Transportation Project Report
Transportation Project Report
and development of Airport in Vishakapatnam
Submiited in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of the
Bachelor of Technology
In
Civil Engineering
By
Dhinesh Kanna Ramkumar 19BCL0007
Sai Vamsi Gangadhar 19BCL0022
Amandeep Singh 19BCL0093
Syed Noorh Aktar 19BCL0172
Under the guidance of
Dr. Suganya Om.
School of Civil Engineering
VIT Vellore.
June,2020.
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Design and
development of Airport in Vishakapatnam" submitted by
Dhinesh Kanna, for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Civil Engineering to VIT is a record of
bonafide work carried out by me under the supervision
of Dr. Suganya Om.
I further declare that the work reported in this thesis has
not been submitted and will not be submitted, either in
part or in full, for the award of any other degree or
diploma in this institute or any other institute or
university.
Place: Vellore
Date: 4/6/2020 Dhinesh Kanna…
Signature of Candidate
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CERTIFIFCATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Design and
development of Airport in Vishakapatnam” submitted by
Dhinesh Kanna Ramkumar & 19BCL0007, School of Civil
Engineering, VIT, for the award of the degree of Bachelor
of Technology in Programme, is a record of bonafide
work carried out by him / her under my supervision
during the period, 01. 12. 2018 to 30.04.2019, as per the
VIT code of academic and research ethics.
The contents of this report have not been submitted and
will not be submitted either in part or in full, for the
award of any other degree or diploma in this institute or
any other institute or university. The thesis fulfills the
requirements and regulations of the University and in my
opinion meets the necessary standards for submission.
Place: Vellore Dhinesh Kanna….
Date: 4/06/2020 Signature of Candidate
Internal Examiner External Examiner
Dr. Uma Shankar Bachelors in Civil Engineering
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ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
I would like to thank the support faculty of Transportation Engineering in
School of Civil Engineering for assisting us with full support during the
project work related to this thesis.
I would also like to thank our supervisor for the project on Transportation
Engineering, Dr. Suganya Om.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Vishakapatnam is a very special spot in Telangana. It is the primary coastal town of the newly
formed Telangana and as a result has a manmade port build alongside its coastal lines. What we
are planning to do is to design a simple international airport within one of the future centres of
trade and commerce within Vishakapatnam which we are trying to account for in our design of
the airport we are going to submit. As a result of this ulterior motive, we are going to present the
design of India’s first metroport ever.
A metroport is when a major part of the city is located around a public transport facility such as
airports. Here, we are going to present to you the methodology as to how we went about doing
this gigantic task and explain to you our final model.
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Contents
Page No.
Acknowledgement i
Executive Summary ii
Table of Contents iii
1 INTRODUCTION 7‐12
1.1 Objective
1.2 Motivation
1.3 Outcomes
2 CLASSIFICATION OF AIRPORTS 13‐17
3 MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION 18‐21
4 FACTORS AFFECTING AIRPORT SITE SELECTION 21‐24
5 METHODOLOGY 25‐28
6 CONSTRUCTION OF RUNWAYS AND TESTS ON 29‐33
MATERIALS
7 DESIGN PROCESS OF AIRPORT 33‐37
8 INNOVATIVE IDEAS INCORPORATED IN AIRPORT 37‐41
9 FINAL DESIGN LAYOUT 41‐44
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INTRODUCTION
Goals and Objectives
We want to achieve here 5 main goals:‐
1. Develop the airport’s physical facilities to meet the future needs of the
community.
2. Provide an airport that is safe and reliable.
3. Develop the airport to minimize and reduce environmental effects and
address environmental feasibility and compatibility in plan
development.
4. Develop the airport in a manner that is flexible and adaptable to
changing conditions in the aviation industry.
5. Improve the local trade and commerce for the sustenance of the
population explosion in major cities such as Vishakapatnam.
The main objectives behind the development of design for given airport is
that:‐
1. Locate airport facilities and so that the growth of associated uses may be
best controlled through land use planning and zoning.
2. Plan for an energy efficient airport layout to provide easy air and ground
access.
