitrte Of ‘Technology Tallaght, Institute of'Technology, Mon Mar 12 [Link] GML Licensed Coy EN 14359:2006 (E) m {for elastomeric seals with hardnass equal to or grestar than 75 IRDH; for other cases, rafer to EN 13445-3:2002, Annex H. [Link] Tension and flaring stress in threaded eecumulator body ‘The tension and flaring stress in a thesadad scoumulstor body shall be determined fram the fotlawing ‘equations: DY -PS | 8-Fy-a : 505) TA ee (688) and oP fom-O4 eon) oe wher for an intcraly threaded body 2 10g" 4°) eeu 560) (5.6-10) eon and (66-12) one (5649) | | ¥ (c) BSE 00 2007, Uncontoled Copy. 1624 GME+00: icensed Copy: Insitute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of'Technology, Mon Mar 12.23: EN 14359:2006 (E) and for both intecnally and extamslly threaded bodies: 1 [+4 PLE sini tg] o PPS fainfa- bg} + c08(2 é tell] 66-14) oT Re end 66-15) The following shall be satisfied: 4s 5.6.2 Tie-od retained end caps 56.2.1 General The requirements of 6.6.2 shall apply when assessing the stresses in tie-1od retsined and caps. 5822 Specific symbols and units Table 5.6-3 lists further specific eymbols and units, Table 5.6-3 — Specific symbols and units [-Symbot (Characteristics Unit gE __| Minor diameter of tie-rod thread min ‘gs _| Shank diameter of fe-rod (fF applicable) = fj _| Nominal design strane tor ia-rod MPa™ g_ | Numbar of fie-rods (minimum of 4) * MPs for caleuiation purposes only, othenwtae the unit should be bar (1 MPa = 10 bar) 00 2007, Uncontolled Copy, (c) BSL 16:24 GNTI+00: y: Ins titute Of ‘Technology ‘Lalaght, Institrte of Technology, Mon Mar 12 23: licensed Coy EN 14359:2006 (E) 5623 Geometry aod Key 1 endeap 2 tered Figure 5.12 — Geometry [Link] Nominal design stress for bolts ‘The nominal design stress for bolts at operating temperature shall not exosed tha valuss given in Table 56-4, Table 5.8-4 — Nominal design stress for bolts Carbon and other anf Foaza. Rn | non-austenitic 3 steels Austontc a= Fe) stainless stects 4 5625 Tie-od thread ‘Tie rod thraads shall maet the following requirements: (66-18) lege Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology ‘Tallight, institute of'fechnolbgy, Mon Mar 12 [Link] GMI+00:00 2007, Uncontrolied Copy, (¢) BSL EN 14359:2006 (E) 58.3 Split-ring retained ond caps 56.3.1 General “Tha requiaments of 5.6.3 shall apply when assessing the stresses in spli-ring retained end caps. Key 4 endeap 2 body 3 spitaing Figure §.13 — Split-ring retained end caps NOTE tls seumad that under tult-in conditions, te gaps of the parted retaining ving are smelt snd negigible, 56.3.2 Specific symbols and units ‘Table 5.6-5 lists furthar spectfc symbols and units. EN 14359:2006 (E) 2 S Z Table 5.6.5 — Specific symbols and units & 3 Symbol “Charasteristios Tait 3 | Radial extension of sping’ 7am. 3 SR _| Radial extension of ring contacting area (with cover) mm 4 5 __| Max. moment arm for outer shoulder mm z @r | Min. thicknoas of outer shall on a Ap_| Shear araa of spit ring ron s As | Shear arse of shoulder of outse shall mom R | Radial extension of ring contacting area (outer shall) mm z De Effective cule contac iamelar of cover rm 3 Dra | Outer diameter of spli-ring mim = Dai | Inner diameter of ping mm & Dea | Outer diameter of shoulder mm = Di__| tener diameter of shoulder mom g Fp) Rasuiint hydrostatic ores caused By intsral pressure acing 7 = on cover Tig __| Axial thickness of splitring rom Tg | Thicknase of autor shell shouldae ia Pa__| Contact pressure MPa" Wp __| Momant af resistance of spit-ing rom? Was | Momant of resistance of outer shoulder in Tia for caleulstion purposes only, cthecuisa the unk should be bar (1 MPa 10 bar) [Link] Design of splitring retained end caps [Link].1 Resultant hydrostatic force “The resultant hydrostatic force shall be determined 9s follows: Fp rs (66-17) [Link].2 Assessment of shear stress ‘The shear stress applied to the split-ring shall be determined by the following peocadure. Calculate the shasring area as follows: Agta Doe (68-18) ‘Ths following shall be satisfied: (6.6-19) Licensed Copy: Instityte Of ‘Technology Tallight, Institute of Technolgy, Mon Max 12 2: 00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSL Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Talltght, Institute of’fechnology, Mon Mar 12 [Link] GDTI+00; EN 14359:2006 (E) 5.6.3..3 Assessment of bending stress ‘The bending etrass appliad to the split-ring shall be datermined by the following procedure, @) Caleulate the maximum moment erm, equating to the radia! extension of the spti-ring, as follows: aa =Pr rs a (56-20) 1b) Calculate the necessary moment of resistances as follows: (6.621) ‘The axial thickness of the spit-ring shall be determinad as follows: oi, [eRe ign (eee 5522) Dy) VFO $63.24 Assessment of contact pressure The contact prassure Pa shall no excaed the minimum strangth of the splitving or