What I Need to Know

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of…
▪ The emergence of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
▪ Key concepts and approaches in the Social Sciences

Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to…
▪ connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations
▪ interpret personal and social experiences using relevant approaches in the
Social Sciences
▪ evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the approach

Most Essential Learning Competency

Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas:
▪ Institutionalism MELCS-Pages 609-610 DISS (Week 8-10)

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module you should be able to:
1. Explain institutionalism;
2. Identify the key concepts and theorists on institutionalism; and
3. Express the importance of the different types of institutionalism

1
 What I Know

Directions: FIND AND PAIR

Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer
in your activity notebook.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. He is known as the Father of “Institutionalism”
2. This is an approach that aims to understand and a. Douglas North
analyze how actions, thoughts, and meaning that
penetrate into the social consciousness deeply enough b. Environment Systems
to embed themselves into the social psyche.
3. Patterns, routines, norms and rules that c. David Mitrany
govern and direct social thought and action.
d. Institutionalism
4. Refers to social practices that have been
commonly viewed as acceptable and more persistent
e. Cognitive Fucntion
than codified laws.
5. It operates through coercive isomorphism, which f. Formal Institution
places value on expediency as an effect of compliance.
[Link] are the codified rules, policies, and g. Institutions
norms that are considered official, originating from state
laws, government or organizations. h. Institutional Actors
[Link] was a French political economist and
diplomat and was viewed as one of the originators of the i. Informal Institution
European Union. He saw how the needs of the state are
to be achieved through the principle of supranationality. j. Jean Monnet
[Link] refers to the people who make up society,
whose actions are controlled and regulated by k. Regulative Function
institutions.
[Link] operates through mimetic isomorphism, which
places values on what is being complied with by others.
10. He was known as a Romanian-born Bristish
scholar, historian, and political theorist and considered
as the father of functionalism in international relations,
which is classified under liberal institutionalism.

2
 What’s In

Rational choice theory banks on the key idea that humans are actively
calculating the pros and cons of a particular choice, which affects the behaviors that
they exhibit. These choices are often determined by an individual‟s preferences and
the extent by which he or she perceives them as immediate needs or wants. This
theory remains relevant today in providing an analytical lens for understanding the
choice that humans make especially with regard to deviant use.

What’s New

Activity 1: PICTURE ANALYSIS

Study the pictures below, and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers
in your activity notebook.

[Link]
[Link]/images?q=tbn%3AANd9GcQfNpnmuSt_W2hEl0ahFN1ofTDkDRFSacsNjA&usqp=CAU

[Link]

3
 1. What can you say about the pictures above?
2. How can you relate this to your daily life?
3. What do you think are two concepts of institutionalism that you can get from
the pictures above?

What is It

In order to understand institutionalism, it is important to first define institutions

in this theoretical perspective. Institutions are patterns, norms rules and schemes
that govern and direct social thought and action. Institutionalism, therefore, is an
approach that aims to understand and analyze how actions, thoughts, and meanings
penetrate into the social consciousness deeply enough to embed themselves into
social psyche. There are different types of institutionalism, but their common concern
is to find out the effects of these institutions and determine how these affect the
manner by which the society functions.
Institutions provide social legitimacy and survival through Isomorphism.
Isomorphism refers to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise,
change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These
functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to
provide social legitimacy, survival or both.

Three functions of Isomorphism:

• regulative function operates through coercive isomorphism, which places
value on expediency as effect of compliance. Change either happens or not
depending on external factors such as rules and laws.
• normative function operates through normative isomorphism, which places
value on complying with social obligations. Change either happens or not
depending on external factors such as accreditations and certifications.
• cognitive function operates through mimetic isomorphism, which places
value on factors such as uncertainty and prevalence of others‟ performance.

