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DEBRE TABOR UNIVERSITY

FACUTY OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

COURSE NAME: Artificial Intelligence (AI)

▪ Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and
Intelligence.
▪ Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking
power", or “the ability to learn and solve problems” .
▪ Hence, Artificial Intelligence means "a man-made thinking power.“
▪ The term AI was introduced by Prof. John McCarthy at a conference
at Dartmouth College in 1956.
▪ McCarthy defines AI as the “science and engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.

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▪ Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branch of computer science by which
we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a human,
think like humans, and able to make decisions.

▪ AI systems exhibit characteristics of human intelligence.

▪ Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence

processes by machines, especially computer systems.

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▪ AI-based machines are intended to perceive their environment and
take actions that optimize their level of success.

▪ The Intelligence is composed of:

✓ Learning
✓ Reasoning
✓ Problem Solving
✓ Perception
✓ Linguistic Intelligence

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▪ AI research uses techniques from many fields, such as linguistics,
economics, and psychology.

• Business analytics
• Control systems
• Natural language processing • Pattern matching
• Facial recognition
• Data mining
• Speech recognition
• Psychology etc…

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▪ Machine Learning is an advanced form
of AI where the machine can learn as it
goes rather than having every action
programmed by humans.

▪ Neural networks are biologically

inspired networks that extract features
from the data in a hierarchical fashion.

▪ The field of neural networks with several

hidden layers is called deep learning.

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▪ To create expert systems that exhibit intelligent behavior with the

capability to learn, demonstrate, explain and advice its users.

▪ Helping machines find solutions to complex problems like humans do

and applying them as algorithms in a computer-friendly manner.

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▪ Replicate human intelligence
▪ Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks
▪ An intelligent connection of perception and action
▪ Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human intelligence
such as:
✓ Proving a theorem
✓ Playing chess
✓ Plan some surgical operation
✓ Driving a car in traffic
▪ Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new
things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

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▪ To achieve the intelligence factors for a machine or software AI
requires the following disciplines

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EmTe1012 (Emerging_Techno) Compiled by Ayenew K. (Msc)
 ▪ High Accuracy with fewer errors
▪ High speed
▪ High reliability
▪ Useful for risky areas
▪ Digital Assistant
▪ Useful as a public utility

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EmTe1012 (Emerging_Techno) Compiled by Ayenew K. (Msc)
▪ What could be the disadvantage of AI?

▪ Computational Costs
▪ Unemployment
▪ Can’t think outside of the box
▪ No feelings and emotions
▪ Increase dependence on machines
▪ No Original Creativity

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 1.2 What is AI?
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 Intelligence:
 …But what does it mean to be intelligent?
✓ Intelligence is the capability of observing, learning,
remembering & reasoning.
✓ AI attempts to develop intelligent agents.
✓ Intelligence is not to make no mistakes but quickly to
understand how to make them good. (German Poet)
 Characteristics of Intelligent system
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✓ Use vast amount of knowledge.

✓ Learn from experience and adopt to changing

environment.

✓ Interact with human using language and speech.

✓ Respond in real time.

✓ Tolerate error and ambiguity in communication.

 What Is Artificial Intelligence ???
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✓ Artificial Intelligence (AI) is usually defined as the science of

making computers do things that require intelligence when

done by humans.

✓ The concern of AI is to develop computer based system that

behave like human and emulate the reasoning power of
humans

✓ AI is the study of ideas that enable computers to be

intelligent.
 1.3 Approaches to AI – making computer:
1. Think like a human: The Cognitive Modeling
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❑ Reasons like humans do

✓ Programs that behave like humans

❑ Requires understanding of the internal activities of the brain.

✓ See how humans behave in certain situations and see if you could

make computers behave in that same way.

Example. write a program that plays chess.

✓ Instead of making the best possible chess-playing program,

you would make one that play chess like people do.
 2. Act like a human: The Turing Test
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❑ Can machines act like human do? Can machines behave

intelligently?
❑ Turing Test: Operational test for intelligent behavior

✓ Do experiments on the ability to achieve human-level

performance.
✓ Acting like humans requires AI programs to interact with people.

❑ Suggested major components of AI: knowledge,

reasoning, language understanding, learning.
 3. Think rationally: The Laws of Thought
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❑ A system is rational if it thinks/does the right thing through

correct reasoning.

❑ Aristotle: provided the correct arguments/ thought

structures that always gave correct conclusions given
correct premises.
✓ Abebe is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Abebe is mortal

✓ These Laws of thought governed the operation of the mind and

initiated the field of Logic.

 4. Acting rationally: The rational agent Approach
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❑ Doing the right thing: so as to achieve one’s goal, given

one’s beliefs.
❑ AI is the study and construction of rational agents (an
agent that perceives and acts)
❑ Rational action requires the ability to represent
knowledge and reason with it so as to reach good
decision.
✓ Learning for better understanding of how the world works
 Why AI?
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"AI can have two purposes”

✓ One is to use the power of computers to augment human

thinking,

- just as we use motors to augment human or horse power.