flange, whichever is tha lower. Sroteos induced under fast candtions shall alka ba determined by inserting Phas 84 fae instead of PS and f ‘The following shall be satisfied: (66-23) [Link].5 Assessment of the shear stress in the shoulder of the outer shell ‘The shear stress applied to the shoulder of the outer wall shell be determined by the following procedure. Calculate the shearing araa es follows: ea: Diu: he (56-24) “The following shail ba satisfied: (66-25) 5.63.26 Assessment of the bending stress in the shoulder of the outer shall, “The shouldar of tha outer shell denoted by & and ig shall also be checked against bending assuming the most unfavourebla momentum srm a 200 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (¢) BSE 16:24 GMTI+00: Institute Of ‘Technology ‘Talnght, Institwte of Technology, Mon Mar 12 23: EN 14359:2006 (E) 5) Calculate the meximum moment arm as follows: ong og 2 Ret (65.26) 6) Calculate the moment of rasistence aa follows: fp Wo =P ag 66-27) The fotowing shal be ets: 6025 5.63.7 Assessment of the contact pressure in the shoulder of the outer shell ‘The contact pressure A, shall not exosed the minimum strength of the split-ring or outer shell, whichever is the lower. ‘The following shall be setisfiad: P ae Ss R, (5.6-29) ATE z Zp 2 = 0.2 7 F(ee?-25i") Pre’ -2si 5.63.28 Assessment of the wall thickness of the outer shell ‘The following shall be satisfied: (5.630) (68231) 5.7 Spocific design criteria for dlaphragm accumulators 57.1 General ‘The requirements of 5.7 shall apply when sssessing the stresses in diaphragm accumulstors. Figure 5.14 —Two-part screwed shell design 4 i & a@ i if a 4 j el, i LY eo : ae 2 tine hi hi g a a87 9 8 z fe [ee TSH (9) doy paganmosny “L007 O0-O0HIND FEOEET TTT CO Bq ayJo Bansuy IBY, KBojouysay, Jo amp: 200 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI 1624 GMI+00: y ‘Tallaght, Institute of'Technobbgy, Mon Mar 1223: Licensed Copy: Institute Of ‘Technol EN 14359:2006 (E) Table 5.7-4 — Spacific symbols and units. Symbol Characteristics Unit ‘2 | Lengih (redial exionsion of contsct area} rom | Maximum prossure-loaded inside sealing Glemeter cial | Thread undercut diemstor mir @ | Minimum effective wall ickness between the shel and he a female thread partion &__| Outside diamatar of sccummulator a | Thread pitch diametar ram Fr__| Hydrostatic force et maximum allowable pressure PS N 7 | Minimum allowable flange thickness of shell ian * Tis assumed that the load applicstion lino is parallel to the axis and comcident with the ‘mean thraad line. Lever "a" is meesured from the load application fine to the middle of the to) eas SL -ontro lied Copy, (¢) Licensed Copy: institute Of Technology Talkight, Institute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 [Link] GMI+00:00 2007, EN 14359:2006 (E} 6 Manufacture 6.1 General ‘The manufacture of gas-loaded accumulstors shall comply with tha requirements of EN 12445-4, unlaes modified by this clause. 6.2 Special manufacturing process for welded diaphragin accumulators, 6.21 General Due to the dasign of non-repairable sccumulatnes with integral elastomeric separstors, weld details may deviste from the requirements of EN 12445-4. All exceptions shall be detailed within the ‘Tachnioal Documentation File, 6.22 Requirements for the use of permanent backing strips When welding non-repairable diaphragm fypa accumulators fitted with elastomeric separators, thare is, «risk of damage fram molten metal. To prevent the motten metal from enisring the innar space, backing strips may be used which allow full penetration welds with the ract inside the strip. The strip for the main circumferential weld may for instance be a single stip, a combinstion with = clamping ring for 2 separator or the callar of ong shell fiting into another shell. Such s ring may also be used as, 8 centre-ring for the paris to bs connacted. Examples of circumferential main welding seams with fitted elastomeric separators are given in Figuras 6.1 and 6.2. Key Key 4 upper shell 4 upper shel with flange 2 welding sam 2 welding ssam Slower shell 3 lower shat 4 centering fing / backing earip Figure 6.1 — Inserted ring serves Figure 6.2— An annular portion of a shell simultaneously for centering the shells _is insarted into another shell and serves, and as backing strip for centering and as backing strip Backing strips do not influence the calculated wall thicknass. The calculated wall thickness shall be present in the entire welding seam without taking the weld root inside the backing strip into ‘consideration. 