CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Tapioca is a starch extracted from the cassava root through a process of washing

and pulping. The wet pulp is then squeezed to extract a starchy liquid. Once all the water

evaporates from the starchy liquid, the tapioca flour remains. Alternatively, cassava

flour is the whole root, simply peeled, dried and ground said by Bryan (July, 2017).

Cassava is a root vegetable. It is the underground part of the cassava shrub, which has the

Latin name Manihot esculenta. Like potatoes and yams, it is a tuber crop. Cassava roots

have a similar shape to sweet potatoes said by Olsen and Dresden (November, 2018).

According to King ( May, 2005) chalk is a variety of limestone composed mainly

of calcium carbonate derived from the shells of tiny marine animals known as

foraminifera and from the calcareous remains of marine algae known as coccoliths. Chalk

is usually white or light gray in color. It is extremely porous, permeable, soft and friable.

Chalk dust could be harmful to allergic persons and may cause lacrimation and breathing

troubles said by Abrahams (November, 2011). According to Krishnamurthy (December,

2018) when you write on a black board with white or coloured chalk, a fine dust is

released into the surroundings. If you are allergic to the dust, it can affect your body in

many ways. The most common effects are on the respiratory system it can cause irritation

of the throat and nose, leading to repeated attacks of sneezing and a dry cough lasting for

days. If you are susceptible to asthma, it can increase the frequency and severity of

attacks. You may need to take inhalers to relieve symptoms of asthma and a long acting

antihistamine like cetirizine, for relief of irritation of the throat and nose. Another

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common problem with chalk allergy is eye irritation. The eyes become red and itchy and

you feel as if there is sand in your eyes. Frequent washing with cold water offers some

relief. Exposed parts of your skin can get dry and itchy with chalk allergy. 

The calcium carbonate is commonly found in the coral over 100 million years ago

they use it to make a chalk so that the researchers use the cassava as an alternative chalk

to avoid to destroy the corals and the houses of the fishes under the sea.

Based on the researchers’ experience, the texture of cassava is powdery and might

use to write. They think that it can be used as an alternative to a commercially available

chalk. Based on the teachers’ experience, the commercially available chalk’s dust feels

itchy when it touches the skin and it irritates it. Chalk’s dust is not good on people with

asthma.

The aim of the study is to use the cassava that are not using to make cassava flour

as an alternative chalk.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Zero Waste is a goal, a process, a way of thinking that profoundly changes our

approach to resources and production. Not only is Zero Waste about recycling and

diversion from landfill, it restructures production and distribution systems to prevent

waste from being produced in the first place. It focuses on the restructuring of production

and distribution systems to prevent waste from being manufactured in the first place.

Recycling and landfill diversion must no longer be options for “waste”, as this implies

failure. It is possible to design nearly all products, processes and services so that they do

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not make waste in the first place, and where waste is created, it is easily re-integrated

back into products and process, in a safe way said by Izwa (2001).

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

According to Baharuddin (2016) cassava root was used instead of cassava baggase.

This is because cassava baggase is very difficult to get and there is lack of reports about

the use of cassava roots as a raw material for bio composite development. Chalk-white

cassava root that categorized as a bitter cassava root was selected instead of yellowish

cassava root. It is because most of bitter cassava roots were used in industrial production

such as cassava pellets for animal feed, glue and fuel.

REVIEW RELATED STUDY

According to Esguerra (2017) chalk is an inexpensive and available in several

forms and uses. Katutay is an erect or sub-candent, half-climbing, gregarious somewhat

hairy and strongly aromatic plant. This study aims to determine the feasibility of lantana

decoction and cassava starch as an alternative colored chalk.

According to Alameda etc. (2017) an eggshell is a thin and hard outer layer of an

egg. This is very fragile and can break easily, like chalk. According to the research, the

components of an eggshell are almost entirely made of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)

crystals. It is a semipermeable membrane which means that air and moisture can pass

through its pores. The shell has a thin outermost coating called the bloom or cuticle that

helps keep out bacteria and dust.

