Expansions of Functions and Indeterminate Forms G1. The student is already familia: with expansions of ele- mentary functions using Binomial Theorem. In this chapter we shall expand the given function as an infinite convergent scries in the form dptayx+a-x*-+...+a,x"+--., known as power series. It is assumed that all the functions dealt here possess finite and con- tinuows derivatives of ail orders for the values of variables under consideration and are capable of expansions as power series. 62. Maclaurin's Theorem If a function f(x) cam be expanded as an infinite convergent series of positive integral power of x, then SOP ONV+AS OF FO) on A $000) where f"(0) stands for nth derivative of f(x) at x= Proof. Since f(x) is capable of being expanded as an infinite series, let SC) Sag bayxbayt age tat +... =) By successive differentiation, we get SCO a, 42.02x43.0:x"4 dae... SC) 2.43.2. 24+-4.3.04x +o. SOC) = 3.2.05 4-4.3.2.04x Substituting x=0, successively in (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get fO)=ay or ao—=f(0) S'O=a, or a=7'0) S'(O)=2.49 or Lo ss SO)=3.2.a, or a,= FG ana so on‘Substituting the values of ao, 41, @2, as, etc. in (1), we get Rey xan x” SISO +S O)+ 77 F O+35 Ff (0)+---+ atl" O)+, The series on the R.H.S. is known as Maclaurin’s Series. Note 1. Another useful form of the above series for the function »=f{(x) is, I=Y=W)oFODE+ 0 Fp 7 +Ono aT oboe where (yn) Stands for the mth derivative of y at x20. 63. Expansion of sin x Let f(x)=sin x “. {(0)=0 Sf'(x) =cos x S'O)=1 S'(xda—sin x f'(0)=0 S''(x)=—Cos x tO. f'*(0)=sin x S**(0)=0 and so on. The values of derivatives atx=O are repeated in cycles of 0, 1, 0, = By Malcaurin’s Theorem, we wave fe) =f0) +f 0) + FS ro+k SrrO+e, FO) +. “Sin x= x a —#+e Aliter Here f(x)=sin x - nt . f(x)=sin ( at) Putting x=0 on both sides, we have S(O)esin Substituting n=0, 1, 2, 3, ..., we get FO) , A, ’ g ‘@=sin zo S'(0)=sin ==0 F"Oesin FF = J'*(0)=sin 2x=0 and so on. Hence by Maclaurin’ 's Theorem, we have x E xé sin x=x— atts FiteEXPANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE FORMS 135 64, Expansion of a* Let f(x) =a? 2. (0) =a°=1 S ()= a7 loga J'O)=log a SCX) = a? (log a)? £'(0)=(og a)? £10) =(og a)* S'"() =a? (log a)? Proceeding in this manner, we have, f"(0)=(log a)" By Maclaurin’s theorem, we have LDAOS OFS OFF SO + Ty at =1 F(x log a) +54 Ge log ate. (log ob tgp Glog a+. F"O) +... Note. The expansion of e* can be obtained by putting a=c, in the above result so that log a=log e= . etelaxt Seb ee... 7 2! 31 = nt 65, Expansion of log (1-+x) Let f(x)=log (1+ >) ©. CO)=log 1=0 oda “(0)= SO=TEE F'O)=1 “=, “(= — S°O= Ga F°O)=—1 £7@= GREP £7"@)=21 Siete WEARS) p09) = —31 and so on. By Maclaurin’s Theorem, we have WSOFS OB SOF Fy srO+ A FO+-- 2 log Gta—x4+ 2) n+ > oy xt xt tT aot =x— J Expansion of log (1—x) can be obtained by replacing Q)+ aT {-@G)}+..- Note. x by (=x), in the above result, “log U—x).