Key Concepts in Institutionalism

Formal and Informal Institutions

Formal and Informal institutions can be distinguished by what rules, practices
and norms they derive authority from. Formal institutions are codified rules, policies
and norms that are considered official, originating from state laws, government or
organizations. Examples: constitution, official law, regulation, standards enforced by
the state. Informal institutions, on the other hand, are equally known rules and
norms but are not commonly written down. Informal institutions are social practices
that have been commonly viewed as acceptable and are more persistent than

4
codified laws like that of formal institutions. Examples: Informal institutions, social
norms, attitudes, traditions, self-enforced morals

Important Theorists on Institutionalism

David Mitrany
➢ David Mitrany (1888-1975) was a Romanian-born British
scholar, historian, and political theorist. Mitrany is
considered as the father of functionalism in international
relations, which is classified under liberal institutionalism.
Functionalism, as applied to the study of states, proposes [Link]
d-mitrany-c06f2121-2823-409b-
an alternative to territorialism, which is the foundation from 9879-52f7ae639dd-resize-
[Link]
which states derive their power of authority from territory.
Functionalism explains that a state‟s authority lies in functions and needs, and
the ability to provide for those needs. Its sees scientific knowledge and
technological advancements as sources of authority from which the state can
derive its power. Territory then becomes negligible and focuses instead on
expertise and the ability to produce what is needed by the people or by other
states.

Jean Monnet
➢ Jean Monnet (1888-1979) was a French political economist and
diplomat. As one of the originators of the European Union, he
saw how the needs of the state are to be achieved through the
principle of supranationality. As Mitrany argued against territory
being the source of authority, Monnet used the argument to
erase country borderlines.
During Monnet‟s time, coal production was abundant in
[Link]
Germany, which was still under the sanctions imposed by the rg/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f
5/Jean_Monnet.jpg/240px-
Allies‟ victory after World War II. France at that time also needed Jean_Monnet.jpg
some coal. Given the situation, Germany needed some sanctions
to be lifted so as to gain some economic growth, while France needed coal to get
back to its pre-war economic status.

Stephen Krasner
➢ Stephen Krasner (born 1942) is an American professor of international
relations. Krasner argues that the American government and
nongovernment organizations should prioritize the stabilization of
weakened states so that American interests would be protected. In order
to address the continued deterioration of weaker states, he suggested
creation of institutions that will allow the weaker states to enter a market
[Link]
democracy. Krasner also argues that the formal institutions of the U.S. ault/files/styles/headshot/publi
come from decisions made by the president, but bureaucratic process c/2016-12/Stephen-D-
Krasner_0.png?itok=iZ13Ocqc

5
 convey the idea that many people decided on these matters and not just the president. He holds
that the president’s power to control, manipulate, and create policies is seemingly perceived as
being dissipated by the bureaucratic machinery.

Types of Institutionalism:

1. Normative institutionalism- is a sociological interpretation of institutions and

holds that a “logic of appropriateness” guides the behavior of actors within an
institution. It predicts that the norms and formal rules of institutions will shape the
actions of those acting within them.

2. Rational Choice Institutionalism- is a theoretical approach to the study of

institutions arguing that actors use institutions to maximize their utility. However,
actors face rule-based constraints which influence their behavior.

3. Historical institutionalism – is a new institutionalist social science approach

that emphasizes how timing, sequences and path dependence affect institutions,
and shape social, political, economic behavior and change.

4. Sociological institutionalism – is a form of new institutionalism that concerns

“the way in which institutions create meaning for individuals, providing important
theoretical building blocks for normative institutionalism within political science”.

5. Institutional Economics – focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary

process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior.

6. Discursive institutionalism – is an umbrella concept for approaches that

concern themselves with the substantive content of ideas and the interactive
processes of discourse in institutional context.

7. Constructivist institutionalism – According to multiple theorists, this is so

whether the field in question is directly denoted as or has to do more with
bringing constructivist ideas into some other field, or with bringing ideas back
into the theory in contrast against structuralist and/or system.

8. Feminist institutionalism – is a new institutionalist approach that looks at how

gender norms operate within institutions and how institutional processes
construct and maintain gender power dynamic.

6
 Activity 2:

Basic Radial Directions: Using the box below, give examples of Formal and
Informal Institutions.

FORMAL INSTITUTIONS INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS

What’s More

Answer the following questions in your activity notebook:

1. What will happen to the society if there is no Institutionalism?

2. Explain the different types of Institutionalism.
3. How does the views of Institutionalism theorists help you as an individual?
4. Why is it important for us to study Institutionalism theory?

What I Have Learned

Based from what you have learned in this lesson, write a two paragraph essay on
the benefits of the different types of Institutionalism that is applicable in your day to
day lives. Write your essay on a short bondpaper.
Rubrics:
Content-10 points
Organization of Ideas- 5 points
Format and Mechanics-5 points

What I Can Do

7
 ▪ How was Rational Choice developed?
▪ Why do people make decisions based on different

Assessment
circumtances?