00 2007, Uncontolled Copy, (©) BSI 16:24 GMI+00 Licensed Copy: Ins tute Of Technology ‘Talkyght, Institute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 23: EN 14358:2006 (E) 6.2.3 Electron and laser beam welding When using electron or laser beam welding techniques, tha walding seams ar very small as the beam is focused onto vary smelt area. The eneegy input into this area is comparatively small causing & high famparsiure gradient end thus an increased hardness in a small area of the hest- affected zone is unavoidable. The hardness pattam shall therefore be determined in accordance with EN 1042-1 as part of tha welding procedure tast. The results shall be referenced in the welding procedure cartficate produced in accordance with EN (SO 15614-1. In ordar to confirm that this hardnass does not influence the material properties by acting as a stress raiser, the approval of welding procadure cattification shall include a fatigue test in eccordanos with 7.6. 6.24 Welded nozzles Typical welds for attaching nozzles to diaphragm accumulators are given in Figures 6.3, 64, 6.5 and 88. Figure 6.4— Set-in nazzle, J-weld, penetrated S Figure 6.5 — Set-on nozzle, J-weld, Figure 6.6 — Set-on nozzle, fillet weld, penstrated partially penetrated NOTE _Pantslly panststad welds ae tiited to reanferential welds for nozzles ate. end to appilcstions wth nomoarosive fulds (eg mineral a, ltogen). 6.25 Heat treatment Elastomeric separators such as diaphragms may ba severely damaged or even destroyed by hast, For this reason, pre- or postweld heat treatment shall not be used when the separator has alrsady been fitted to the eccumuletor body. Heat traatment shall also be avoided where thermo-machenically trastad fina grain steels are used. 1 00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) 8 z a 3 + a S Licensed Copy: Ins tinste Of Technology ‘Talkaght, Institute of'Technolngy, Mon Mar 12 2 EN 14359:2006 (E) 6.26 Approval of special welding precedures ‘Additional spacial requiremants may prevent the welding procadura from being completely in socordance with EN ISO 18614-1 due fo, for example, the absance of post-veld heat treatment for diaphragm gccumulstors which would destroy the diaphragm. In this case, the manufacturer shall apply ‘Sound Engineering Practica’ of the Pressure Equipment Diractive. 6.2.7 Qualification of welding procedure specifications Wherever practicable, the accumulator used for verification tasting shall bs walded under production conditions. As accumulators sre mostly axis-eynmetric in shape, many welds are circuntferantial and carried out with eutomstic or semiautomatic rotstional welding machinas. Specimens should therefore be produced from two welded exis-symmetric parts or fwo cylindrical parts with sufficient length fo chtain a tube test specimen. Test plates shell only be producad in the case of longitudinal welds. 828 Verification and utilization of welding procedure specifications when applied to welding ‘machines. Each tyne of weld shall be verified with a valid wald procedure specification. A datailed work instruction shall be aveileble at each workstation defining all essential parameters under diract control of the machine operator. The instruction shall include all necessary items such as fillar material, protective gas, current, voltags, polarity, speed of wirs, welding speed, focusing, beam dafiection fraquancy and directions, slope, number af passes atc. 6.3 Forming of bladder accumulator shells 6.3.1 Processes Bladder accumulator shells shall be made from one of the following processes: — seamless tubs manufactured by extrusion or other processes and subsequently hat oF cold drawn, — billets, piarced hot or cold (back extruded) followed by hat and/or cold drawing, or — plates, cupped hot or cald followed by hot andlor cold drawing, ‘The bodies shalt be made only by processes, including heat trestmant, that have bean shown to produce accumulator bodies that are free from cracks or ather flaws. Where closure of a tuba is necessary in order to form a neck or a base, this shall be carriad out by forging, cupping or spinning. Ends shall not ba welded on and metal shall not be added at any tima during or after the closing operation. Ends may be machined to accept the required end fitinge. ‘The chemical analysis of the material shall be racorded on material data sheets. In the case of welded shells or end caps, rafer to the requirements of EN 13445-4. 