=136 ENGINEERING MATHEMATIOg Example 1. Show that 2 2 sins? x=x+ Het F a z x44 Ot . Hence find the value of ™. Sol. Let y=sin"?x 4 Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, “(1) n=T a) or yi (l—x)= Differentiating again W.T.L. x, we get 2ysy1—39)—2y2.x=0" or yx(1—x*)—yyx=0 (3) Differentiating both sides of (3), n times using Leibnite; Theorem. . Dnt) 47°C Yat (—29)+7C2. Pal —2)] —Tynta x+°Cs-yn-l]=0 or x") ynt2— (20+ 1) x¥nta— nin =0 wwl(4) Putting x=0 in (1), (2), (3) and (4) we get O=0, o=1, (¥2)o=0 a and (nt2)0—77(Yno=0 or (Ont)0=n*Yn)o (0 Substituting n=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. in (6), we get On=17 (i)ysl? ty Oden Odo=2.0)0— Lv Odert On)o=5*.(ys)o= 57.38.12, By Maclaurin’s Theorem, xt robes a dot Over F am +3 “ot é Eva Fr x ya sin? x= Otx1+ F. o+ = res o+ a7! pt 2385 a oF Fy" or sin mat BE gay IE gy VE atteEXPANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE FORMS 137 Putting s=24 on both sides, we get wt Dota l(1V, 3 (Ly sin™ 2aatela) tale) t- = a 0°5000-+-0°0208+-0°0023=0°5231 =3'1386—3°14 (approximately) Example 2. Expand tan ($+ jin ascending powers of x. Hence find the value of tan 45° 30' to four places of decimals. Sol. Let Sed=tan( zy x) £(0)=tan (=)=: S'@=set (F+x ) o f@)=sec? F—2 f°) =2 sec (= +x ) tan (=+* ) =2 {tant (#+* t tan ( +x) =2{ tan ($+ J+ tan? ($+ J} “ S°O)=4 S)=2 { sect (3+ )+3 tant( Fx ) sec? (+= yt 2 scet( F +x yf 143 tant ($+ y} =2 {i+tant (F +x J} +3 tant (4 +x yy - —2{ 144 tan?( B4+x )+3 tan'( += )} 2 S'’'O=16 FPO)=2 { 8 tan ($+=) sec? (4+ ) +112 tan? (F +x ) sec* (3+ )} -. F0)=s80 By Maclaurin’s Theorem {9 =10) 42f'0)-+ AZ ro+ArOrg {T° O+.ENGINEERING MA; THEY, TH 138 . tan G +x )atd2et H @+ar O64 (80). =142xt 20+ = e+ 2 Xow . Putting = ¥=30°'= 30° ial x a tan 45° 30'=142- gp +? ° (360) + =1+01 745+0°00015=1 “0176 (approximately) Example 3. Expand log [i—log (I—)lin powers g Machen Mcorens upto the term of x and deduce the expo? of log (i -+log U+3))- Pn Sol Let f(x)=log [I —log (1~log 29] ‘We know, log (1—x)= 2 2 sad-tos[ 1-( FF —~ J] =log [1+( xt oe y eye Let xt ty +--=2 “ F(x) =log (1-2) =2-£42 =z2-7 tte -(s$+$e- 4 +4( a+ 4 e a FR. art Ete. log [1 log (1—x)]=2-+ +... eel) 7 x. ;: Replacing x by T+z in both sides of (1), we get log [1+log 4x) =x 4+2)744(1 +23 =x(1—xtx2—...) $41 —3xt- te" £ Vogl Hog l+x)J=x—xt4 2 4 2 .> ‘EXPANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE FORMS 139 Example 4. Apply Maclaurin’s Theorem to obtain the ex- pansion of the function e** sin bx in an infinite series of powers of %, giving the general term. Sol. Let f(x)=e* sin bx then SF) = (a?+52)"!7.€% sin (6x8) we) where Is S20} “ and cos 8 ae Now I7(0)= (a? +87)" sin (19) (from 1) Putting n=1, 2, 3. ... successively, we get S'O)=(e2+b?)" . sin 8 asay2 b SOT ONE. Tate? FO)=E FD. sin 20 =(a*+5?) . 2 sin 9 cos 6 2ab =(a?+b?) Gree A 208- F'' O)=(22+b2*"* . sin 36 =(a?-+57)*!? . (3 sin 6—4 sin® 6) : sey [pe ei] =b(3a?