- Robotics and expert systems are major branches of that.

✓ The other is to use a computer's artificial intelligence to

understand how humans think in a humanoid way.

 Con’t…
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 Information filtering and summarization of text

 Writing story and poems, solving puzzles

 Giving advice in Medical diagnosis, Equipment

repair, Computer configuration and Financial
planning.
 How to make computers act like humans?
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The following sub-fields are emerged

✓ Natural Language processing: (enable computers
communicate in human language, English, Amharic, ..)

✓ Knowledge representation: (schemes to store

information, both facts and inferences, before and during
interrogation)

✓ Automated reasoning: (use stored information to answer

questions and to draw new conclusions)
 Con’t…
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✓ Machine learning: (adapt to new circumstances and

accumulate knowledge)

✓ Computer vision: (recognize objects based on patterns

in the same way as the human visual system does)

✓Robotics: (produce mechanical device capable of controlled

motion with the ability to move, see, hear, and accordingly take
actions in the world, possibly responding to new perceptions)
 Programming languages
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Two languages are specifically designed for AI: LISP and PROLOG.
✓ LISP (LISt Programming): was invented by John McCarthy in
1958.
-As the name implies, LISP is a programming language that
manipulates lists.

✓ PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic): is a language that can build

a database of facts and a knowledge base of rules.

- A program in PROLOG can use logical reasoning to answer
questions that can be inferred from the knowledge base.
▪ Intelligence or the cognitive process is composed of three main stages:
• Observe and input the information or data in the brain.
• Interpret and evaluate the input that is received from the surrounding
environment.
• Make decisions as a reaction towards what you received as an input
and interpreted and evaluated.
▪ Simulating the same stages in building AI systems or models
represents the main three layers or components of AI systems.

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 Mapping human thinking to AI components

• AI is the science of simulating human thinking.

• Because of this is possible to map human thinking to AI components.

Human Thinking AI System

Acquire information
Sensing layer
Interpreting and
evaluating the input data. Interpretation layer

Make decision Interacting layer

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▪ Big data
▪ Cloud computing and APIs
▪ Emergence of data science
▪ Advancements in computer processing speed and new chip
architectures

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▪ Cloud computing is a general term that describes delivery of on-
demand services, usually through the internet, on a pay-per-use basis.
▪ Companies worldwide offer their services to customers over cloud
platforms.
▪ These services might be data analysis, social media, video storage, e-
commerce, and AI capabilities that are available through the internet
and supported by cloud computing.
▪ Cloud platform capabilities, such as availability, scalability, accessibility,
rapid deployment, flexible billing options, simpler operations, and
management.

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▪ All the significant companies in the AI services market deliver their
services and tools on the internet through APIs over cloud platforms.
▪ API is a software intermediary that allows two applications to talk to
each other.
• IBM delivers Watson AI services over IBM Cloud.
• Amazon AI services are delivered over Amazon Web Services
(AWS).
• Microsoft AI tools are available over the MS Azure cloud.
• Google AI services are available in the Google Cloud Platform.

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▪ Transportation
▪ Home services and robots
▪ Healthcare
▪ Education
▪ Public Safety and Security
▪ Employment and workplace
▪ Entertainment
▪ Agriculture
▪ Banking, Financial Services and Insurance (BFSI)
▪ Manufacturing
▪ Oil and Gas

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Transportation
▪ Self-driven vehicles, such as
driverless cars and unmanned
ground vehicles (UGVs).
▪ Vehicles that can sense their
environment and navigate
without human input

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Home services and robots
▪ Home services and robots have already
entered people’s homes in the form of vacuum
cleaners and personal assistants.
▪ Drones are already delivering packages.

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Healthcare
▪ In healthcare, there has been a huge forward leap in collecting useful
data from personal monitoring devices and mobile apps, electronic
health records (EHRs) in clinical settings, surgical robots that assist
with medical procedures, and service robots that support hospital
operations.

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Public Safety and Security
▪ Improved cameras and drones for surveillance, algorithms to detect
financial fraud, and predictive policing.

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▪ Microsoft AZURE Machine Learning
▪ Google Cloud Prediction API,
▪ TensorFlow,
▪ Infosys Nia,
▪ Wipro HOLMES,
▪ API.AI,
▪ Premonition,
▪ Rainbird, Ayasdi,
▪ MindMeld and Meya

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▪ Machine learning
▪ Natural language processing (NLP)
▪ NLP is the subfield of AI that applies computational techniques to
analyze and synthesize human natural language and speech.
▪ Computer vision (CV)
▪ Business analytics

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 NLP is found today in the following types of applications

▪ Machine translation
▪ Search engines, such as Google and Baidu
▪ Spell checkers IBM Watson
▪ Natural language assistants, such as Siri
▪ Translation systems, such as Google translate
▪ News digest, such as Yahoo

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 “If you’re not concerned about AI safety, you should be. Vastly more
risk(y) than North Korea.”
40 Elon Musk
 THANK YOU
?

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