3. Develop the airside with new aircraft technology in mind so that future
development options are retained.
4. Consider the accquistion of additional land to provide ultimate
capabilities for the airport to satisfy potential demand under all growth
strategies.
5. Provide runway length to meet the year‐round needs of the airport’s
critical aircraft.
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6. Provide opportunities for the development of business, corporate, limited
commuter, charter and private general aviation activity.
7. Provide other facilities needed to support a full range of aviation services
and a high level of service to the public.
8. Make proper plans for provision of approach zones on either
sides of the runway for safety of aircraft.
9. Prepare a natural resources map of the areas near the construction site of
upcoming Vishakapatnam airport, to collect complete information about the
locally available construction materials for ease of construction.
10. Conduct soil surveying to ensure sub grade of soil of construction site is
suitable to ensure stability of airport runways and other such structures that
are part of the airport.
11. Make a topographical survey map of the area surrounding the
construction site for estimation of excavation quantities and describe nature
of property to be acquired.
12. Collect proper statistics of the human traffic movement on the various
roads which would be connected to the airport in the future.
13. Accurate study of weather and climate to estimate the variations in
several physical factors such as temperature,barometric pressure,rainfall
intensity and duration.
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Motivation
1.Hong Kong international airport
Hong Kong International Airport is Hong Kong's main airport, built on
reclaimed land on the island of Chek Lap Kok. The airport is also referred to
as Chek Lap Kok International Airport, to distinguish it from its predecessor,
the former Kai Tak Airport.
Having been in commercial operation since 1998, Chek Lap Kok Airport is an
important regional trans‐shipment centre, passenger hub and gateway for
destinations in China (with 45 destinations) and the rest of Asia. The airport
is the world's busiest cargo gateway and one of the world's busiest
passenger airports. It is also home to one of the world's largest passenger
terminal buildings (the largest when opened in 1998).
2. Heathrow airport
Heathrow Airport, also known as London Heathrow, is a major international
airport in London, United Kingdom. Heathrow is the second busiest airport
in the world by international passenger traffic, as well as the busiest airport
in Europe by passenger traffic, and the seventh busiest airport in the world
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by total passenger traffic. It is one of six international airports serving
London region.
3. Singapore Changi Airport
Singapore Changi Airport, commonly known as Changi Airport, is a major
civilian airport that serves Singapore, and is one of the largest transportation
hubs in Asia. It is currently rated the World's Best Airport by Skytrax for the
seventh consecutive year since 2013. It is also the first Airport in the world
to do so for seven consecutive years and is one of the world's busiest
airports by international passenger and cargo traffic.
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4. Tokyo Haneda Airport
Tokyo International Airport, commonly known as Haneda Airport is one of
the two primary airports that serve the Greater Tokyo Area, and is the
primary base of Japan's two major domestic airlines, Japan Airlines
(Terminal 1) and All Nippon Airways (Terminal 2), as well as Air Do, Skymark
Airlines, Solaseed Air, and StarFlyer.
Haneda was the primary international airport serving Tokyo until 1978; from
1978 to 2010, Haneda handled almost all domestic flights to and from Tokyo
as well as "scheduled charter" flights to a small number of major cities in
East Asia, while Narita International Airport handled the vast majority of
international flights. In 2010, a dedicated international terminal was opened
at Haneda in conjunction with the completion of a fourth runway, allowing
long‐haul flights during night‐time hours.
5. Dubai International Airport
Dubai International Airport is the primary international airport serving
Dubai, United Arab Emirates and is the world's busiest airport by
international passenger traffic. It is also the fifth‐busiest airport in the world
by passenger traffic, the sixth‐busiest cargo airport in the world, the busiest
airport for Airbus A380 and Boeing 777 movements, and the airport with the
highest average number of passengers per flight.
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6. Los Angeles International Airport
Los Angeles International Airport, commonly referred to as LAX, is the
primary international airport serving Los Angeles, California, and its
surrounding metropolitan area.