Direction: FIND AND PAIR

Match Column A with Column B. Write only the letter of the correct answer in your
activity notebook.

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. These are codified rules, policies, and norms
that are considered official, originating from state laws, a. Douglas North
government or organizations.
2. He was a French political economist and b. Environment Systems
diplomat and is one of the originators of the European
Union. He saw how the needs of the state are to be c. David Mitrany
achieved through the principle of supranationality.
3. This refers to the people who make up d. Institutionalism
society, whose actions are controlled and regulated by
institutions. e. Cognitive Fucntion
4. It operates through mimetic isomorphism,
which places values on what is being complied with by f. Formal Institution
others.
5. He was a Romanian-born British scholar, g. Institutions
historian, and political theorist. The father of
functionlism in international relation under liberal h. Institutional Actors
institutionalism.
6. He was known as the Father of i. Informal Institution
“Institutionalism”
7. Refers to an approach that aims to j. Jean Monnet
understand and analyze how actions, thoughts and
meaning penetrate into the social consciousness k. Regulative Function
deeply enough to embed themselves into the social
psyche.
8. These are patterns, routines, norms and rules
that govern and direct social thought and action.
9. Refers to social practices that have been
commonly viewed as acceptable and more persistent
than codified laws.
10. It operates through coercive isomorphism,
which places value on expediency as an effect of
compliance.

8
 What I Need to Know

Lesson 4 FEMINIST THEORY

Content Standard
The learners demonstrate an understanding of…
▪ The emergence of the Social Sciences and the different disciplines
▪ Key concepts and approaches in the Social Sciences

Performance Standard
The learners shall be able to…
▪ connect the disciplines with their historical and social foundations
▪ interpret personal and social experiences using relevant approaches in the
Social Sciences
▪ evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the approach

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Analyze the basic concepts and principles of the major social science ideas:
▪ Feminist Theory MELCS-Pages 609-610 DISS (Week 8-10)

Learning Objectives
At the end of the module you should be able to:
1. Explain feminist theory;
2. Identify the key concepts and feminist theorist; and
3. Express the importance of feminist theory

9
 What I Know

Directions:
Identification. Read the questions carefully. Choose your answer inside the box and
write the correct answer in your activity notebook.

Female Feminism Feminist Theory Multicultural Feminists

Gender Performativity Human Feminism
Radical Libertarian Feminists Liberal Feminism

1. It holds that the patriarchal system that oppresses women must be completely
eliminated and that women should be free to exercise total sexual and
reproductive freedom.
2. It refers to the belief that men and women deserve equality in all opportunities,
treatment, respect, and social rights.
3. This includes attempts to describe and explain how gender systems work, as well
as a consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as whether a society's
gender arrangements are fair.
4. This explains how the idea of „sameness‟ could counter intuitively be used as an
instrument of oppression rather than liberation.
5. It is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social divide that
establishes perceived roles for men and women and relegating them to specific
roles.
6. It is a movement that calls for an end to capitalism through a socialist reformation
of our economy.
7. It argues for equal treatment of women and disapproves discrimination based on
sex.
8. It also argues solidarity among women and acknowledges that there are
differences in human capacities that are based on sex.
9. This is a theory on the creation of gender, similar to how theatrical actors create
roles identifiable to audiences.
10. This is an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on women‟s
ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices.

10
 What’s In
The theory of Institutionalism allows for a discourse on how institutions
affect the decision of humans within the frame of a society. Today, this theory finds
its relevance in creating opportunities for growth and development among institutions
whether in the macro or micro context.

What’s New

Activity 1: PICTURE ANALYSIS

Study the pictures below and answer the questions that follow. Place your answers
in your activity notebook.

[Link] [Link]
[Link]
istory/images/2/2e/Cory_aquino_obit_t content/uploads/2016/08/Mother-
content/uploads/sites/14/2016/10/pia-
[Link]/revision/latest/scale-to-width- [Link]
[Link]
down/200?cb=20121119144354

[Link]

1. Do you know who are in the first, second, and third picture and their
accomplishments?
2. What do you think is the last picture trying to tell us?
3. List down your interpretations in each picture.
4. What makes them different from other women?