6.32 Heat treatment Following completion of elk forming operations except the machining of the end bores, each ‘accumulator shell chal be uniformly heat-treated and the operations involving heating shall be carrisd ‘out in temperatura contralsd fumaces, | | 2 a 24 GMI+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, stitute Of Technology Tala ght, Ins ttute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 [Link] nsed Copy EN 14359:2006 (E) Qusnchants shall either be oils commonly used for this purpose ar liquids with a similar quenching severity as ils. The choices of quenchant shall take into account the type of steal, size and thickness of accumulator shall and changes in profile and saction. ‘The temparature ofthe bath, concentration of quanchant (where quenchants other than oil ars Used), time of immersion and the accumulator shall temperature upon withdrawal shall be conivolled &© ensure that all necessary metallurgical changes have been completed and that the possibilty of quanch oracking is minimized, Where noemalizing or tempering is involved, the accumulate shall shall be uniformly cooled instil aie. ‘The heat trsatment temperature snd times shall be racorded. [Link] Tensile test One test specimen shall be taken from every batch, except where the number in the batch exceeds 200 shells, in which case one sample shall be taker in avery 201 or part thereof. The test sample shall comprise either: — material from a nished accumulator shall, or — in tho case of accumulator shells of large capacity (°300 mm diameter) where justification has bean made in the Technical Documentation Fila that destructive tasting is unnacossary, 2 sample shall be cut from one end of an accumulator shell prio to closure. The sample shall be in the form af a ring of sufficient size to provide the requisite test piecas, and subjacted to 2 heat treatment such that is mechanical properties are representative of the accumulator shell in the batch, The tensila specimen shall either be: — made from 2 strip cut longitudinally from & finished accumulator shell or test ring with its form, or dimensions in accordance with EN 10002-1, or — if tha dimensions of the accumulator body ara such as to preclude the manufacture of 8 standard tast specimen then a non-standard spacimen may be used with the agreement of the notified body. ‘The cross-section shall either be formed by @ portion of the wall of the accumulstar body, o when the wall thickness permits, be citcular with a diameter of not less than 7 mm for the central partion. Tha test results shall comply with the requirements of the Technical Documentation File and be recorded. NOTE A batch is defined os 5 quantly of up to 200 shelle plus shells for destructive testing, of the same ‘nominel diameter, thickness, length and design made from the game steel caet end subjected to the same heat ‘raatment for the same durstion of time, 6332 Impact test One test sampla shall be taken from evary batch, except where the number in the batch exceeds 200 shalls, in which casa one sample shall bs takan in every 201 or part tharact. ‘The tost sample shall comprise either: = material from a finished accumulator shell, or SPS SSS 24 GMI+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BST stitute Of Technology Talight, Ins titute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 23: & 3 3 EN 14369:2006 (E) — inthe case of accumulator shells of large capacity (>200 mm diameter} whera it has baer agreed that no destructive tast shall be carried out, @ sample shall be cut from ona end of an ‘socumulator shall prior fo closure. Tha sample shall ba in the form of a ring of sufficiant size fo provida the requisite test pieces, and subjected to @ hat treatment such that its mechanical propertias ara representative of the accumulator shell in the batch. ‘Testing shall be carried out in accordance with EN 1045-1 NOTE batch le defined ae a quantity of up 10 200 shells plus shells for destructive tasting, of the sama ‘nominal diameter, thicknese, length snd design made from the seme etesl cast and eubjected to the eame heat tueatment for the same duration of time, 63.3.3 Post heat treatment hardness test Each accumulator shell shall be subjected to # hardness test in accordance with EN ISO 6508-1, EN ISO 6506-2 and EN ISO 6506-3 in order to check the homogansity of tha heat treatment batch. ‘Tha teat shall be carried aut on the cylindrical portion of tha accumulator body and the surface shall bs prepared by fight poliching. The wall thickness shall not ba reduced to below tha minimum calculated value for # (sea Table 3.2-1). 8.3.4 Visual and ultrasonic examination 6341 Visual examination Each sccurmulator shell chall be visually examined for intaral and extemal defects in accordance with the requiromants of EN 13018. General indications on visual criteria can be found in EN 1968:2002, ‘Annex C and used as a guidating, No dafect shall be accepted. In particular, each accumulator shell shall be examined for nack folds in the hemispherical ragion. if neck folds are visible, the shall shall be deemed not ta comply with this European Standard, [Link] Wall thickness ultrasonic examination Each accumulator shell shall be ultrasonically examined (manually, semi-automatically, or automatically) to confirm tha minimum wall thickness specified on the drawing, in accordance with the requirements of EN 1968:2002, Annex G, test sensitivity G.3.2 8). The thickness shall be recorded in the test report. ‘This ultrazonic exemination is not necessary provided that the accumulator shells