— B*) Also f(0)=0 By Maclaurin’s theorem, FOSO +S O+ Ze fot FL "O+... b(3a*—b?) AO 66. Failure of Maclaurin’s Theorem It should be clearly understood that every function cannot be expanded by Maclaurin’s Theorem. This theorem is not applicable in the following cases. () The function f(x) or any of its successive derivatives do not exist finitely at x=0. % e™ sin bx=bx +abx*+ (ii) The infinite series obtained by expansion does not con- verge. For example Maclaurin’s Theorem c; be-applied to obtain the expansion of functions like cot x, log x etc.140 ING MATHEMATICS 67. Taylor's Theorem jon fix4-h) can be expanded as an infinite convergent integral powers of " then Wa fan scrics of posi LOAM=SOI LYON es “()+- or SX) ee LE IMa +. om where f* (x) stands for the nth derivative of f(v+-4) with respect to (x-FA), when (v+-A) is replaced by wv. Proof, Since f(.v-+ h) is capable of being expanded as an infi- nite scries in powers of /, ANE MN = ag ag} agh™ ash? agh*+ sel) Let us find derivative oF feet). Now <# S(xtA= ae + feta). ae (xh) HSf'(x thes (eth) Also ary Stas (eM Hence differentiation of f(x+h) with respect to (x+A) orh gives the same results. Differentiating (1) successively, with respect to h, we get S' (xt Sa,t2. agh+3.ash?+4.adP +o SRAM =2.ag+3.2.gh+4.3.0¢h" 2d +4.3.2 adh. , in (1), (2), (3) and (4) etc., we get we Go=S(x) a,=f"(x) oh SO) =3.2.45 an fo Substituting these values of do, @;, 42 and ay etc. in (1), we obtain LAMPDLM CI+ [OL SAL PO. The series on R.H.S. is also known as Taylor’s Series. Note J._A function f(x) may be expanded in powers of (x—. by Taylor's Theorem by putting A=x—a. p Ga 2 Sad =flayt (x alf (+ FEM poy =O Sa +onEXPANSIONS OW FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE FORMS 141 Note 2. Putting X=0 and A=x in Taylor's series, we obtain Maclaurin's Series SL) SO) EAPO) + 37 roy ~f''O)A o 3 Thus Maclaurin’s Scries can be obtained as a particular case of Taylor's Series. Example tl. Expand log, (x+-h) in powers of h by Taylor's Theorem. ° Sol. By Taylor's Theorem, 2 . POEM=S COAL COE frOO+ wer 1) bene EE px) bene soa , log + log xt — fh a yt. e+... 2 Sol. Sin x may be written as sin Le+( x $-)} “Here x is 5 and his Example 2. Expand sin x in powers of ( x-3 ): Now f (x) =sin x or SF’) =cos x S'G)=—sin x S'M = —cos ¥ F*(x)=sin xBy Taylor’s Theorem, + Ime sin x=14+0— soul x or sin x=1— a 44 Example 3. Prove by Taylor's Theorem. tan (x-+h)=tan x-+(h, sin @). sin a—(h sin «)?, Sit 2x 2 +(h sin «)*, Sin Be where x=cot x. Sol. Here f (x+h)=tan™ (x+-4) aA SF (x)=tan7 x 4 1 1 L'O= TEs Treo a =Ttosecra sina f'@=— 2x _- _2cote +x? (+ cot? a) 2 cote « -=—2 cot & sint « _ =— 21-3 cot? «) ~ aE (i-+Feet? a)F =—2sin? «—3 cos «) sin’ « =—2(4 sin? ¢—3) sint o =2(3 sin «—4 sin® @) sin? a =2, sin 3a. sin? « - 3 sin o—4 sin? e«=sin 3a) By Taylor’s Theorem, S (xtid=f +e wot & , sets fre )b aneEXPANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE FORMS 143 2. tan —* (x+A)=tan“ x+(h sin «) sin = —(i sin 0)* - ee +-(h sin 2)? . si. se Aliter F@)=tan x “ S)=(—1)"? . (1) E sin” & sin no Substituting » 2, 3+, we get ==sin &. sin & Co ol Ff" (x)= sin? « . sin 2% Ff (#)=2 1 sin? . sin 3 By Taylor's Theorem, tan” (x+-A)=tan x+(h sin <) . sine —(h sin a) . 