11
 What is It

First, let's define Feminism in general. The global idea of Feminism refers to
the belief that men and women deserve equality in all opportunities, treatment,
respect, and social rights. In general, Feminists are people who try to acknowledge
social inequality based on gender and stop it from continuing. Feminists point out
that in most cultures throughout history men have received more opportunities than
women.
While this basic idea of Feminism seems simple enough, there are many
people who misunderstand what the goal of Feminism is. Some people imagine that
all Feminists are angry, bitter women who only want to subjugate men! Of course,
this stereotype offends actual Feminists. Why is there such a big difference between
stereotype and reality when it comes to Feminists? One of the reasons for this
discrepancy might be because there are, in fact, lots of different, specific types of F
Feminism. Let‟s cover four of those types now - Radical Feminism, Socialist
Feminism, Cultural Feminism, and Liberal Feminism. Maybe you are a Feminist, and
you didn't even know it!
Feminist theory includes attempts to describe and explain how gender
systems work, as well as a consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as
whether a society's gender arrangements are fair.
Feminist theory is a major branch within sociology that shifts its assumptions,
analytic lens, and topical focus away from the male viewpoint and experience toward
that of women.
In doing so, Feminist theory shines a light on social problems, trends, and
issues that are otherwise overlooked or misidentified by the historically dominant
male perspective within social theory.
Feminist theory encompasses a range of ideas, reflecting the diversity of
women worldwide. Feminism counters traditional philosophy with new ways of
addressing issues affecting humanity, calling for the replacement of the presiding
patriarchal order with a system that emphasizes equal rights, justice, and fairness.
Liberal feminists cite women‟s oppression as rooted in social, political, and legal
constraints. Radical Libertarian Feminists hold that the patriarchal system that
oppresses women must be completely eliminated and that women should be free to
exercise total sexual and reproductive freedom. Radical Cultural Feminists urge
women to extricate themselves from the institution of compulsory heterosexuality.
Marxist–socialist feminists claim it is impossible for anyone, especially women, to
achieve true freedom in a class-based society. Multicultural feminists explain how the
idea of „sameness‟ could counter intuitively be used as an instrument of oppression
rather than liberation. Postmodern feminists challenge Western dualistic thinking.
Global feminists stress the universal interests of women worldwide. Eco feminists
focus on the connection among humans to the nonhuman world. Feminist theory has
impacted virtually all structures, systems, and disciplines, challenging traditional

12
ontological and epistemological assumptions about human nature as well as
„maleness‟ and „femaleness.‟ Modern feminism, which began 200 years ago, has
evolved in three waves. The first wave dealt with suffrage; the second centered on
equal access; and the current wave is focusing on global equality.

Feminism studies gender and its relation to power, and the dynamics these
two concepts play out in economics, politics, sexuality, race and nationality among
others. It is both a sociological perspective and a philosophy that aims to promote
gender equality, social justice, and women‟s rights. However, the primary concern
that feminism tries to address is the oppression of women in society and the
patriarchal structure of most societies. Patriarchy, in its most basic sense, is a social
organization wherein the father or eldest male heads a society or government. The
head of the family is the father, and the mother is subordinate to the decisions of the
father. In some contexts, however, patriarchy constructs a social structure where
men are seen as more powerful than women.

Key Concepts in Feminism

Gender Ideology and Inequality

• Gender ideology is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social
divide that establishes perceived roles for men and women and relegating them
to specific roles. Some gender ideologies include women staying at home while
men go to work, and women being more delicate, emotional, and nurturing
compared to men who are more aggressive, assertive, and dominant. Gender
ideology is also actualized in how toys are determined for children. Typically,
action figures are supposed to be played by boys and dolls are to be played by
girls. A boy playing with a doll is ridiculed as being gay, while a girl playing action
figures is teased as a lesbian.

• Gender inequality is the actualization or realization of gender ideology. There is

gender inequality when the perceived role of women subordination to men
reflects hiring procedures and requirements. For example, a secretarial post
accepting only female applicants. Salaries are also unequal when it comes to
men and women.

Four types of feminism

• Radical feminism is a movement that
believes sexism is so deeply rooted in society
that the only cure is to eliminate the concept
of gender completely. Radical feminists
suggest changes, such as finding technology
that will allow babies to be grown outside of a
woman's body, to promote more equality

13
 between men and women. This will allow women to avoid missing work for
maternity leave, which radical feminists argue is one reason women aren't
promoted as quickly as men. In fact, radical feminists would argue that the entire
traditional family system is sexist. Men are expected to work outside the home
while women are expected to care for children and clean the house. Radical
feminists note that this traditional dichotomy maintains men as economically in
power over women, and therefore, the traditional family structure should be
rejected.

