Music music, eloquence, poetry, and education in

Lesson 1: Japan Japanese Shinto.

Instrumental Music of Japan Wind Instruments (Aerophone)
Traditional Japanese music is basically meditative in 1. Shakuhachi – the most famous flute made from
character. Its performance is highly ritualized, as much in bamboo. It has four or five finger holes on the
the music itself, as in the composure of the musicians front face and a thumbhole on the rear face. As
when performing it. Japanese chamber and solo music with other instruments above, it was imported
have a slow meditative pace. from China for gagaku.
2. Nokan – a parallel, bamboo flute (fue) is the only
The performance of Japanese music has traditionally been melodic instrument used in noh. The melody of
of a spiritual character, similarly to martial arts and other the flute has no specific pitch relationship with the
forms of art such as the tea ceremony and calligraphy. It is melody of the chanting.
usually about religious festivals, work, dance, love, and 3. Hichiriki – is a double reed Japanese flute (fue)
regional songs. Audiences are looking for this self-mastery used as one of two main melodic instruments in
in musicians. This is the reason why music has become Japanese gagaku music, the other being the
highly ritualized. Musicians must show this spiritual self- ryūteki
mastery in their performance and composure. They work 4. Sho – is a Japanese free reed musical instrument
on an inner strength in mastering his or her instrument, that was introduced from China during the Nara
more than simply perfecting a technique of some sort and period.
providing entertainment. 5. Shinobue – is also called takebue in the context of
Japanese Musical Instruments Japanese traditional arts. It is a Japanese
 Percussion Instruments (Membranophone) transverse flute or fue that has a highpitched
1. Odaiko (big drum) – The physical energy and sheer sound.
excitement of an odaiko performance is an 6. Ryūteki – literally "dragon flute" is a Japanese
integral part of many Japanese matsuri (festivals). transverse fue made of bamboo. It is used in
2. Tsuzumi (hourglass-shape) – There are two gagaku.
varieties, the smaller kotsuzumi and the larger Lesson 2: China
otsuzumi. They are used in both For several thousand years Chinese culture was dominated
noh and kabuki performances. The kotsuzumi is by the teachings of the philosopher Confucius. He
held on the right shoulder and the player alters conceived music in the highest sense as a means of
the tone by squeezing the laces. The otsuzumi is calming the passion and of dispelling unrest and lust,
placed on the left thigh. Like all other traditional rather than as a form of amusement.
arts in Japan, there are several schools of tsuzumi Traditionally, the Chinese believed that sound influences
matsuri (festivals). the harmony of the universe. Significantly, one of the most
3. Tsuridaiko – a large hanging barrel drum important duties of the first emperor of each new dynasty
4. Taiko – is a Japanese drum that comes in various was to search out and establish that dynasty’s through
sizes and is used to play a variety of musical standard of pitch. A result of this philosophical orientation
genres. It has become particularly popular in was that the Chinese theoretically opposed music
recent years as the central instrument of performed solely for entertainment.
percussion ensembles whose repertory is based Chinese Musical Instruments
on a variety of folk and festival music of the past. 1. Yueqin – a moon-shaped lute with shorter neck
 String Intruments (Chordophone) and four strings, played with a spectrum, used for
1. Koto – is a 13-string zither, about two meters long accompanying local operas.
and made of Paulownia wood. It is plucked using 2. Pipa – a four-stringed lute with 30 frets and a
picks on the thumb and first two fingers of the pear-shaped body. This instrument has an
right hand, while the left hand can be used to extremely wide dynamic range and remarkable
modify pitch and tone. Koto is used in an expressive power.
ensemble in gagaku or as a solo instrument. 3. Erhu – a two-stringed fiddle and one of the most
2. Shamisen – is a plucked stringed instrument. Its popular Chinese instruments. It is used as a solo
construction follows a model similar to that of a instrument as well as in small ensembles or large
guitar or a banjo, employing a neck, and strings orchestra, and by various ethnic groups.
stretched across a resonating body. The neck of 4. Yunluo – literally "cloud gongs" or "cloud of
the shamisen is fretless, and is slimmer than that gongs,” the yunluo is a set of ten small tuned
of a guitar or a banjo. gongs mounted in a wooden frame. The yunluo's
3. Biwa – is a Japanese shortnecked fretted lute, gongs are generally of equal diameter but
often used in narrative storytelling. The biwa is the different thickness. The thicker gongs produce a
chosen instrument of Benten, the goddess of higher pitch.