In 2018, LAX handled 87,534,384 passengers, making it the world's fourth
busiest and the United States' second busiest airport following Hartsfield‐
Jackson Atlanta International Airport. As the largest and busiest
international airport on the U.S. West Coast, LAX is a major international
gateway to the United States, and also serves a connection point for
passengers traveling internationally.
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Outcomes
The outcomes or the final result we want to submit to
you are:‐
1. To prepare a contour map having contour interval
which will allow the selection of best alignment of
runway as well as determine drainage costs
accurately.
2. To determine location and extent of areas from
which desirable construction materials can be
obtained.
3. To carry out the design of the pavement.
4. The maximum depth of frost action can be
determined by examining the frost affected areas.
5. Orientation of runway depends upon conditions of
prevailing winds
6. To permit smooth functioning of aircraft during
landing and takeoff.
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Classification of Airports
Airports are classified on the basis of the following aspects:‐
1. Size of Surrounding Community
2. Types of Services provided within Airport
3. Function of Role of an Airport
4. Geometric Design Standards of Airport
1.Size of Surrounding Community
Based on the size of the surrounding community, airports can be classified
into three types:‐
a. Small :According to FAA(Federal Aviation Authority) and
ICAO(International Civil Aviation organization) standards, one can build a
small military or cargo airport of an area ranging from 100‐150 acres if the
area in which the airport is being built in has population of less than 25000.
b. Medium : According to FAA(Federal Aviation Authority) and
ICAO(International Civil Aviation organization) standards ,one can build a
domestic airport in an important town or outskirts of villages with
municipality board if the population of the entire area of the given town or
village is between 25000 – 250000 population. The area of such airports can
range from anywhere between 300‐500 acres.
c. Large :‐ According to FAA(Federal Aviation Authority) and
ICAO(International Civil Aviation organization) standards ,one can build an
international airport over 250000 population. Here, one can build an airport
of any size depending upon the specifications and demand. We are
designing a similar airport in Vishakapatnam.
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2. Airport Classification According to Type of Services
Based on the types of services which is required to be provided by the
construction of an airport, we can classify any airport into 3 types:‐
a) Airport with scheduled service : Scheduled services are services provided
by a facility wherein items including people are being transported in a
scheduled manner within
Ex: Passenger, Exports, Low cargo, Air mail, Aerial, Taxi‐service.
b) Airport with non‐scheduled service: Non‐scheduled services are services
provided by a facility wherein the facility isn’t compelled to transport any
form of material within a certain period of time.
Ex: Private & business flying, Air training school, Twist & sport, travel,
Aerial photogrammetric, Industrial flight, Helicopter.
c) Airport with mixed service (scheduled and non‐scheduled)
3. Airport Classification According to Function of Role
a) Local interest airport: Airports which are being built to provide for a small
community of people which can’t be accessed easily like people in hill
stations who primarly depend on the tourists coming from aeroplanes.
Ex: Sheikh Ul‐Alam domestic airport(airport in Srinagar).
b) National system airport: Airports which are being built to regulate the
incoming road traffic due to high percentage of heavy vehicles frequently
commuting certain strategic towns and cities.
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Ex: Madurai International Airport
c) Military airports: Airports which require to be hidden from the citizens to
protect its citizens during times of emergency or war wherein the military
must participate in the protection of domestic territory.
4.Airport Classification for the Purpose of geometric
Design standards :‐
For the purpose of design standards for the various sizes of airports and
function which they service, letter and numerical codes or word used to
descriptors have been adopted to classify. The ICAO now used two elements
(reference code to classify the geometric design standard for airport). The
code elements consist of (Numerical and Alphabetical).
1) Numerical, the code number (1, 2, 3, 4) classifies the length of the runway
available.
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2) Alphabetical, the code letter (A, B, C, D, E) classifies the wing span and
outer main gear wheel span for aircraft for which airport has been design.
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Facilities in Airports
1.Runway
Runway is a paved land strip on which landing and takeoff operations of
aircrafts takes place. It is in leveled position without any obstructions on it.
Special markings are made on the runway to differ it from the normal
roadways. Similarly, after sunset, specially provided lightings are helped the
aircrafts for safe landing.