• Socialist feminism is slightly less extreme but

still calls for major social change. Socialist
feminism is a movement that calls for an end to
capitalism through a socialist reformation of our
economy. Basically, socialist feminism argues
that capitalism strengthens and supports the
[Link]
sexist status quo because men are the ones who [Link]

currently have power and money. Those men are

more willing to share their power and money with other men, which means that
women are continually given fewer opportunities and resources. This keeps
women under the control of men. In short, socialist feminism focuses on
economics and politics.

• Cultural feminism is a movement that points

out how modern society is hurt by encouraging
masculine behavior, but society would benefit by
encouraging feminine behavior instead. This
also refers to the philosophy that men and
women have different approaches to the world
around them, and that greater value should be [Link]
[Link]
placed on the way women approach the world.
In some cases, cultural feminism argues that a woman‟s way of looking at the
world is actually superior to men.

• Liberal feminism is an individualistic form of

feminist theory, which focuses on women's ability
to maintain their equality through their own actions
and choices. Liberal feminism's primary goal is
gender equality in the public sphere, such as
equal access to education, equal pay, ending job
sex segregation. It is broadly accepted that the
proposition of contemporary advanced industrial
societies are meritocratic, and that women as a group are not innately less.

14
Important Theorists in Feminism

➢ Wollstonecraft
Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797) was an English writer, philosopher,
and women‟s rights advocate. Wollstonecraft advocated that the human
rights written by John Locke also be accorded to women. Although
Locke‟s human rights did not discriminate sexes, their application
during that time was relegated only to men. Wollstonecraft thus, argued
that women should also have the right to life, property,
[Link]
a/commons/thumb/3/36/Mary_Wolls pursuit of happiness and suffrage.

➢ Nancy Cott
Nancy Cott (born 1945) is an American historian and professor. Cott
traced the historical roots of the feminist movement in America and
identified its paradoxes, struggles, and periods of decline. One paradox
by Cott was the rise of two feminist ideologies-human feminism and
female feminism. Human feminism argues for equal treatment of
women and disapproves discrimination based on sex. Female
[Link] feminism, on the other hand, argues solidarity among women and
files/styles/os_files_medium
/public/nancy- acknowledges that there are differences in human capacities that
cott/files/nancy_cott_photo
_credit_tony_rinaldo1.jpg?
are based on sex.

➢ Adrienne Rich
Adrienne Rich (1929–2012) was an American poet, and feminist.
She used poetry to bring to light the oppression of women and
lesbians in society. Her poems explored themes such as women‟s
roles in society, racism, and war. Her collection of poetry, “Diving
Into the Wreck”, garnered wide praise and accolades. In her
[Link] essay, “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence”, Rich
[Link]/o/harriet/2012/04/a
[Link]
defined how heterosexuality becomes an alienating and
oppressing concept that only lends to the establishment of male
dominance over women. Rich defined being a lesbian as more than a sexual
preference, but a cumulative lived experience of women and their history.

➢ Judith Butler
Judith Butler (born 1956) is an American philosopher and gender
theorist, whose key idea is her theory of Gender Performativity.
Gender performativity is a theory on the creation of gender similar
to how theatrical actors create roles identifiable to audiences. Butler
claims that gender is an action which is separable from the actor.
Gender is performative in a sense that gender roles and
[Link]
ments/220568/1825027/36- norms have already been established in society throughout
Judith+[Link]/56313282-c6cb-
0864-b426- history. Humans are so accustomed to these traditions that we
644ae847659e?t=1529000341298

15
 associate certain acts to a particular gender. For Butler, gender is not a pre-
established identity, but an act of existing in as much. Gender is a choice- a
choice to act according to how society established norms of masculinity or
femininity.

➢ Patricia Hill Collins

Patricia Hill Collins (born 1948) is an American sociologist. Her work
studies feminism in the perspective of a black woman. Collins argues
that different oppressions happen within the context of race, gender
and class and that there are overlapping instances of oppression.
Collins claims that knowing the point of view of a black woman‟s

[Link] struggle and feminism can provide a window for other similarly
[Link]/p/kgou/file
s/styles/large/public/201
oppressed groups or individuals. She also argues that the
702/[Link] dynamics of oppression must be seen from all angles, and not
simply on one form or factor of oppression.