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 5. Sheng – also called as Chinese mouth organ and Korean music, especially in South Korea, has a rich vocal
looks like a set of panpipes with 12 to 36 bamboo tradition and diverse instruments and music forms. Folk
pipes. Each pipe is of different length with a brass songs, religious works, court music, and shaman rituals all
reed at the bottom and a hole that must be express the soul of a nation whose history is filled with
blocked in order for the note to sound. This makes colorful and fascinating tales. Traditional Korean music
it possible to sound several notes simultaneously, represents a world of captivating rhythms and melodies
so chords and melody can be performed at the whose sounds draw listeners in like a breath. Koreans sang
same time. Sheng is one of the oldest Chinese songs when they could not hold their sadness in.
musical instruments.
6. Dizi – is the traditional Chinese flute. It can have a Traditional Korean instruments can be broadly divided into
membrane over an extra hole to give the three groups: string, wind, and percussion instruments.
characteristic rattle effect. The player plays the Korean Musical Instruments
dizi by blowing across the mouthpiece and String Instruments
produces the different notes by stopping the six 1. Kayagum (gayageum) – is a traditional Korean
holes found in the rod. zitherlike string instrument, with 12 strings,
7. Zheng – an ancient Chinese instrument that has an although more recently variants have been
arched surface and an elongated-trapezoid with constructed with 21 or more numbers of
13 to 21 strings stretched over individual bridges. strings. It is probably the best-known
Its playing range spans three to four octaves traditional Korean musical instrument.
8. Pengling – These are two small bells made of high- 2. Geomungo – this six-string plucked zither is a
tin bronze, without internal clappers, and traditional Korean stringed musical instrument
hemispheric or bottomless gourd-like in shape. of the zither family of instruments with both
bridges and frets. Scholars believe that the
The instrument has a delicate, clarion and
name refers to goguryeo and translates to
melodious tone. It is a coloring rhythmic
goguryeo zither or that it refers to the color
instrument, either in ensembles or in theater that translates to "black crane zither."
music, bringing an effect of peaceful dreams. 3. Haegum (two-string vertical fiddle) – has a rod-like
Lesson 2: Korea neck, a hollow wooden soundbox, two silk strings,
 Korea's folk music tradition, with its generous use and is held vertically on the knee of the performer
of bright rhythms and melodies, offers a more and played with a bow.
energetic and capricious contrast to the nation's Wind Instruments
collection of classical music works. Folk music 4. Piri – used in both the folk and classical (court)
represents the soul and sound of traditional music of Korea. It is made of bamboo. Its
Korean villages with an eclectic array of music large reed and cylindrical bore gives it a sound
forms including numerous folk songs, various mellower than that of many other types of
forms of instrumental pieces, pansori, and shaman oboe.
ritual music. Percussion Instrument
 Chong-ak means literally "right (or correct) music" 5. Changgo – is the most widely used drum in the
and its tradition includes both instrumental and traditional music of Korea. It is available in
vocal music, which were cultivated mainly by the most kinds, and consists of an hourglass-
upper-class literati of the Joseon society. Chong- shaped body with two heads made from
ak also refers to ensemble music for men of high animal skin. The two heads produce sounds of
social status outside of the court. In this category, different pitch and timbre, which when played
three important terms are a-ak, tang-ak, and together are believed to represent the
hyang-ak. harmony of man and woman.
 Sog-ak or minsogak is a category of Korean music
traditionally associated with the lower classes or
for the general public and are vibrant and
energetic. It includes genres such as pansori and
minyo. Pansori is a kind of music presented to
audiences by skilled vocal singers and drummers.
But even the unskilled could sing these songs.
They sang when they worked in the rice paddy or
fields, sang when they went off with their lover,
and sang when their life was troubled and
weighing them down.