Many factors are considered for design of runway. The direction of runway
should be in the direction of wind. Sometimes cross winds may happen, so,
for safety considerations second runway should be laid normal to the main
runway.
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2.Taxiway
Taxiway is path which connects each end of the runway with terminal area,
apron, hanger etc. These are laid with asphalt or concrete like runways.
In modern airports, taxiways are laid at an angle of 30 degree to the runway
so that aircrafts can use it to change from one runway to other easily. The
turning radius at taxiway and runway meets should be more than 1.5 times
of width of taxiway.
3.Apron
Apron is a place which is used as parking place for aircrafts. It is also used for
loading and unloading of aircrafts. Apron is generally paved and is located in
front of terminal building or adjacent to hangars.
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4.Terminal building
Terminal building is a place where airport administration facilities takes
place. In this building, pre‐journey and post journey checking’s of passengers
takes place.
Lounges, cafes etc. are provided for the passengers. Passengers can directly
enter the plane from terminal buildings through sky bridge, walkways etc.
5.Air TrafficControl tower
The air traffic control tower is a place where aircrafts under a particular
zone is controlled whether they are in land or in air. The observation is done
by the controller through radars and information is carried through radio.
The controller from the control tower observes all the aircrafts with in that
zone and informs pilots about their airport traffic, landing routes, visibility,
wind speeds and runway details.
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6.Hangar
Hanger is a place where repairing and servicing of aircrafts is done. Taxiway
connects the hanger with runway so, when a repair needed for an aircraft it
can be moved to hanger easily.
MATERIALS USED IN AIRPORT
Runway
1.Concrete: The surface course we are planning to do is a rigid pavement as
it has higher durability even though the maintenance cost of flexible
pavement might be less than rigid pavement.
2.Asphalt: Aggregate Base Course.Asphalt is being provided to provide a
smooth track which can bear the heavy touchdown loads provided by the
heavy
3.Recycled Aggregate/Lean Concrete: Subbase material.We wanted save
costs and become more eco‐friendly for using recycled aggregate. We could
also technically afford to manage the various discrepancies coming from
recycled aggregate due to the fact that the surface course’s concrete would
be uniform due to precasting.
4.Portland Cement: It is being used to enhance the properties of base course
soils such as rigidity,strength,mechanical compression and other mechanical
properties.
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Taxiway
1.Asphalt: Asphalt is being provided to provide a smooth track which can
bear the heavy touchdown loads provided by the heavy.
2.A low‐protrusion 12’’ unidirectional LED inset light for runway status light
applications (red): It is part of the Visual Docking Guidance System (VDGS)
and also A‐VDGS (the A standing for advanced).
3.A low‐protrusion 8" and 12’’ bidirectional LED inset light for taxiway
centerline applications (yellow, green). It is part of Azimuth Guidance for
Nose‐In Stand (AGNIS) system.
4.A low‐protrusion 8" and 12’’ bidirectional LED inset light for stop bar
applications (red). It is part of the Parallax Aircraft Parking Aid (PAPA) used
in conjuction with AGNIS.
Terminal Building
1.Reinforced Concrete to ensure corrosion protection of steel bars kept
within the concrete.
2.Steel Rebars to ensure concrete sets in uniform shape and size as per
specification.
3.Marble for aesthetic purposes.
4.Cement and Lime for Whitewash.
5.Chemical Admixtures to increase structural strength of Terminal Building.
6.Precast Walls, Beams, Columns and Foundation to cut down construction
costs and make the construction site environment more eco‐friendly.
7.Architectural Glass for Cladding Purposes.
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Control Tower
1.Concrete to ensure corrosion protection of steel bars kept within the
concrete and stability of steel rebars.
2.Steel Rebars to ensure concrete sets in uniform shape and size as per
specification.
3.Hollow Bricks for feasibility and cutting down on costs.
4.Composite Concrete.
5.Timber and masonry.
Hangar
1.Reinforced Concrete for heavy‐duty concrete flooring.
2.Epoxy coating that provides an easy to clean surface and gives corrosion
protection.
3.Fire‐resistant interior wall coatings.
4.Sophisticated fire‐resistant systems combining water and foam.