ars made from seamless tubs where the wall thickness has already been verified, and that the tube closure procass: is pravan not to reduce the wall thickness. NOTE Ultrasonle examination cannot raplacs the hydrostatic pesssure test described in 7. [Link] Surface defects ultrasonic examination In the case of accumulator shells of large capacity (>300 mm diameter), each shel shall be Utragonically examined (manually, semi-automatically, of aulomaticslly) for intemal and extemal surface defects in accordance with the requirements of EN 1968:2002, Annex G, test sensitivity G.3.2 a. ‘Accumulstor shalls of smaller capacity (<200mm diameter) can also bs ultrasonically examined for surface defacts, NOTE —_Utrazonle examination cannot replace the hycrostatle pressure test descrbed in sactlon 7.5. 24 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI : Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Ins tate of Technology, Mon Mar 12 2. sensed Cop, EN 14369:2006 (E) 6344 Repair Surface imperfections of accumulator shells can be repaired by grinding or machining. It is important that the repaired areas are smoothly alignad with tha shapa of the shall. ‘Any surface imperfection in an accumulator shell, having @ depth greater than 5 % of the minimum wall thickness, or 2 length greater than 25 mm, shall be repaired. General indications on repair criteria, ‘can be found in Annax C of EN 1968:2002 and used 2s @ guidelina.. ‘Afioe repair, wall thickness examination shall be repeated. 83.4.5 Minimum wall thickness Surface imperfections of accumulstor shells leading to @ wall thicknass below the minimum walt thickness specified on the drawing shall be considered s defects, and accumulator shells shall be deamed nat to comply with this European Standard. 7 Inspection and testing 7.4 General Clause 7 spectfias the inspection and testing, prior to placement on the market, of individusily and erally produced gas-loaded accumulators designed and manufactured in accordance with this European Standard, NOTE A summary of Inapectlon snd teeting requirements with respect to the confomnlly sssacsment modules ts hen in Annexe A and B of this Europasn Standard. 7.2 Design documentation Tha manufacturer shall establish a Technical Documentation File (TDF) which shall demonsirats compliance with this European Standard. This fils shall consist of but not be limited to: — 1 general description of the accumulator and is operation; — asign and manufacturing drawings: — results of dasign calculations made, examinations earied out ot; — ‘rolovant menufacturing procassas and fasts during manufacture: — materials; — information on the qualificstions or approvals of staff carrying out welding and non- destructive tests; — Informstion on the operating procadures for welding; — list of the harmonized standards applied: — datsils regarding the use of the experimental techniques as defined in EN 1345-3. | . (C} BSI a 24 GMT+0000 2007, Uncontoled Cop; 1 6: sensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Talaght, Institute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 23: EN 14359:2006 (E) 7.3 Design review and design examination ‘Tha TDF shall be raviewad by the manufacturer prior to the cammsnoament of inspction snd testing. Hf required by the conformity assessment procedure, tha TDF shail be submitied to a Notified Body for design examination. 7.4 Inspection during manufacture ‘The manufacturer shall carry out an inspection to ensure that accumulators are manufactured in accordance with the TDF. Inspection shall consist of but not ba limited to the use of correct: — materialstranster of stamping: — welding procedures and specifications: — qualifiad welders/operators; — examination of welds eooording fo the TOF; — heat treatment; — dimensional checks. 7.5 Hydrostatic prossure test ‘All accumulator prassufe-containing envelopes dafinad in 1.2 shall be subjected to @ hydrostatic Pressure tast as part of the manufacturing provass. NOTE For Pressure Equipment Directive B7/2S/EC category | serias production se per Annex A this test may be performed on a statistical basis. ‘Tha accumulator shall be pressurized to the fluid test pressure AL, with & non-corrosive fluid at ambient temperature and inspected for leaks. No leaks shall occur. ‘Tho hydrostatic tast pressure shall be equal to the highest of the following valuas: Pregt 2143-FS And for steels other than austenitic with A < 30% ‘And for austenitic stoste with A> 30 % and cast stools t Flast 2 1.25-FS- 754) :24 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncentoled Copy, (c) BSI 6: Ins itute Of Technology Taught, Ins tute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 22 ensed Copy EN 14389:2006 (E) 7.6 Fatigue test 7.81 General “This subclause dascribas two fatigue test methods, one of which shall be used for verifying the design of 