There’s a special property that’s unique to all solid materials. This is the ability to

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be brittle. Brittleness is a property of solid materials to break into pieces. More examples

of this include glass and ceramics. An eggshell is almost entirely made up of calcium

(Ca), carbon (C) and oxygen (O) combined, making a compound called calcium

carbonate or CaCO₃. Chalks have the same compound used to make it. This is why the

researchers think it may be possible to make chalk using eggshells. The researchers want

to make chalk to help schools, particularly public schools, for they don’t have enough

funds or resources of money to buy chalks for the teachers to use.

According to Driscoll et. al (2004-2005), a chalk is a soft, earthly substance of a

white, grayish, or yellowish white color, consisting of a calcium carbonate, and having

the same composition as a common limestone.

Capis shells are used as raw materials for home decoration and construction. They

can be made into beautiful handicrafts like window sills, lamp shades, flower vases,

chandeliers, chessboards, glass covers and coaters, wind chimes, wall panels, ash trays,

among others.

This research will help the general public especially the poor because it is cheaper

in price but same quality and while making use of the cassava meat they can also extract

starch from its peel as dual purpose, in this way they can be able to save money and at the

same time recycle the cassava peel that people use to neglect said by Ma. Baya [Link]

(2003 – 2004).

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PARADIGM OF THE STUDY

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Ingredients
Cassava flour Experimental.
Water Observation.
The result or
Comparative. the chalkava.

Figure 1. Paradigm of the study

The input of the study is the ingredients of Chalkava and the process are how to

create the product or the procedure and the output is the finished product of this study.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study is to produce an alternative chalk from cassava flour.

Specifically, it aims to answer the following:

1. What can be observed from the three prepared cassava chalk in terms of:

a. Durability

b. Writablity

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2. How does the prepared cassava chalk compare with commercially available dustless

chalk in terms of:

a. Durability

b. Writablity

c. Amount of dust produced

HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY

The cassava chalk will not produce less dust compared to commercially available

ones.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATIONS

The researchers will focus on the effectiveness of cassava as an alternative chalk.

It is limited to the evaluation of its physical properties in terms of its durability,

writability and amount of dust produce.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will benefit the following:

Cassava Farmers – this study will benefit them because they have more buyers of

cassava.

Chalk manufacturers – this will benefit them to produce a safer chalk.

DepEd – this experiment will benefit the DepEd to distribute a safer chalk especially in

public schools.

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Future researcher – this will benefit them to have more knowledge about the cassava

flour that can be an alternative chalk.

Teachers and students – this will benefit them to avoid from skin irritation.

DEFINITION OF TERM

Alternative Chalk - A chalk that is not made up of chemical.

Cassava flour - The dry extract of cassava root.

Chalk - is made up of chemicals and may cause skin irritations

Chalkava - a chalk that made up of cassava flour.

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 CHAPTER 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter represents the research design of the study. It discussed the method

used in this study, the research makes an experiment to prove the hypothesis, the sources

of data, and the procedure of the study that followed by the researchers.

The researchers used the prototype cassava chalk and write it on the board to see

its writability. After writing on board, the researchers erased the written on the board to

see if does have less dust than the commercially available chalk. The researchers also

dropped the cassava chalk to test its durability.

RESEARCH DESIGN

According to Mitchell (2015) experimental research design is centrally concerned

with constructing research that is high in causal (internal) validity. Randomized

experimental designs provide the highest levels of causal validity. Quasi‐experimental

designs have a number of potential threats to their causal validity. Yet, new quasi‐

experimental designs adopted from fields outside of criminology offer levels of causal

validity that rival experimental designs.

In descriptive study of products there are many situations where comparison is an

adequate method. You could, for example, study comparable products which have been

designed by different designers or made by different producers. Or you can study the

same type of products as they are used in the same circumstances but in different

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countries.  An example of comparison can be found in the study Products as

Representations, by Susann Vihma. She examined metaphors of domestic equipment.

