Description
This section is from the book "Notes On Construction In Mild Steel", by Henry Fidler. Also available from
Amazon: Notes On Construction In Mild Steel.
Chemical Analysis. Part 2
Elongation, 27.0 per cent, in 8 inches. Crossways, Ultimate strength, 28.8 tons per square inch.
Elongation, 24.0 per cent, in 8 inches.
18. Chemical Analysis Of A Sample Representing ⅝" Thick Mild Steel Plate
Per cent.
Carbon ... ... ... ... ... 0154
Silicon 0.009
Sulphur 0.067
Phosphorus 0.057
Manganese... 0.468
Iron (by difference) 99.245
100.000
Tensile tests of the above sample -
Lengthways, 28.9 tons per square inch. Elongation, 26.0 per cent, in 8 inches. Crossways, 28.6 tons per
square inch. Elongation, 28.0 per cent, in 8 inches.
19. Chemical Analysis Of A Sample Representing 6½" X ⅞" Flats, Used In The Manufacture Of
Links For Hauling Chains
Per cent.
Carbon 0.238
Silicon 0.046
Sulphur 0.057
Phosphorus 0.070
Manganese... 0.652
Iron (by difference) 98.937
100.000
Results of tensile tests of the above sample (Analysis No. 19) -
Breaking strain. Elongation in 8 inches.
Tons per square inch. Per cent.
32.2 26.0
This specimen is from the same class of material represented in Tests Nos. 8 to 23 inclusive (Table No.
17), under the heading of "Steel for Special Purposes." It represents a class of steel slightly higher in
ultimate tensile strength, and having a slightly lower percentage of elongation than the bulk of the material
represented in the tables. The processes through which the steel went in the manufacture of the finished
link (shown in Figs. 410, 422) proved the excellence of the material.
20. Chemical Analysis Of A Sample Representing 3" X 3" X ⅜" Mild Steel Angles
Per cent.
Carbon 0.166
Silicon 0.023
Sulphur 0.043
Phosphorus 0.053
Manganese ... 0.587
Iron (by difference) 99.128
100.000
Tensile tests of the above sample -
Ultimate strength, 28.3 tons per square inch.
Elongation, 25.0 per cent, in 8 inches. Bending tests satisfactory.
21. Chemical Analysis Of A Sample Representing 3½" X 3½" X ⅜" Mild Steel Angles
Per cent.
Carbon ... ... .,. ... ... 0.128
Silicon 0.042
Sulphur 0.053
Phosphorus 0.069
Manganese... 0.635
Iron (by difference) 99.073
100.000
Tensile tests of the above sample -
Ultimate strength, 29.8 tons per square inch.
Elongation, 27.0 per cent, in 8 inches. Bending tests satisfactory.
22. Chemical Analysis Of A Sample Representing ½" Mild Steel Plate
Per cent.
Carbon 0.206
Silicon 0.038
Sulphur 0.081
Phosphorus 0.043
Manganese... 0.637
Iron (by difference) 98.995
100.000
Tensile tests of the above sample -
Lengthways, 27.2 tons per square inch
Crossways, 27.8 tons per square inch.
Elongation, Lengthways, 2.70 per cent, in 8 inches. Crossways, 25.0 per cent, in 8 inches. Bending tests
satisfactory.
For comparison with the foregoing mechanical tests and chemical analyses of mild steel, the following
table of the results of mechanical tests on wrought-iron bars, rectangular and round, is appended. The
material here indicated represents good present-day practice in the manufacture of wrought iron, and is of
as high a quality as could be readily obtained under ordinary commercial conditions. As the manufacture
of wrought-iron plates is no longer of the importance that once belonged to it, no comparison between the
old and the modern material need in this respect be instituted.
Table No. 18. Results Of Physical Tests On Wrought-Iron Bars, Rectangular And Round
No. Elongation in
Ultimate tensile
Description of 8 inches.
strength. Tons per Remarks.
of section tested.
sq. inch.
test. Per cent.