8 gasloaded accumulator which is subjected fo more than 500 pressura cycles (sea 5.4). “Tha basic method of performing cyclic pressure tasts shall be in accordance with ISO 1071-1. The taste shall ba performad utilizing tha prassure-containing envelope of the accumulator as defined in 12. ‘Two equally applicable methods of evaiuating and interpreting fatigue test resutts are described: 8) 7. .8 describes a method which is elated (eae Note) to the Garman AD-Morkblatt S2 Annox 1 nd Annex 2 and which uses the gradient of the stress-number of cycles (S-N) curve to assume Infinit lf bayond 2 x 10" cycles within & given probabilly of failure and & given permissible cyclic Pressure AP; b) 7.6.7 describas a related method to that used by the French National Board for Nuclear Energy (GEA) and is besed on the metaliurgical experince of C¥in, the variation coatficient of materials. ‘The following restrictions shall apply to both methods: — tha presaure-retaining paris have baen qualifiad for the maximum allowable pressure with a ‘static caloulation: — other stresses than those caused by intemal pressure can be disregarded or are taken into ‘account by other applicable means: — where the pressure-etsining parts hava bean qualified for unlimited life with regard to a ‘maximum allowable pressure fluctuation range, no examination of those parts related to the numberof cycles have fo be performed during service lit: — the maximum allowable service temperature is less than or equal to +100 °C. NOTE 7.6.6 takes 4 mslor principles from ADMS2: + the (-N) curve: 1 statatcal evaluation of results fom tests on diferent load levels 1 the detntion of ¢probabity o allure: . oth jumtion that urdimited Ife corresponds to & number of eycles of 2 mii. 7.6.2 Basic symbols and units ‘Table 7.6-1 lists further basic symbols and units, vensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 [Link] GMT+(0:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI EN 14359:2006 (E) Table 7.64 — Basic symbols and units [“Symber Gharactoriatios Tak 7 | Test frequen Hz | Number of test cycles Upper cycic test pressure. Py | Py shallibe equal to or groater than PS during each test cycla MPa" for atime period T; equal to or graator than 0,37 Lower cyslic tast pressure applicable for a time pariod T wen . | pyoorysT)<1.17}. ila AP get | Cyclic test pressure range Ay ~ PL MPa" P| Permissible cyclic preseure range for te envisaged application | MPa T__| Tis the time for one cycle. T= 117 5 q__| Tis the time duration fora pressure rsa between Pend Fy : R | given by 047s Tp + Ty <08T 7 | Time pariod cf holding the level of Py during tact 3 Ty __| Tima period of holding tha lovel of P during tast @ * Pe for calculation purposae only, otiaraéee the unit should be bar (1 MPs = 40 ber} 7.8.3 Test equipment and preparation of test accumulator 18) Esch fast accumulator has bean subjactsd fo a fluid proof pressure test (seo 7.5) without any {allure before commencement of the feligue tast. b) Enlrapped sir or precharge gas shall be removed from the test scournulator by filing the entire intemal pressure affected space with the test fluid before starting the fatigue test. To facilitate the filing procedure, test accumulstors may be manufactured without separators (bladders, diaphragms etc.) or anly with the saaling portions (i any) of the separators. It is permissible 19 introduce tast fluid through the gas filing port (or via @ modification to the sapsrator} when & finished eccumulator is used for test purposes. ©) Metat balls or other ioosely-fiting pisces may be inserted into the accumulator in order to reduce the voluma of pressurized fluid. Such pievas shall however neither pravent pressure of the corract magnitide from reaching all areas fo be tested nor affect the fatigue life of the accumulstor (by for exampla having a shot peaning effect on tha accumulator shell wall). d) Pressure transducer(s} shall be mounted ss near as possible to the fuid port without any restriction. At last one prassure transducer shall be able to record the entire pressure wave form ‘and the cycle time for at least one cycle. It is permissible to isolata this pressure transducer and Use it only for controt measurements after certain time periods (2.g. daily). A counter shall be provided in order to count each single cycle. 