Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Experiment No:

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1.1 Abstract
summarizes four essential aspects of the report: a) the purpose of the
experiment (sometimes expressed as the purpose of the report) b) key findings,
c) significance and d) major conclusions. The abstract often also includes a brief
reference to theory or methodology. The information should clearly enable
readers to decide whether they need to read your whole report. The abstract
should be one paragraph of 100-200 words (the sample below is 191 words). (See
also Components of Documents / Abstracts and Executive Summaries)
This experiment examined the effect of line orientation and arrowhead
angle on a subject’s ability to perceive line length, thereby testing the Müller-
Lyer illusion. The Müller-Lyer illusion is the classic visual illustration of the effect
of the surrounding on the perceived length of a line. The test was to determine
the point of subjective equality by having subjects adjust line segments to equal
the length of a standard line. Twenty-three subjects were tested in a repeated
measures design with four different arrowhead angles and four line orientations.
Each condition was tested in six randomized trials. The lines to be adjusted were
tipped with outward pointing arrows of varying degrees of pointedness, whereas
the standard lines had inward pointing arrows of the same degree. Results
showed that line lengths were overestimated in all cases. The size of error
increased with decreasing arrowhead angles. For line orientation, overestimation
was greatest when the lines were horizontal. This last is contrary to our
expectations. Further, the two factors functioned independently in their effects
on subjects’ point of subjective equality. These results have important
implications for human factors design applications such as graphical display

1.2 Introduction
more narrowly focused than the abstract. It states a) the objective of the
experiment and b) provides the reader with background to the experiment. State
the topic of your report clearly and concisely, in one or two sentences. When
determining the objective, be sure to identify the end goal of the experiment itself,
not the pedagogical goal of the experiment:
The objective of this experiment was to learn how to use the SEM.
(The Professor’s reason for having you do the lab, but not the objective of
the lab itself).
The objective of the experiment was to determine the composition of an
unknown sample using Scanning Electron Microscopy.

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(This is your key result) The purpose of this experiment was to identify the
specific element in a metal powder sample by determining its crystal structure
and atomic radius. These were determined using the Debye-Sherrer (powder
camera) method of X-ray diffraction.
A good introduction also provides whatever background theory, previous
research, or formulas the reader needs to know. Usually, an instructor does not
want you to repeat the lab manual, but to show your own comprehension of the
problem. For example, the introduction that followed the example above might
describe the Debye-Sherrer method, and explain that from the diffraction angles
the crystal structure can be found by applying Bragg’s law. If the amount of
introductory material seems to be a lot, consider adding subheadings such as:
Theoretical Principles or Background.
*Note on Verb Tense: Introductions often create difficulties for students who
struggle with keeping verb tenses straight. These two points should help you
navigate the introduction:
The experiment is already finished. Use the past tense when talking about the
experiment.

• “The objective of the experiment was…”

The report, the theory and permanent equipment still exist; therefore,
these get the present tense:
• “The purpose of this report is…”
• “Bragg’s Law for diffraction is…”
• “The scanning electron microscope produces micrographs …”

1.3 Methods and Materials

can usually be a simple list, but make sure it is accurate and complete. In
some cases, you can simply direct the reader to a lab manual or standard
procedure: “Equipment was set up as in CHE 276 manual.”
Table 1. Apparatus required for <experiment name>.

Sl. No Name of the Apparatus Rating Quantity

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1.4 Experimental Codes

This is the coding section especially allocated for simulation/programming
labs. Student should copy-paste their programs here.
Programs

• Program #1: Find the summation from 1 to 1000 using one basic function
using C programming
Input Program #1 Program Output #1
#include<stdio.h> The sum is: 5050
int main(){
int sum=0;
for(int i=1; i<=100; i++){
sum=sum+i;
}
printf("The sum is: %d",sum);
return 0;
}

• Program #2: C program to find maximum between two numbers

Input Program #2 Program Output #2
/** Enter two numbers: 34
* C program to find maximum between two 24
numbers 34 is maximum
*/

#include <stdio.h>

int main()
{
int num1, num2;

/* Input two numbers from user */

printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d%d", &num1, &num2);

/* If num1 is maximum */
if(num1 > num2)
{
printf("%d is maximum", num1);
}

/* If num2 is maximum */
if(num2 > num1)
{
printf("%d is maximum", num2);
}

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/* Additional condition check for equality

*/
if(num1 == num2)
{
printf("Both are equal");
}

return 0;
}

1.5 Conclusion
Can be very short in most undergraduate laboratories. Simply state what
you know now for sure, as a result of the lab:
Example: The Debye-Sherrer method identified the sample material as
nickel due to the measured crystal structure (fcc) and atomic radius
(approximately 0.124 nm).
Notice that, after the material is identified in the example above, the
writer provides a justification. We know it is nickel because of its structure and
size. This makes a sound and sufficient conclusion. Generally, this is enough;
however, the conclusion might also be a place to discuss weaknesses of
experimental design, what future work needs to be done to extend your
conclusions, or what the implications of your conclusion are. (See also
Components of Reports / Conclusions)

1.6 Questions and Answers

Question should be gathered from the lab manual, or the lab instructor
will share the questions.

• Q-1: What is …XYZ?

o A-1: .xyz is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's
New generic top-level domain Program, and became available to the
general public on June 2, 2014

• Q-2: What is …
o A-2: .xyz is a top-level domain name. It was proposed in ICANN's
New generic top-level domain Program, and became available to the
general public on June 2, 2014

1.7 References

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Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Experiment No:
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include your lab manual and any outside reading you have done. (See
Online Handbook / Accurate Documentation for an appropriate way to
reference in your field)
include your lab manual and any outside reading you have done.
(See Online Handbook / Accurate Documentation for an appropriate way to
reference in your field)

1.8 Appendices
typically include such elements as raw data, calculations, graphs
pictures or tables that have not been included in the report itself. Each kind of
item should be contained in a separate appendix. Make sure you refer to each
appendix at least once in your report. For example, the results section might
begin by noting: “Micrographs printed from the Scanning Electron Microscope
are contained in Appendix A.”

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