Wrought-iron
bars.
3½" square from These bars were specified to have not less
1 22.3 12.0
6'11" to 7' 8" long than 22 tons ultimate tensile strength per
2 "" 22.8 17.0 square inch, and 10 per cent, elongation in 8
inches
3 "" 20.3 8.0
4 "" 221 22.5 27.0 24.0
5 '"
6 "" 22.5 27.0
7 "" 223 26.0
8 "" 22.5 27.0
9 "" 223 26.0
10 "" 24.1 21.0
11 "" 23.6 22.0 Forge tests were satisfactory
12 "" 23.5 23.0 "
13 "" 23.3 23.0 "
14 "" 23.3 24.5 "
15 "" 22.3 24.0 "
16 "" 22.6 27.5 "
No. Elongation in 8
Ultimate tensile
Description of inches.
strength. Tons per Remarks.
of section tested.
sq. inch.
test. Per cent.
Wrought-iron bars.
3½" square from 6'
17 22.9 21.5 Forge tests were satis-factory
11" to 7' 8" long
18 "" 23.2 24.0 "
Wrought-iron flats.
19 8½" X 2½" 23.0 27.0
20 4½" X 1⅞" 22.7 26.0
21 3½" X 1½" 23.1 25.0
Wrought-iron round bars.
22 4⅝" diameter 22.6 29.0
23 4⅜" " 22.7 28.0 Specified to have not less than 22 tons
24 3⅜" " 23.1 23.0 ultimate tensile strength, and
25 2" " 23.9 27.0
10 per cent, elongation
26 l½" " 22.8 34.0
27 "" 23.0 28.5
28 "" 24.9 16.0. For the chemical analysis from drillings
29 "" 24.9 20.0 from tests Nos. 28 to 36 inclusive, mixed
well together, see below.
30 "" 25.4 13.0
31 1⅛" " 22.9 28.0
32 "" 23.1 28.0
33 ⅞" " 26.3 15.0
34 "" 24.1 17.0
35 ¾" " 26.2 26.0
36 "" 23.9 18.0
se mechanical tests are described by tests Nos. 28 to 36 inclusive (Table No. 18) is of interest, when
compared with the analThe following chemical analysis of a mixture of the samples whoyses of mild steel
given above.
Chemical Analysis Of A Sample Representing Wrought-Iron Round Bars ¾ Inch To 1½ Inch
Diameter
Per cent.
Carbon 0.042
Silicon 0.118
Sulphur 0.030
Phosphorus 0.237
Manganese... 0.162
Slag ......... 0.878
Iron (by difference) 98.533
100.000
The results of the tensile tests are given in the Table No. 18, tests Nos. 28 to 36 inclusive, the mean
ultimate tensile strength being 24.6 tons per square inch, and the mean ultimate elongation 20.1 per cent,
in 8 inches, ranging from 13 to 28 per cent.
The student will observe in the above analysis the low percentage of carbon and manganese, the high
percentage of phosphorus, and last, but not least, the presence of slag to the extent of nearly 1 per cent.;
the material is, however, of good quality.
The foregoing remarks on the mechanical tests and chemical analyses required for the determination of
the quality and strength of structural mild steel could hardly be considered complete, even in the
elementary form in which they have been presented, without a reference to that important branch of
laboratory investigation, the microscopic examination of the structure of metals. More than a reference to
this subject is not, however, within the scope of these notes, the subject demanding the discussion of
refinements of methods and of results which are beyond the more rough-and-ready determinations of
commercial tests and analyses.
The results to be obtained from microscopic investigation give ample promise of high scientific value in
the future, in the determination of the general equations subsisting between the mechanical qualities,
chemical constituents, and microscopic structure of the specimens examined, but for the everyday
requirements of the designer of structural steel-work, this method has not yet superseded the more
ordinary process of mechanical testing and chemical analysis above referred to, especially when the
comparatively small area of surface of section examined under even moderately high powers is taken into
consideration, while the amount of material to be accepted or rejected is measured in tons.
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