Apron
1.Cement helps combine with surrounding elements and hardens out to
bring out a safe and reliable structure.
2.Steel trusses to reduce number of columns which are necessary to be built
for stability of airport and effectively cut down expenditure.
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Factors affecting Airport Site
Selection
1. Presence of other airports
• Airports should be located sufficient distance apart preferably 50
kilometres apart if it is located in a sparsely populated town.
• Hence,the location of a new airport depends upon a lot of external
factors such as population density, centres of trade and commerce
located within the given locality and so on.
• Landing/takeoff at one airport may interfere the operations at other
airport.
• Air traffic congestion due to limited air space may result in reduction
in airport capacity.
Represents linear distance required between airports depending upon what is the critical
aircraft put to use.
2. Land availability for Future Expansion
• Volume of traffic increases – need for more runways and terminal
facilities. In towns and other cities wherein
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• Land cost will increase in future. The current increase in terms of
percentage of land cost including tax is 9.75% on a yearly basis.
3. Topography of the area
• A raised ground like a hill top is an ideal site for an airport due to
– Better visibility due to less fog
– Permits easy natural drainage
– Clearing, filling, grading, etc easier
4. Obstructions
• Trees, sloping ground, or man made buildings, grid towers, need to be
taken into consideration while constructing an airport in a locality and
must be dealt keeping the mind the various clauses present in
environmental protection laws and laws regarding the construction of
airport.
Hence, we felt that our design must be put to the test of the
various laws regarding an efficient design which develops standard
of human life and not compromise on the existing ecosystem of the
locality in which this airport is being built.
We are happy to announce that we believe our design is
environment‐friendly with the various innovations we are
introducing in the design and functioning of our airport.
5. Wind Considerations
• Plays a major role in runway orientation
• Wind data for several years needs to be outsourced and analysed for
confirming runway configuration.
• We are using wind rose diagrams to take into consideration such
factors which are affected due to wind.
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Methodology
There are several aspects of an airport which we have discussed earlier.
In this section, we would like to introduce to you the various softwares
which were being implemented for the final design of our airport. They
are:‐
Analysis Software: 3 Avionix.
Passenger Management Software : Zamar CRS.
Baggage Management Software: Baggage Reconciliation System,
ULMA.
Management Software: AscendXYZ.
Advertising Software: ETRACT.
Quality Software: PAGODA.
Reporting Software : CS‐SOFT.
Aeroplane Simulation Software: AviPLAN Airside Pro
Load Capacity of Structural Elements: FAARFIELD
However, we will only discuss about the softwares which were important
for designing the airport to estimate future traffic and total capacity of
airport in all aspects.
1. 3 Avionix
Most avionics manufacturers see software as a way to add value
without adding weight, the importance of embedded software in
avionic systems is increasing.
Most modern commercial aircraft with auto‐pilots use flight
computers and so called flight management systems (FMS) that can fly
the aircraft without the pilot's active intervention during certain
phases of flight. Also under development or in production are
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unmanned vehicles: missiles and drones which can take off, cruise and
land without airborne pilot intervention.
2. Zamar CRS
ZAMAR CRS is a full‐fledged airline resource management system that
works in real time and uses the Internet architecture without any
programming and applications on the client side, as is customary in
client‐server technologies. Due to this ZAMAR CRS is called the Real‐
Time Cloud Reservation System. This allows airlines to connect
customers directly to their business processes, excluding
intermediaries and intermediate systems and actions inbound and
outbound of the airline which creates unprecedented efficiency and
significantly reduces costs.
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3. AviPLAN Airside Pro
AviPLAN Airside Pro is the ultimate solution for any
engineer,architect,draftperson or planner involved in the field of airside
planning,design of operations,including a comprehensive 2D and 3D
object library as well as functionality for stimulating airplane and vehicle
turn movments, designing ground markings, analyzing taxiway
fillets,planning MARS stands and more.
4. FAARFIELD
It stands for FAA Rigid and Flexible Iterative Elastic Layered Deisgn. It
incorporates full 3D finite element responses to aircraft loads. The 3D finite
element models used for rigid pavement designs are computationally
intensive and may result in long run times.