➢ Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand (1905–1982) was an American novelist, philosopher,
and playwright. Calling her philosophy objectivism. She aimed to
use reason in order to achieve personal happiness. Her theories
and arguments were not limited within the confines of the feminist
agenda, but encompassed all of human existence. She did not
identify differences between genders because she talked about
universalities such as human rights. Objectivism, in particular, is
[Link]
/photos/5cf6a5eae764946988 living for one‟s own sake without sacrificing himself or herself for
5b9959/master/w_2560%2Cc
_limit/[Link]
another. It is a philosophy determined to find personal truth and
fulfill without the use of force or violence. She is considered a
feminist due to her stance that all human beings are equal- equal in their
pursuit of self-interests and equal in upholding their rights.

Activity 2:
Rubrics/Criteria
Relevance to the theme - 40pts
Originality - 35pts
Impact (neatness,harmony,
Color presentation - 25 pts

16
 TOTAL 100 pts.

What’s More

Answer the following questions in your activity notebook:

1. How does Gender Ideology affect our society?

2. Have you experienced being unfairly treated? Under what circumstance/s? How
did you handle it?
3. As a student, how can you promote gender equality in your family? In the
society?

What I Have Learned

Read the poem and answer the questions that follow. Write your answers in
your activity notebook.

I Stay at Home
| A Social Justice Poem by Guy Farmer

Brother goes off to school

While I stay at home
Tending to the boiling pot
On the stove, scrubbing the
Floor to a fine shine,
Cleaning the streaks off the windows,
Dreaming of being in a classroom
Traveling to colorful new worlds.

1. Who do you think is the persona of the poem, I Stay at Home?

2. What do you think is the poem all about?
3. Do you agree with the idea of the persona, staying at home?
4. What can you do to change the society‟s traditional culture of gender
inequality?

What I Can Do

▪ What is Institutionalism?
20
▪ How important is Institutionalism in our daily life?
 Assessment
Direction:
Identification. Read the following questions carefully. Choose your answer from the
word pool below. Write your answers in your activity notebook.

Female Feminism Feminist Theory Multicultural Feminists

Gender Performativity Human Feminism
Radical Libertarian Feminists Liberal feminism

1. It is a movement that calls for an end to capitalism through a socialist reformation

of our economy.
2. It argues for equal treatment of women and disapproves discrimination based on
sex.
3. It also argues solidarity among women and acknowledges that there are
differences in human capacities that are based on sex.
4. This is a theory on the creation of gender similar to how theatrical actors create
roles identifiable to audiences.
5. This is an individualistic form of feminist theory, which focuses on
women's ability to maintain their equality through their own actions and choices.

6. It holds that the patriarchal system that oppresses women must be completely
eliminated and that women should be free to exercise total sexual and
reproductive freedom.
7. It refers to the belief that men and women deserve equality in all opportunities,
treatment, respect, and social rights.
8. This includes attempts to describe and explain how gender systems work, as well
as a consideration of normative or ethical issues, such as whether a society's
gender arrangements are fair.
9. This explains how the idea of „sameness‟ could counter intuitively be used as an
instrument of oppression rather than liberation.
10. It is a social belief that supports gender inequality. It is a social divide that
establishes perceived roles for men and women and relegating them to specific
roles.

Additional Acti vi t ies

Choose three (3) significant women that have a great impact in your life, and explain
how they have inspired you as a student. Write answer in your activity notebook.

21
Glossary
Cognitive function – operates through mimetic isomorphism, which places value on
factors such as uncertainly and prevalence of others‟ performance.
Feminist institutionalism – is a new institutionalist approach that looks at how
gender norms operate within institutions and how institutional processes construct
and maintain gender power dynamics.
Institutions – are patterns, norms rules and schemes that govern and direct social
thought and action.
Institutionalism – is an approach that aims to understand and analyze how actions,
thoughts, and meanings penetrate into the social consciousness deeply enough to
embed themselves into social psyche.
Isomorphism – refer to the similarity in form, shape or structure. Institutions arise,
change, and persist due to their regulative, normative and cognitive functions. These
functions are isomorphic in nature as they adopt in form, shape or structure to
provide social legitimacy, survival or both.
Regulative function – operates through coercive isomorphism, which places value
on expediency as effect of compliance. Change either happens or not depending on
external factors such as rules and laws.
Sociological institutionalism – is a form of new institutionalism that concerns “the
way in which institutions create meaning for individuals, providing important
theoretical building blocks for normative institutionalism within political science”.

22