Instrumental Music of Korea

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  The history of Korean painting dates to 108 CE,
when it first appears as an independent form. It is
said that until the Joseon dynasty the primary
influence of Korean paintings were Chinese
paintings. However, Korean paintings have
Arts subjects such as landscapes, facial features,
Buddhist topics, and an emphasis on celestial
Lesson 1: Painting observation in keeping with the rapid
Did you know that painting started from prehistoric men? development of Korean astronomy.
They used red ochre and black pigment. Early paintings  Mountains and water are important features in
often showed hunting scenes of man chasing various Korean landscape painting because it is a site for
animals such as horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffaloes, building temples and buildings.
mammoths, and others. These types of prehistoric  Landscape painting represents both a portrayal of
paintings were drawn on the walls of caves, blocks of nature itself and a codified illustration of the
stone, etc. Some are found in China. human view of nature and the world.
Lesson 2: Calligraphy
The history of Eastern painting is as old as the civilization To the Chinese, calligraphy is the art of beautiful
of China. It is historically comparable to Western painting. handwriting. Traditional painting involves essentially the
Eastern countries continued to influence each other’s same techniques as calligraphy and is done with a brush
production of arts over the centuries. dipped in black or colored ink; oils are not used. In
Country Painting Subjects or Themes calligraphy, the popular materials which paintings are
CHINA 1. flowers and birds 4. human figures 2. landscapes made of are paper and silk. Poets write their calligraphy
5. animals 3. palaces and temples 6. bamboos and stones on their paintings.
JAPAN 1. scenes from everyday life 2. narrative scenes
crowded with figures and details Your paintings can be mounted on scrolls, such as hanging
SOUTH KOREA scrolls or hand scrolls, album sheets, walls, lacquerware,
NORTH KOREA Subjects are divided into five categories: 1. folding screens, and other media.
landscape paintings 2. Minhwa (the traditional folk
painting) 3. Four gracious plants (plum blossoms, orchids Enrich Your Knowledge about Chinese Calligraphy
or wild orchids, chrysanthemums, and bamboo) 4. Did you know that the earliest known Chinese logographs
bamboo 5. Portraits (ancient writing symbols) are engraved on the shoulder
Important aspects in East Asian Painting bones of large animals and on tortoise shells?
 Landscape painting was regarded as the highest
form of Chinese painting. They also consider the For this reason, the script found on these objects is
three concepts of their arts: Heaven, Earth, and commonly called jiaguwen, or shell-and-bone script. It
Humankind (Yin-Yang). Chinese society, basically was said that Cangjie, the legendary inventor of Chinese
agricultural, has always laid great stress on writing, got his ideas from observing animals’ footprints
understanding the pattern of nature and living in and birds’ claw marks on the sand as well as other natural
accordance with it. Oriental artists often created phenomena. He then started to work out simple images
landscapes rather than paintings with the human from what he conceived as representing different objects
figure as subjects. such as:
 Silk was often used as the medium to paint upon,
but it was quite expensive. When the Han court
eunuch, Cai Lun, invented paper in the 1 st century
AD, it provided not only a cheap and widespread
medium for writing but painting became more
economical. Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text,
 To make make your painting interesting and images, or patterns used widely throughout East Asia. It
realistic apply these Six Principles of Chinese
originated in China as a method of printing on textiles but
Painting established by Xie He, a writer, art
eventually became a method for printing on paper.
historian and critic in 5th century China.
1. Observe rhythm and movements. .  This method was adapted in Japan during the Edo
2. Leave spaces for the eyes to rest. period (1603- 1867) and became one of their
3. Use brush in calligraphy. oldest and most highly developed visual arts.
4. Use colors correctly.  The most common theme in Japan for printmaking
5. Live up to tradition by copying the master’s describes scenes from everyday life. It narrates
artwork. the scene and is often packed with figures and
6. Copy the correct proportion of the objects and detail.
nature. Japanese Ukiyo-e
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  The best known and most popular style of Rooster Courtship
Japanese art is ukiyo-e, which is Japanese for  The rooster is assigned to be the "negotiator",
"pictures of the floating world” and it is related to wherein the male chicken is left to stay in the
the style of woodblock print making that shows home of the courted to crow every single morning
scenes of harmony and carefree everyday living. for the admired lady's family.