18,2 4. (4 sim oy, 1 3E 4, Example 4. Apply Taylor’s Theorem to eetene the value of AZ) , where fa) — x94 3x74 15x—10. Sol. By Taylor's Theorem, we have S(R+FA)=S)+ Af’ w+ Tt” & Eat... Put x=1 and a > o f( 1455 Ja rsh r w+ Geyrro 4h (Gb yrvo+. eb Now S()HP4 39+ 15x—10 2 S0)=9 SF) =BHEXHIS s'y=24 F')=6x+6 SF Q= 12 S''W=6 f'')=6_ All other derivatives of f (x) vanish. Substituting these values in (1), we get ll 1 1 (43 J=94+5 2 Mtge U2)+-glgr 10° =9+2°4+0°06+0°001 =11°461Ise ENGIN SEN ee Example 5. Given sin 30°}, use Taylor's Theorem to evaluate Sin 31° correct to four significant figures. (cos 30°=0'8660) Sol. Let f(x+h)ssin (x +) o f(x=sin x in x and so on By Taylor's Theorem, we have sin (x+A)=sin x+h cos x— & sin x—.. (1) and A=1°= radians in (1), we get Putting cn ee aw) “sing =0°5-+0'0175 x 0°866—¥ (0°0175)* X0'S—... =0°5+0°01515—0°000076—.-- =0°5151 upto four places of decimal. 68. Expansion by Differeniiation and Integration of a Jmown Series ____ These methods are useful, if the series for a given function is knowa and it is required to obtain a_ series for its derivative or integrals. The following examples illustrate the use of these methods, a x Estmple 1. Using the series for sin x, obtain the series for x xe aT tain Sol. We know sin x=x Differentiating both sides with respect to x, Example 2, Find by integration the series for. (i) log, (1+x) (ii) tan x. Oe. Sol. Now peu tx) =1l—x+ We get teerating both sides with respect to x, between limits 0 andjx,EXPANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE FORMS 145 x x J us dxf (—xta0— Adds 2 . or loge U4+x)=x— +--+... w Ga teyteottstiwt te. Integrating both sides with respect to x, between limits 0 and x, we get x x Jaks axl (xt xt pede oO ey xs or tant xax— $+ 6.9. Approximate Galculations Let x and y be two variables related to cach other by the relation y=f(x). It is often required to find the change Qrin y when x changes by a small amount Ax. This can be obtained by Taylor's Theorem. Now »y+Ay=f(x+ A>) Bo Ay=Slxt+ Ax)—y =S(x+ Af (2) b=fod] ” AYO AS WIAXETG SOMME IAS) [By Taylor's Theorem] Now as Axis small, its square and higher powers may be neglected. Ay=S' (%) Ax or ayn - Ox Ax If Ax is error in x, then = is called the relative error and “2 > 100 is called the percentage error. Example 1. A circular plate expands under the influence heat so that its radius increases from 5 cm. to 5°06.cm.. Find the approximate increase in the area. Sol. Let r be the radius of the circular plate and A its area, then A=nr* * a4= 4 | Ara2rr drHere r=Som.; Ar=0°06 cm. AA=2n (5) (0°06)=0°6 2—=1°88 cm’. Example 2. What error_in common logarith will be produced by an error of 1% in the mumben Fe mmbe Sol. Let y=log yo x =log. x . logy ¢ (Base changing formula) - d) : Ay=e . Ax= +. Ax ) logie dx x by 00 Ax | login e _ 1%x0°4343 x 100 100 =0°004343. Hence error in common logarithm is 0°004343. Example 3. The quantity Qof the water flowing over mula Q=CH®", where H is the head yenotch is given by the for water and C is a constant. Find the error in Qif the error in“y is J°5 per cent. Sol.. Let error in @ be AQ. Then AQ=-22. An. or Now {Gas CH?I?, The percentage error in @ is given by A@ yiq9= #2. . 