2} It is parmissible to connect savaral accumulators to tha sama pressure lina and test them simultaneously. f) Gaskats and seals used as an intecfaca with the test circuit shall not be considerad as part of the ‘pressure-containing envelope. It is permissible to substitute these parts in the case of failure. ‘Other seal components with @ spsciic sealing function within the gas-oaded accumulator e.g. rims of diaphragms, bladders with valve assemblies etc. shall bs considered as part of the pressure-contsining envalope, 8) Safety procedures shell be used to protect both personnel and test equipment. (©) BSL s R 3 a 3 Z a 3 3 a ite of Technology, Mon Mar 12 23: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Ins’ rensed Copy: EN 44359:2006 (E) 784 Accuracy Instrumentation shall be accurate to within the following tims: — pressure: + 1,0 9 of the upper cyclic test pressure Py; — stain: #1 % of the value obtained at the upper oyolic tast pressure: — ima: £ 0,002 s resolution; — tempersture: £2 Use pressure transducers, amplifiers and recording daviess with @ combined system frequency respones euch that in the frequency ranga 0 kHz to 2 kHz, the amplitude ratio is within 0 dB and -3 dB, Instruments and procadures shal conform to ISO 9110-1 and ISO 9110-2. 7.6.8 Test conditions and procedure [Link] Test accumulators All parts of the pressure-contsining envelope shell shall be selacted at random from material batches: ‘which comply with requirements of the Technical Documentation File (see 7.2). 7652 Tost fluid “Tha fast fluid chall be non-corrosive, non-flammable and compatible with any non-matallic parts wead in the socumulator on tet. lis kinematic viscosity st tha test tamperature shall ba not greater than 80 mms, 7.853 Test temperature “The temperature of the accumulator and test fluid during the test shall be in the range 15 °C up to the permissible working temperature of the accumulator. 7.854 Test pressure waveform “The tast prassura waveform shall be in the form as given in [SO 1071-1 and depicted in Figure 7.1. 24 GMT+0000 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) HSI Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 [Link] vensed Cop. EN 14359:2006 (E) x a Key fo 1 maine nurequereners = ee Figure 7.1 — Test pressure waveform 7.85.5 Test frequency Gycle the test pressure at any rata, NOTE — The fatigue Ife of gaetoaded accumulators Is dependent on the time duestlon 7} of the prsssure variations at 2 glven preaeure amplitude. Consequently, the results of thie test on an accumulstor at a glven time duration cannot be uBed to predict the number of cycles that the accumulator wll successfully withstand st = lfferent time duration. For s given test pressure, frequencies fof = S Hz or tne durations T} > 100 ms should be sed unless astsfactory experiance of teeting at higher fraquency exdet. 7656 Criteria for failure Citra for failure are: — external laakage caused by fatigue; — material separation such as the formation of cracks; — permanent deformation detectable visually and without disassembling. GME+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSE ensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 23: EN 14359:2006 (E) 7.65.7 Test report Tha test report shall contain the following data: — part no. and type of accumulators tasted; — place of tet; — dato of test; — responsible testing personnel or authority; — number of ancumulaioes tasted; — upper and lower cyclic test pressure and AR ac: — test fraquancy and time duration 745 — numbars of completed cycles at each load level; — type of test uid; — fluid and ambient ismperatures (average); — plots of completa cycles, showing the pressure wave form (calibration before start, after fishing ‘and randomly during tast}: — reports concerning placement of sasls and gaskets (f any): — areferance to EN 14359:2008, 7.6; — a reference to 60 10771-; — remarks (if any). 7.6.6 Method of evaluating and interpreting fatigue test results using the gradiant of the strass-number curve and a probability of failure [Link] Specific symbols and units “Table 7.6-3 lists further specific symbols and units. 16:24 GMI+00:00 2007, Unconimolled Copy, (c) BSI Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 23: ensed Copy Table 7.6-3 — Specific symbols and units ei H Characteristics Unit ‘Subscript of losd level = ‘Subscript of individual tast = (Gradient of stress-number curve in limited endurance area: = ‘Number of individual tests per load level = ‘Number of load lavats = ‘Maximum allowable number of cycles for AP 2 Median number of cycles: e Probability of failure = ‘Maximum allowable pressure fluctuation range in eervios. MPa™ Ratio of load = Ratio of load during sanvics = ‘Standard deviation = ‘Scatter range = z ‘Quantile of a probability of distribution of standard daviation = * MPa for calculation purposes onl, othenwee the unit should be bar (1 MPa = 10 bar), lol Bo] =t3|~[~ Fe 7.86.2 General conditions ‘The procadure for interpreting and evaluating cyclic pressure tests shall be besed on a component stress-number curve. The evaluation leads to an allowable pressure fluctuation range to which the ppressure-containing envelope of the eocumulator may be exposed. ‘The following restrictions shall apply to the procedure described here: — the pressure-retaining parts consist of @ ferttic steel which has besn qualified in accordance with EN 