Bulacan
Naninilong
Health
 Serenading from the basement
Lesson 1: Dating, Courtship and Marriage
Batangas
Gesture and Action
Love and Infatuation are both intense emotions that one
 Serenading with Tagalog love songs accompanied
feels for another person. These feelings are most often
by a guitar
confused for each other by many people. But the two
 Doing household chores
feelings differ in their actuality of love, intensity, and final
 Pay respect to the woman’s parents by saying
outcome.
“Mano po.”
Infatuation or crush is the state of being completely
Pangasinan
carried away by unreasoning passion or love; addictive
Taga-amo
love. Infatuation usually occurs at the beginning of
 means “tamer”
relationships when sexual attraction is central. Love can be
 is a form of love potion or charm
described as a feeling of intense affection for another
Palabas
person. It is most often talked about as an emotion
 means “show or drama”
between two persons.
 The suitor pretends to commit suicide
Kalinga
Attraction is admiration for someone that may include the
Ca-i-sing (Ifugaos)
desire to get to know that person better. Attraction usually
Ebgan (Kalingas)
takes place in the form of infatuation or crush. Infatuation
Pangis (Tingguians)
is admiration for someone while not recognizing that
 A man and a woman are separated into “houses.”
person‟s flaws. Crushes usually last for only a short time,
 The house for the males is called ato, while the
few weeks or maybe a few months. These feelings are
house for females is known as the olog or
completely normal and are part of becoming a young
agamang.
adult.
Palawan
Pasaguli
Most people begin to form romantic relationships based
 Love riddles
on love. Love is deep affection for someone and is based
 To assess the sentiments of the parents of both
on a true desire for the other person‟s best interests. In a
suitor and the woman
healthy relationship, the other person shares and
Pabalic / Pabalik
responds with the same kind of love. Learning to develop,
 is done to settle the price in a form of dowry that
nurture and even deal with the loss of these relationships
will be received by the woman from the courting
are important ways to prepare for adult relationships.
man
Cebu
Courtship - During courtship, a couple gets to know each
 Balak (serenade)
other and decides if there will be an engagement.
 Love letters (sent through a trusted friend or
relative of the woman)
Courtship is also a test of compatibility between the two
 Presents (to the woman and her relatives) Love
persons.
potions
Leyte
Courtship is an opportunity to know the background of
Pangagad / Paninilbihan
each other, including the family where each one belongs.
 The suitor accomplishes household and farm
chores for the family of the woman
Different Traditional Practices of in the Philippines
(approximately 1 year before they get married).
Ilocos Region
 Subok – a trial or test period for the serving suitor
Tapat
Tausugs of Mindanao
 serenading (harana)
 Palabas, sarakahan tupul, or magpasumbahi
 “to be in front of the woman’s house”
 A suitor would threaten to stab his heart while in
Tagalog Region
front of the courted woman’s father.
Balagtasan
 If the father of the woman refuses to give her
 The suitor begins singing a romantic song, and
daughter’s hand, the suitor is smitten by a knife.
then the courted lady responds by singing, too.
Bagobos of Mindanao
Luzon
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  Send a knife or a spear as a gift to the home of the serious relationship with a person, and it sets the
courted woman for inspection. foundation for marriage
 Accepting the weapon is equivalent to accepting
the man’s romantic intention and advances. Risk connected to dating
Courtship Practices at the Age of Technology 1. Date rape
 A suitor can court a woman through the use of 2. Use of illegal drugs
cellphones. Frequent texting and calling one another 3. Early and unwanted pregnancy
develop their feeling of belongingness until such feeling 4. Fall prey to thieves, robbers, kidnappers, or other types
develops into a deeper relationship resulting to love. of criminals

 A man can court a woman through Facebook, Twitter, At times, dating even the people you think you know
Skype or other social networking sites. maybe risky if they are just pretending to be trustworthy
but really have bad intentions.
Why is it important for couples to undergo a courtship?