4 AB x 100=-Fe 100 cH x 77x 100 Example 4. The area of a triangle is calculated from the angles A and C and the side b. if asmall error 8A is made in measuring A, show that the percentage error in the area is about 100 8A. sin Chisin A . sin {A+C)}. Sol. Let 4 be the area of the triangle and 3A be the error in A. Then A= bec sin A 1 ya sin Csin A 2° sin (A+C) be op ce bin _b sin € sin B Cc sin B sin (180—A—C) —_4 sinc sin (A+C) since‘EXPANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE FORMS 147 h=1 psinc xf cos A. sin (A+C)—cos (A+C) sin A sin? (A+C) = sin’c ___ Zsin® (AFC) BA y 199-( 48 100 Now x x100—( ge aa)x ie C.3A,, 1002 sin (A+C) 2sin* (AC) BF sin C sina =100 3A . sin C/{sin A . sin (A+C)}. EXERCISE 6 (a) 1. Apply Maclaurin's Theorem to expand (i) log sec x (ii) cos x (iii) log (1+sin x). Prove the following by Maclaurin’s Theorem. .. n(n—1) Dn 2 C+x)=ltaxt PSS x SF ) x... an eae 3. e = 1x z 3 eee sect 2 tat 4, easin xa tax¢ 4 ate) 202-ba® + Oe) at.. and hence show that i e@=1+sin 64+ in? 6, 2 S 4 Bi +H sin" o+Zy sin 6+... 5. Expand sin (7 sin? x) in ascending powers of x. 6. If y=sin log (x*+2x+1), then prove that 2 3 5 3 ye2x— x —FZ P+ StF tS te. 7. Expand log. (x+¥x7+1) up to first four terms by Maclaurin’s theorem ; by putting x—0'75 in the expansion, cal- culate the value of log, 2 to four places of decimals and find the percentage error if any. 8. Expand log, cos x by Maclaurin's theorem as far as the term x‘ and calculate logis cos 7/12 up to three places of decimal. 9. Calculate the approximate value of ¥ 10 to four places of decimal by taking the first four terms of an appropriate expansion. iHint. Expand (1+ x)! by Maclaurin’s theorem and put x=1/9.]148 10. Expand log. sin_(x+/) in ascending powers of , . find the value of log, sin 32°to four places of decimal,” Her (Given log 2=0°69315) . Expand the following functions by Taylor’s theorem, 11. tan (x-+4A) in powers of h. 12, sin- (x+A) in powers of x. 13. log sin x in powers of x2. 14, tan7 x in powers of xy 15. Expand the polynomial f(x)=x*—22°+3x+5 in Posigy, integral powers of (x—2). itive 16. Apply Taylor's theorem to ¢alculate the value of $(2'001) if f(x) =x —2x+5. 17. Evaluate (i) sin 30° 30’ (i) sin 1° 15’. 18. Show that sin (@+4) differs from sin a+h cos q by agg 2 y hi more than zz 19. A heavy string suspended is in the form Y=a cosh Show that for small |x| the shape of the string is approxima expressed by the parabol ly - 2. yrat 57 20. Show that for |x| 0 tan 3x ity “sin 2x ( tan 3x _ 3x = sin 2x 2x 33, x33 612, Form -~3 Let F(x) and f(x) be functions such that F(a) and f(a) both oe F(x) ; h infinity, then to evaluate Lt approach infinity, then to evaluate Lt 775° § F(x) let Lt gy XK el) Casel, K#0 and also Ko. F(x) Now i Tx) (00/00) 1 = Lx) BA co F(x)EXPANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE FORMS 353 Applying L-Hospital’s rule, we get or K FO “ wots FO) Case II. When K=0. = FQ) From (1) we have K+1 Lt Fs +1 ~ 1 BBE corm = we Foe (By case 1) - _ F(x) ret . ou FO * k= XT) F(X) _ FO) o* HL I@) ~ a FOO Case III. Kis infinity. 