Among her study objects were twelve steam irons, five of which are presented in the

photo above. She found out that when studying each specimen in separation it was not

easy to grasp its symbolic message; it became easier when the object was studied together

with other similar objects or when two objects could be compared to each other.

Comparison may be useful even when the researcher is not interested in

differences but in a single case. If the interesting object belongs to the researcher's own

cultural environment, it is not always easy to perceive its special characteristics. The case

may appear too obvious and non-problematic. "A fish cannot see that it is living in

water." One method to reveal the specific nature of a too well-known object is to

compare it to other cases or specimens from another context said by Routio (2007).

SOURCE OF DATA

The researcher made used of several sources of materials which provides valuable

information for the study.

The primary sources of data were obtained by conducting an experiment and

observation.

The secondary sources of data were obtained by recent studies on library.

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PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY

Equipment

Kitchen Knife Blender Grater

Ch ee

s e

Cloth

Molder Sealed plastic

Ingredients

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 Water Cassava

Steps to make a Chalkava or the cassava flour as an alternative chalk.

 Step 1: Peel the cassava and grate it to be crushed.

 Step 2: Remove the extract of cassava.

 Step 3: Dry the crushed cassava in the sun.

 Step 4: Use blender to pulverize the crushed cassava.

 Step 5: Add some water on the cassava flour and mix it on sealed plastic.

 Step 6: Cut some used folder, make it round and use tape in front and back of the

folder that’s been cut to form the molder.

 Step 7: Put the mixed cassava flour inside the molder.

Set A Set B

The Cassava Extract has been removed. The half Cassava extract has been

½ glass of water. removed.

½ glass of water

Set C Set D

The Cassava extract is not removed. The Commercial Chalk.

½ glass of water

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 CHAPTER 3

PRESENTATION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS

This chapter contains the presentation, interpretation and analysis of the data

gathered by the researcher’s in their experimentation and observation of cassava as an

alternative chalk and its comparison from commercial ones.

The test to compare the three sets of cassava chalk from the commercial chalk.

The Durability

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This is the product that the researchers compared on each other. The researchers test the

durability of this product.

T h e r e s e a r c h e r s

durability of chalkava to the commercial chalk.

Result after the test

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 Based on the researcher’s observations the set A is the extract has been removed

and its result after the test it is the best result because less chalk has been broken

compared to the others. The better result is the Set B because some pieces of chalk have

been breaking once. The set C and set D have a good result, both of the set C and D is the

same they broke it in many times.

The Writability

Set

A Set B

Set

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 This picture present the writability test, the researchers use the three sets of

chalkava and the commercial chalk they write it on the board to compare what is the best

to write. The set D is the commercial chalk is the best to write because it is readable

compared to others. The Set B is the better to write because it is readable but it is not

colorful compared to the set D. The set C is good to write but it is not colorful compared

to set B and the set A is not good to write.

The Amount of Dust

Set A Set B

S e t C

Set D

This picture presents the test of amount of dust. The researchers use the three sets

of chalkava and commercial chalk, they write it on the black board and erase it and they

catch the dust of it to measure. The set A is the best because it produces less dust

compared to others. The set B is the better because it produces a little bit of dust but the

15
set A is the best. The Set C is good because it produces dust but not too much. The set D

is not good because it produces many dusts that can irritate the skin of the user.

CHAPTER 4

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

In this chapter, the following explained and summarized the study for better

understanding. This includes the summary of the study, the conclusion and

recommendations of the researchers.