It gives one a chance and time to get to know better the So what shall you do? It is important to be cautious and
character and background of one’s future lifetime partner. safeguard yourself to avoid mistakes that you will regret
1. Courting gives time to understand one another. later on.
2. It reveals one’s interests, likes and dislikes limitations,
and other aspirations in life. Going steady is a period wherein the relationship between
3. It allows couples to decide whether they want to be two people remains strong and well.
committed. Engagement – a period of agreement entered between
4. It allows couples to know if they are ready to be two people in love for them to be able to know each other
committed. and their families well enough to be sure that they are
5. It develops security. 6. It develops understanding and ready and are suited for life-long companionship. It
acceptance. provides opportunity to develop interpersonal skills useful
before and even within marriage. Time of understanding
Dating and devoting much time to explore each other‟s strengths
 is a social activity which involves two or more and weaknesses so they could adjust to one another.
people generally assessing each other‟s suitability
for a potential relationship. Dating can also be Pregnancy Related Concerns and Pre-natal Care
enjoyed as part of an already active relationship. Pregnancy - the time during which one or more offspring
The word dating actually comes from the develops inside a woman.
arranging of a time and date of meeting. - The condition or period of being pregnant.
 is a form of courtship consisting of social activities Changes in the Mother’s body during pregnancy
done by two people, as partner in an intimate  Some of the hormones produced by the pregnant
relationship or as a spouse. woman’s body makes her nauseated, this situation
 it refers to the act of meeting and engaging in is called “morning sickness” and usually lasts for 3
some mutually agreed upon social activity, months.
together, as a couple  The same hormones make the woman’s breasts
Types of Dating enlarge and prepare to produce milk.
a. Standard date – involves two people  Over the 9-month period, the woman’s uterus
b. Double date – two couples go on a date at the same stretches to hold a full-sized newborn baby.
time and place  This stretching makes her abdomen gets larger.
c. Group date – where any number of couples can  A pregnant woman also experiences swelling of
enjoy a date legs, difficulty in sleeping, restlessness, and
irritability as the fetus gets larger.
Importance of Dating Nourishing the Baby
 It forms affection and respect. The placenta is an organ that grows in the woman’s uterus
 It strengthens the relationship. during pregnancy and allows nutrients, gases, and wastes
 It gives quality time to each other. to be exchanged between the mother and the fetus.
 It leads one to observe the other person‟s character.  During pregnancy, the fetus gets its nutrition from
 Provides an opportunity for one to know his/her
food that the mother eats.
strengths and weaknesses in dealing with the opposite
 To ensure the health of the fetus, the mother
sex.
needs to eat healthy foods and takes special
 Dating in a relationship is important because it allows
vitamins.
you to get to know the person you are in a relationship
Changes and Symptoms during pregnancy
with, while having a good time. Dating helps to reveal any
 Fatigue ●Morning sickness
potential problems you may have if pursuing a more
 Sleep problems ●Heartburn
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  Breast changes ●Varicose veins
 Hair changes ●Leg cramps
 Back pain and sciatica ●Pelvic ache and hip pain
 Hemorrhoids and constipation ●Nosebleeds and
 bleeding gums
Phases of Pregnancy
 The first trimester of pregnancy lasts from week 1
through week 12.
 Your first sign of pregnancy may be a missed
menstrual period.
 The second trimester of pregnancy (from week 13
to week 27) is the time when most women start to
look pregnant and may begin to wear maternity
clothes.
 By 16 weeks, the top of your uterus, called the
fundus, will be about halfway between your pubic
bone and your navel.
 By 27 weeks, the fundus will be about 2 in. (5 cm)
or more above your navel.
 You may find that the second trimester is the
easiest part of pregnancy.
 For some women, the breast tenderness, morning
sickness, and fatigue of the first trimester ease up
or disappear during the second trimester, while
the physical discomforts of late pregnancy have
yet to start.
 Pressure on your bladder may be less as the
uterus grows up out of the pelvis.
 The third trimester lasts from week 28 to the
birth.
 Many women have some discomfort during this
time as their belly gets bigger.
 Sleep problems are common during this period.
Complications of Pregnancy

How to take care of a pregnant woman

 Accompany her in a daily exercise.
 Makes her relax by listening to music.
 Gives her lots of water to drink.
 Gives her nutritious food to eat.
 Checks if she sleeps by lying on the left side of her
body.
 Accompany her during regular and as needed
prenatal checkups.