1 fo , At Fa7 Ba FO) ste Sd = u FO : (By case U) xoa FO)154 ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC. F'(x) S Lt = lt ay: xoa St xa SG) Thus we see Lt t a soa LO) a HR) Note. It must be noted that while evaluating the form =, w, should try to put in the form < as soon as possible, for quick solution of the problem. valuate Jog (= 3) Example 1. Evaluate Lt oot ax tog U= x) Sol, Here Lt cot ax (co/e0) = Lt xo 7 cosec® Tx corn Example 2, Evaluate Lt Co ‘cot x . - _. 0/00 Sol. Now. it te (0/00) = Lt (0/0) x0 = Lt aot Note. It may be seen that the function has been put in’ the 0 . . form 0 at the earliest opportunity. 613. The Forms (0 and co —°o ” . a 0 isily reducible to the forms pk wot as These forms are ea is evident from the following examples. Example 1, Evaluate Lt x lag sin x. xEXPANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE FORMS 155 Sol. Here wth x log sin x (Oxo) Uv log 0 — 0) =u 18 sin x x0 (co/eo) =— Lt x*cotx 0 =— 1 Gs (0/0) Example 2. Evaluate ut ( = Sol. Here Lt ( xl = Lt xol 1 1 = ut (- )-- a. xk 2x 2 1 . Example 3. Evaluate Lt (4A -eot x wampte 3. Evaluate L4, (2 ) Sol. Here Lt ( J cot? x) (o—0) zoo VX ) (o/o)615. The Forms (0? and 0°. These forms can be reduced to cither of the two fo, 0 following ve examples. Example 1. Evaluate Lt (sinh x)tanh x x Soli - Let y= Lt (sinh tanh = x30 we log y= Lt. tanh x log sinh x x70 = lt Jog sinh x xoo cothx = tt sinhx x20 —cosech® x =k sinh x -Sinb* x cosh x a or —— by taking logs or by transformations, as iMlustrated in in ©). (xc) =) == Lt sinh x cosh x=0 (“sinh 0=0) ~ 270 - Hence Lt (sinh x)'#9h*=1, x70 rx, vn (E) Example 2. Evaluate Lt (2-4) xa a nx Ce Sol. Let y= Lt ( 2) a xa a x I} - log y= Lt tan () log (2-+) (one tee(2-%) 0 = Lt (+)oe pen o16. SIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE FORMS 157 = lt Ge=xay \T as 2 we ad x ™ xtra _ 5. cosec* (#) ain - yee tan (3= Hence Lt ( 2-%) G )_2 xa Example 3. Evaluate Lt (tan x)°* * > Sol. Let y= Lt _ (tam x) * (o0°} x 2 . log y= Lt cos x log tan x (ox) xy = log tan x ( oo ): ut = SeCx co J xe 2 1 tan x aa = secx. tan x .sec* x cos x £29 sa & yoe=1 Hence Lt (tan x)%** =1. x> ze Miscellaneous Problems Example. Evaluate i @ ut (+x) * —ettex xe x 7 = ™ = on E [koma]458 “4 ESSIEN EEIUING NUALREMATICS u ( tan x " (ii) abo x (iv) Finda and b such that xibacos = sin x _ | oJ =. t wo x a . (+2) ¥ -e+tox 0 sol. (i) Here Lt “a (2) = (- Lt ate) 1 x30 First we shall evaluate (¢-+x) *, 1 Let y=(1+x) * log y= log (l4+x)= L ~) =1-242_ =1 2 3 wee 1-24 : yao 2 3 , a =el.e*, — where 2-44 _ pre. (1t2+Zi 4... ) mel 14(-F4-4-... ) 3 me[1-$4 ($44) 4.) 