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Construction of Runways and Tests
for materials in Runway
Construction Process of Runway
The construction of runways is similar to that of roads in that the type
of pavement required depends on the loads needing to be carried, although
the stresses applied by aircraft can be very high and variable, up to 8 times
greater than those on roads
Runway must meet a number of performance requirements:‐
1.Rideability : The runway must be safe from any sort of damages such
as cracks along the side or center of runway for the aircraft to be
deemed to be rideable on the runway’s surface.
2. Good friction to effectively stop the high speed aircraft upon
touchdown.
3. Good drainage characteristics: It is absolutely necessary for the
successful functioning of an airport because a lot of flammable liquids
such as high density petroleum used in aircraft and also diffusion of
light gases with entrapped into the fuselage of an airplane if not being
channelized into the airport properly might turn out be a health
hazard center such as public markets.
4. High Strength and stability sufficient enough to
withstand shear stresses induced by heavy wheel loads and high tyre
pressures due to repeated loads of airplanes carrying passengers and
driving on the runways.
5. Durability: To reduce the costs for our clients in a capital intensive
business with lower profit margins particularly after the end of the
current pandemic period.
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6. Resistance to fuel spillage and jet blast: The materials used in the
construction of runway should be treated chemically to make it fire
resistant.
Tests for Asphalt
The tests to be conducted on asphalt which is to be used for the process of
construction of runway are:‐
1. Kinematic Viscosity:
It is used to measure the internal resistance of asphalt material to flow
under gravitational forces to check if the asphalt might seep through
the lower layers and expose the concrete surface to outside
environment which forms cracks and other problems on the runway.
2. Superpave Shear Tester
The most common use of a shear test is to determine the shear
strength, which is the maximum shear stress that the material can
withstand before failure occurs, of a material. This is a very important
design characteristic of many types of fasteners such as bolts and
screws.
3. Absolute Viscosity
Absolute viscosity is measured as the resistance to flow when an
external and controlled force (pump, pressurized air, etc.) forces oil
through a capillary (ASTM D4624), or a body is forced through the fluid
by an external and controlled force such as a spindle driven by a
motor. In either case, the resistance to flow (or shear) as a function of
the input force is measured, which reflects the internal resistance of
the sample to the applied force, or its absolute viscosity.
4. HMA Performance Tests
The objective of the HMA Perfomance Test experiment is to validate
laboratory cracking tests by establishing correlations between
the test results and measured cracking performance in real pavements
(test sections) within a very short timeframe.
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5. Mixture Characterization Tests
Mixture characterization tests are used to describe fundamental mixture
parameters such as density and asphalt binder content. The three primary
mixture characterization tests are:‐
Bulk specific gravity
Theoretical maximum specific gravity
Asphalt content/gradation
6. Flash Point
The flash point tells the critical temperature above which suitable
precautions are required to be taken to eliminate the danger of fire
during heating of asphalt due to surrounding temperature. This
temperature, however, is well below than that at which the bitumen
will burn. The latter temperature is called the fire point.
7. Asphalt Mixture Performance Test
A mixture’s rutting resistance can be quickly evaluated using the flow
number test. The flow number has been correlated with the rutting
resistance of mixtures from various full scale pavement tests.
8. Bitumen Extraction Test
This is a test which is being used to determine the binder content in
the asphalt mix by cold solvent extraction.
9. Bulk Specific Gravity
The bulk specific gravity test is used to determine the specific gravity
of a compacted HMA sample by determining the ratio of its weight to
the weight of an equal volume of water.
10. Moisture Susceptibility
Results from the moisture susceptibility test may be used to predict
the potential for long‐term stripping and to evaluate anti‐stripping
additives, which are added to the asphalt binder, aggregate, or HMA
mixture to help prevent stripping of asphalt layer.
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11. Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity
Theoretical maximum specific gravity is a critical HMA characteristic
because it is used to calculate percent air voids in compacted HMA. This
calculation is used both in Superpave mix design and determination of in‐
place air voids in the field.
