Introduction
Intelligence
Defining A.I
History
Turing Test
A.I Applications
Multi-disciplinary domain
Intelligence
Dictionary definition.
(1) : the ability to learn or understand or to deal with new or trying
situations : REASON; also : the skilled use of reason
(2) : the ability to apply knowledge to manipulate one's
environment or to think abstractly as measured by objective
criteria (as tests)
-Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
Prepared by: Okuku B.
Playing games:Draughts
Is a computer more intelligent
if it beats you in a game of draughts?
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Playing games:Scrabble
Is a computer more intelligent
if it beats you in a game of scrabble?
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Intelligence
Types of intelligence (Multiple intelligence theory, Howard Gardner)
Linguistic-verbal intelligence
Logical-Mathematical intelligence
Theoretical foundations
Musical intelligence
for recognizing different
Spatial intelligence
talents and abilities in
Intrapersonal intelligence
people
Interpersonal intelligence
Naturalist intelligence
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence
"What makes life interesting, however, is that we don’t have the same
strength in each intelligence area, and we don’t have the same
amalgam of intelligences. Just as we look different from one another
and have different kinds of personalities, we also have different kinds
of minds."
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Defining A.I
There is no agreed definition of the term artificial intelligence.
However, there are various definitions that have been proposed.
These are considered below.
AI is a study in which computer systems are made that think
like human beings. Haugeland, 1985 & Bellman, 1978.
AI is a study in which computer systems are made that act like
people. AI is the art of creating computers that perform
functions that require intelligence when performed by people.
Kurzweil, 1990.
AI is the study of how to make computers do things which at
the moment people are better at. Rich & Knight
AI is a study in which computers that rationally think are made.
Charniac & McDermott, 1985.
AI is the study of computations that make it possible to
perceive, reason and act. Winston, 1992
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Defining A.I
AI is the study in which systems that rationally act are made. AI
is considered to be a study that seeks to explain and emulate
intelligent behaviour in terms of computational processes.
Schalkeoff, 1990.
AI is considered to be a branch of computer science that is
concerned with the automation of intelligent behavior. Luger &
Stubblefield, 1993.
...
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History
1943 McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
1950 Turing’s “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
1950s Early AI programs, including Samuel’s checkers (draughts)
program
Newell & Simon’s Logic Theorist, Gelernter’s Geometry Engine
1956 Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
1966–74 AI discovers computational complexity,
Neural network research almost disappears
1969–79 Early development of knowledge-based systems
1980–88 Expert systems industry booms
1988–93 Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”
1985–95 Neural networks return to popularity
1988– Resurgence of probabilistic and decision-theoretic methods
Rapid increase in technical depth of mainstream AI,
“Nouvelle AI”: ALife, GAs, soft computing
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Acting Humanly: Turing Test
Alan Turing's 1950 article Computing Machinery and Intelligence
discussed conditions for considering a machine to be intelligent
“Can machines think?” “Can machines behave intelligently?”
The Turing test (The Imitation Game): Operational definition of
intelligence.
• Computer needs to posses:Natural language processing, Knowledge
representation, Automated reasoning, and Machine learning
• Problem: 1) Turing test is not reproducible, constructive, and amenable to
mathematic analysis. 2) What about physical interaction with interrogator and
environment?
• Total Turing Test: Requires physical interaction and needs perception and
actuation. Prepared by: Okuku B.
A.I applications
ALVINN
MYCIN, PROSPECTOR,..
Deep Blue
Data Mining
...
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ALVINN
Drives 70 mph on a public highway
30 outputs
for steering
30x32 weights
4 hidden
into one out of
units
four hidden
30x32 pixels unit
as inputs
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Knowledge-based systems
Medical Diagnosis - MYCIN
1971, A program that could diagnose blood infections. It had
450 rules
Mineral Prospecting - PROSPECTOR
1979, A program that with geological data. It recommended
exploratory drilling sites that proved to have substantial
molybdenum deposits.
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Data Mining
Which characteristics in the 3-dimensional
structure of new molecules indicate that
they may cause cancer ?
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Data Mining
An application of Machine Learning techniques
It solves problems that humans can not solve, because the
data involved is too large, noisy ...
Detecting cancer
risk molecules is
one example.
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Data Mining
A similar application:
In marketing products ...
Predicting customer
behavior in
supermarkets is
another.
Fraud Detection
1997, Credit card fraud detection
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Branches of A.I
Machine vision
Speech synthesis and recognition
Machine Learning
Robotics
Natural Language and understanding
Problem solving
Game playing
..
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Applications
Computer
vision
Image
Recognition
Language and speech processing
Robotics
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AI, a Multi-disciplinary domain
Engineering:
robotics, vision, control-expert systems, biometrics,
Computer Science:
AI-languages , knowledge representation, algorithms, …
Pure Sciences:
statistics approaches, neural nets, fuzzy logic, …
Linguistics:
computational linguistics, phonetics en speech, …
Psychology:
cognitive models, knowledge-extraction from experts, …
Medicine:
human neural models, neuro-science,...
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