SUMMARY

The researchers used an experimental study to test if the cassava is an effective to

become an alternative chalk, and also, they use descriptive study and comparative study

to describe and compare the three sets of chalkava to commercial chalk. The set A is the

extract of cassava has been removed, the set B is the half of cassava extract has been

removed and the set C is the cassava extract is not removed. The researchers used test to

compare the three sets of chalkava to commercial chalk. First, they test the durability of

the chalkava to commercial chalk to test it they felled it to 5 feet high and see what chalk

is the best or durable. Second test the writability, the researchers use to write on the black

board the three sets of chalkava and commercial chalk to see what is the best chalk to

write. The last test is the amount of dust it is the same to the second test, the researchers

16
use to write on the black board the three sets of chalkava and commercial chalk to see

what is the best chalk that have less dust will produce.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, the researchers figured out that the chalkava is more durable than

commercial chalk and it produce the less dust but it cannot exceed the writability of the

commercial chalk.

RECOMMENDATION

The researchers recommend that the chalkava must pulverize it well to be more

effective when used to write and must have a good molder to be more durable.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrahams, Marc. “Chalk: Is It Harmful to Health?” Theguardian. Marc Abrahams,

November 28, 2011. [Link]

health-research.

Alameda, Ysabel. “Investigatory Project : Chapter 1 – Eggshalk (Eggshells to Chalk).”

group1sciencequeens. Ysabel Alameda, July 27, 2017.

[Link]

eggshalk-eggshells-to-chalk/.

Baharuddin, Nurul Husna. “POTENTIAL OF CASSAVA ROOT AS A RAW

MATERIAL FOR BIO COMPOSITE DEVELOPMENT .” ARPN Journal of

Engineering and Applied Sciences. Nurul Husna Baharuddin, May 9, 2016.

[Link]

Bryan, Lisa. “5 THINGS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT CASSAVA FLOUR.”

Downshiftology. Lisa Bryan, July 7, 2017. [Link]

need-to-know-about-cassava-flour/.

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Dresden, Danielle. “What to Know about Cassava: Nutrition and Toxicity.”

medicalnewstoday. Danielle Dresden, November 20, 2018.

[Link]

Esguerra, Zhane Marizze. “The Feasibility of Kantutay (Lantana Camara L.) Decoction

and Cassava (Manhilot Esculenta) Starch as Coloured Chalk.” Scribd. Zhane Marizze M.

Esguerra, June 20, 2017.

[Link]

[Link]/presentation/351788781/Thesis-Presentation.

introduction to Zero Waste. (2001, September). Retrieved from [Link]

Introduction to Zero [Link]

King, Hobart M. “Chalk A Marine Limestone Composed Mainly of Foraminifera and

Algal Remains.” [Link]. Hobart King, May 2005.

[Link]

Krishnamurthy. “The Chalk & Its Effects on You.” The [Link]. Krishnamurthy.

Accessed December 2018. [Link]

Chalk-effects-on-you.

Mitchell, Ojmarrh. “Experimental Research Design.” Wiley Online Library. Ojmarrh

Mitchell, October 2, 2015.

[Link]

routio, pentti. “Comparative Study.” Comparative Study. Pentti Routio, August 3, 2007.

[Link]

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CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Jun Jethro S. Barrozo

Address: Embarcadero, Mangaldan, Pangasinan

Cellphone Number: 09487087747

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Nickname: Jethro

Age: 17

Birthday: April 17, 2002

Birthplace: Pangasinan Provincial Hospital

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Born Again

Civil Status: Single

20
Father’s Name: Juanito B. Barrozo

Mother’s Name: Agnes S. Barrozo

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Embarcadero Elementary School

Graduate (Grade 6), 2013-2014

Secondary: Metro-Dagupan Colleges Productivity High School

Completers (Grade 10), 2017-2018

Name: Lynx Jinren L. De Vera

Address: Guesang, Mangaldan, Pangasinan

Cellphone Number: 09301696031

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Nickname: Lynx

Age: 18

Birthday: December 11, 2001

Birthplace: Mangaldan, Pangasinan

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Civil Status: Single

Father’s Name: Loreto De Vera

Mother’s Name: Alma De Vera

21
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Elementary: Bued East Elementary School

Graduate (Grade 6), 2013-2014

Secondary: Metro-Dagupan Colleges Productivity High School

Completers (Grade 10), 2017-2018

22