Tests for Cement:
The tests to be conducted on cement which is to be used for the process of
construction of runway are:‐
1. Slump test
The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete
before it sets. It is performed to check the workability of freshly made
concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete flows.
The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different loads of
concrete under field conditions.
2. Compressive strength test
The goal of a compression test is to determine the behavior or
response of a material while it experiences a compressive load by
measuring fundamental variables, such as, strain, stress, and
deformation.
3. Water Permeability test
Water permeability test determines the resistance of cement
against water under hydrostatic pressure.
4. Rapid Chloride Ion Penetration Test
This test determines the electrical conductance of the different
grades of cement mixes and provides a rapid indication of its
resistance to the penetration of chloride ions.
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5. Water Absorption Test
To measure the strength or quality of the material. To determine
the water absorption of aggregates.
6. Initial Surface Absorption Test
Initial surface absorption test measures the rate of water flows
into concrete per unit of area for a specified duration at a
constant applied head.
DESIGN OF AIRPORT
Types of Hangar
There are five different types of hangars available based on shape and size
of hangars:‐
1. Free standing airport hangar
2. Consecutive rectangular hangar
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3. Back to Back hangar
4. T Hangar(chosen) – Easiest to construct and maintain due to
prescence of T‐beams.
5. Nested T Hangar
Types of doors available for hangars
We haven’t provided pictures on the various types of doors available in the
market currently:‐
1. Sliding Hangar doors(chosen)
2. Horizontal Bi‐Fold doors
3. Vertical Bi‐Fold doors
4. Vertical lift hangar doors
5. Canvas doors
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Sl.No. Type of Hangar Total Square Door Height
feet
1. Small T Hangar 810 sq ft 9’5’’
2. Standard T Hangar 912 – 1,058 sq 12’ – 12’5’’
ft
3. Large T Hangar 912 – 1,058 sq 13’5’’
ft
Apron
Apron and associated Taxi lanes should be designed based on design of
aircraft or combination of aircraft that will use the facility. Here grade refers
to the camber or cross slope which needs to be present in the horizontal
cross‐section to successfully build the runway leading into the apron.
Grade Standards:
Maximum Grade for Aprons:
1. For aircraft categories A and B, maximum grade is 2%
2. For aircraft categories C and D, maximum grade is 1%
Taxiway
We must follow the Geometric Design Standards provided within the
Column 3 and 4 in FAA’s and ICAO’s circular on the allowed grades of an
Apron.
Length of Taxiway‐ It should be as short as practicable (no specifications)
Width of Taxiway‐ Width is lower than runway width, speed of aircraft is
also less.
Width of Safety area‐ This area includes taxiway pavement on either side
that may be partially paved plus the area that is graded and drained.
A width of 7.5m of shoulders adjacent to the pavement edges should be
paved with light strength material.
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Longitudinal Gradient‐ ICAO recommends that the longitudinal gradient
should not exceed 1.5% for A and B types and 3% for C, D and E types.
Transverse Gradient‐ (for drainage) ICAO has recommended that the
transverse gradient should not exceed 1.5% for A,B and C and 2% for D
and E types of airports.
Sight distance‐ ICAO has recommended that the surface of Taxiway must
be visible from 3m height for a distance of 300m for A,B and C types and
distance of 250m be visible for 2.1m height for D and E types
Turning Radius‐
Radius of horizontal curve is given by: R = V^2/125f
V = speed in kmph, coefficient of friction f >= 0.13.
Horonjeff equation for calculating turning radius : R = 388w^2/T/2‐S
T‐ width of taxiway pavement in metre
W‐ wheel base of taxiway pavement in metre
S‐ distance between midway point of main gears and edge of taxiway
pavement
AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL
Air traffic control is the task of managing aircraft movements and making
sure they are safe, orderly and expeditious.
At the largest airports, air traffic control is a series of highly complex
operations that requires managing frequent traffic that moves in all three
dimensions.
At all airports the use of traffic pattern is possible. They may help to assure
smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft.
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Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five legs that form a
rectangle(two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs
forming three more sides).