14359 for pressure-containing envelopes, — where the pressure-elaining parts have been qualified for limited life with regerd to a ‘maximum allowable pressure fluctuation range, crack-exernination of thoss parts shall be performed when no more than 50 % of the maximum silowabla number of cycles has bean achieved. The accumulstor shell be taken aut of service when the cycle number limit has. been reached. The end-user of tha accumulator has to guarantea @ safe monitoring of the relevant number of cycles. The end-user shall be responsible for carrying out above mentioned examination steps. The manufacturer of the accumulator shall give the maximum sllowable number of cycies, the number of cycles for the intermediate examination and the responsibilty of the end-user, exprassly within tha operating instructions. NOTE National regulations may apply. 1. 3 Evaluation of the fatigue test results Cyclic pressure tests on representative parts of pressure equipment shall be performed, Such parts are exposed to loads that lead to failure by cracks. These tests are performed at a minimum of two load levels and are statistically evaluated. The grediant of the stress-numbar curve is calculated from the mean values of the number of cycles at thase load lavels. Taking inio account the distribution of ‘the number of cycles to failure and the number of test specimens, an ellowable stress-number curve is defined which fs related to @ cartain prabability of failure, NOTE Ifthe gradient of the etreas-number curve le lowe frarn previous teete wth einller parts (oompartaon proven by streas ansily!s) s test at one load level may be suficlnt 24. GMI+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI Institute Of Technology Talaght, Institute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 [Link] vensed Copy EN 14359:2006 (E) ‘The value of the probability of failure shall be defined by the manufacturer depending on the number of pressure equipment of the qualified type that is planned to be put inta service, A failure under sservios conditions has to be excluded undsr reasonable judgement. On Figura 7.2, at the point of intersection of the allowable stress-number curve with @ fine corresponding ta two million (2x 10°} load cycles, the pressure fluctuation range for unlimited lifetime: can be detarmined. ¥ 208 key X number of cycles Y pressure MPa (bar) Figure 7.2 — Scatter ranges in fatigue tests (schomatic) 7.66.4 Upper and lower cyclic test pressures “The pressure fluctuslion range between upper PL and lower PL cyetic pressure in these tosis shall be determined in a way thal loads to failure of the accumulator used for verification testing. Experience, eatimations and strass analysis may bs taken inlo eccount Upper cyclic test pressure: AyePs (761) Pressure fluctuation range in task: AP gy = Py =P, 752) With oad level: Pest = Fai 753) 24 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontroled Copy, (¢) BSL censed Copy: Institute Of Technology Talaght, Institute of Technology, Mon Mar 12 [Link] EN 14359:2006 (E) Number of toad levels: m22 In order to take the influence of the level of masn stresses into socount, R, the ratio of load betwesn Upper end lower cyclic test pressure, shall be greater than or equal to that in sarvioe. R,2RS 24) anf (788) fa [Link] Number of accumulators for verification testing ‘Tha number of tast accumulators shall be determined in a way which allows a realistic estimation of fatigue strangth through statstical evaluation of fast results. Previous manufacturing experience and results from comparable tests are valuable support. Annumber of at least five test accumulators par load level is nacessary. Using the well-known statistical davices of quality assurance, the significance and plausibility of tast results has to be evaluated by statistical maans. Additionally it has to be taken into account as to what extant the accumulators are representative with regard fo material properties, geometry and surface roughnass. ‘Taking into account the limited number of accumulators, only an applicable estimation of mean values is possible, Scatter ranges gained from tects shall be examined critically in case they estimated on sorias with less than 25 individual recults. Scatter ranges from test reaults have to be comparad fo values found in fterature. A value of Ty = 1:10 shall be used unless another value hes bean slatistically verified, The larger (68 note) values apply f the last results are statistically not sufficient. NOTE — arger’ meana MAX [Tyresr) Teunexaouel [Link] Statistical evaluation “Tha numbers of cycles to failure shall be sssumad to have a log-normal distribution. The mean values at the different load lavals correspand ta 2 prabability of survival of 50 %. 785) 787) survival of 10 % and 90 %. (78-8)

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