These patterns are usually taking place to the leftside(takeoff and landing
area) of the air traffic control tower for maintenance of runway and various
kept in place for smooth functioning of airfield.
Traffic Pattern in Airport
Lightings
On the runways, green lights indicate the beginning of the runway for
landing, while red indicate the end of a runway.
Runway edge lighting consist of white lights spaced out on both sides of
runway, indicating the edges.
There are even lightings for center line.
Low traffic airports may use pilot contolled lighting to save electricity and
staffing costs. Blue light indicate taxiway edges.
At some airfields, the airport may also be ARCAL controlled.
ARCAL is most common at non‐towered airports. This is to save electricity
and reduce light pollution.
Note that this is a set of important instructions to be kept in mind while
trying to develop a generic design for the lightings provided to help and
assist the pilot in takeoff,touchdown and navigation within the airfield
during night.
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UNIQUE IDEAS TO MAKE OUR AIRPORT SPECIAL
1. ROBOT ASSISTANTS
One of the most exciting new ideas for airports is the use of robot
assistants in their terminals.
An impressive example is AIRSTAR, a robot at Korea’s Incheon airport.
Incheon airport claims it is the first fully functioning airport assistant
robot and is designed to help passengers navigate the terminal,
leading them to their destination, as well as answering questions.
Passengers will find AIRSTAR robots at arrivals and departures, bag
collection and check‐in areas (read about other AI use cases in the
airline industry here).
The robot uses a combination of voice recognition, artificial
intelligence, and spatial awareness to navigate the airport.
When a passenger is lost or confused, they can strike up a
conversation with the multilingual robot or use its touch screen to ask
for information. AIRSTAR even stops and slows down if it has moved
too far ahead of the traveler it is leading.
ALSOK robot in South Korea
2.Biometrics
Imagine walking from the airport taxi stand right through to your seat on the
plane without breaking your stride. That’s the ultimate goal of biometrics,
an exciting airport innovation being trialed at a number of sites around the
world.
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At London’s Heathrow, for example, trials are ongoing with a facial
recognition service that would allow passengers to pass through checkin,
security, and gates without needing to present their passport, ticket or other
documentation.
Biometric System in Airport
3. Virtual Reality
Let’s be frank, waiting in an airport can be dull ‐ especially during a delay or
a long layover.
And that’s part of the reason that a number of airports (and airlines) have
begun offering VR experiences to travelers in lounges and at gates.
Not only do VR games, films and experiences keep passengers entertained,
they also present a potential new revenue stream too ‐ a real win‐win.
Virtual Reality in Cafes
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4. Green Airports
With climate change at the top of the agenda, airports around the world are
introducing initiatives to make their estates more energy efficient ‐ or even
carbon neutral.
San Diego airport is leading the way here, with its Green Build initiative of
infrastructure upgrades.
The airport will use energy more efficiently while also installing an array of
solar panels which will bring its carbon footprint down.
Construction of green airport in Mexico City
5. Chatbots
Chatbots are increasingly common in customer service (as we described in a
recent blog) and are one of the most popular airport technology trends too.
For example, London’s Gatwick airport has developed a Facebook
messenger chatbot named Gail which will answer questions about flight
times, give directions to lounges, bathrooms or cafes, and give users
notifications about their flight status.
The idea is to make the passenger experience more personalized and free
up resources too.
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London’s Gatwick Chatbot
6. Solar Panels
With the fear of the exhaustion of non‐renewable resources, renewable
resources had a leading edge in today’s world. We got inspired from the
Cochin international airport, India’s first fully solar powered airport. We
started with a 100‐kilowatt pilot project. We found we could produce about
400 kilowatts of power from the solar panels. Capacity is 29.5 megawatts of
solar energy, providing them with 120,000 units of power every day. Every
part of the day‐to‐day running of the airport is powered by renewable
energy; from powering the conveyor belts to the digital systems. The sunny
climate has generated a surplus of energy which can be utilised when
sunshine is not present. Solar panels are laid large across the land
underneath which, organic vegetables are grown. They can be sold in the
nearby areas and given to the airport staff.
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Final Design Layout
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