1 (+3) * rettex rn xd ox i 1 e- > t5,4 etn ret > er = Lt —-— +. 7nee ANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE FORMS 159 ExPA 1 (+x) * —e+tex W Hi Lb aS ee SS lence 4 x 34° zs w Lyla merey} (8) =i = {keaty} (> 7 met? =n lt Bene 4a Fy J 8 x = Hence Lt { ax — Dxter= a} . 1 t ae Guy) Lt, (24) ae) 4 Let y= Lt, (422 ae) . _ mL tan x (2 oO v: lee» a Ea log ) (<< x sec? x—tan x = Lt tan x _ x xe 2x _ x sec? x—tan x oO = 2x (3 ) [- 23 Gare)" ] =u 2 sec* x tan tect sect x x>0 -lt3 A sect x. .( nz) x 1 tan x = Lt Ft sect x [- Lt =] x70 3 x-0 7 ypoes tanx\* _, Hence Lt |—— =e, x0 adNote. The above problem can be solved by using. serie, expansion for tan x etc. and x(1+a cos x)—6 sin x (2%) (@) Lt x0 rfita(1-F 4H =} a eo - nit dr )} of x40 (+a—a)x+(— Ste BY =L.§ OE x30 * Since the given limit is equal to 1, we must have 1+a—b=0 wl) b ~F+e5! (i) Solving (i) and (ii), we get a=—> pe. 2° 2 EXERCISE 6 (5) Evaluate x—256 xe* 1, xe E=16 2 jae 3. Lt Stel ex? tan x x I+cos4x a 4p Soe Jog tan x m0 5 Lt ec x Zz 6 pp Sec Rx. log sin 2x a4} tan 3nx 7. zit log sin x 8, Ht oe x—tan x) 9, 3 iat fa Fe log +a) Delhi 1983) 0 Lt {+ 1 x90 (U2? Sin? x } Woy foe 1 } ae cos x ~ J—sin x etEXPANSIONS OF FUNCTIONS AND INDETERMINATE TORMS 161 12, Lt (cots 3, Lt sin ( $) x+0 xee 3 i 14. @) Lt (cos 2x)* GA Lt (222) * x+0 x>0 x a a\y sinh x \** 15. Lt ( 1+ ) 16. Lt (==) xe * x0 x 17. If the limit (sin 2x Ha sin x)/x* be finite, find the value of a and the limit. . prove the following : 1s. Lt x0 20. 21. 23. Lt x+0 1. Lt, loan x tan 2x1ISWERS AN 501 Exercise 5 (b) (Page 131-132) 1. @) 9°+6nx+n(n—1)) e 30-2, () x". 3” sin (3x4 FY tana ye safperin- 05] ++ 1n=2)(n—3)3** sin facto -ae (c) e*[x"+"C,, eee n(n—1)x"-8-4 tn ty @) e108 a 7c ~"G4 “G2 Ly gD ar > — 5. yn (0)=0, when n is even , Yo (=m (1= m*)(3*—m").....M(n—2)?— m'), when n is odd. ame 6. PO) = m2 m)(48 mt) ..a[(n—2)*-+ mi} e? nis even ae =—m(1-+m")(3?-+m?) .... ((a—2)+-m’]e2 nis odd 10. yn(0)=(n—2)* . (a—4)?....42.2°.2, if n is even Yn(0)=0, if n is odd, WU. f"(0)= n°(n--2)*(n—4?)...42.2° when n is even =0, when n is odd. Exercise 6 (a) (Page 147-149) 1. Se We, 9. 3°1629 2 2 10. log sin x+h cot ae cosec® x+ a cot x cosec? x+...3 136486502 il. 12. 13. 8. 12 17. ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS Koss tant x). sec? x te. tan x-th sectx-+h? sec? x tan xt sin (K+ hE FG HOURS log sin 2+(x—2) cot 2— Hep) ee cosec” Seis cosect 2 cot 2b. ( x-2) a NTA (35 M4 1(x—-2) +422 + (8-2 tan 9°01 (app.) (i) 0°50725 (ii) 002178 arh 3h nQrtt2r VP FP +H) © TE ® Veh “a () —5-024 cu.em. (ii) —5°024 sq. cm, 23. 6% km. 440°008 25. 1% O71 30. 10%. Exercise 6 (b) (Page 160—161) 16 2. (-1) + 4, (log a—log 5) 0 6. 3. 1 0 94 “iO. -3 11, 00 : 1 Ba M@etli)o, 156 6 a= Exercise 7 (a) (Page 165—167) 4k eT RL 4, ae} cm per minute } Se 10 5. + radian per second. 6. wa m per second 8. 120 kg per-square cm decreasing. ll. sya m per second 14, 8% km/minute Exercise 7 (b) (Page 175—179) 2Vv3 FIV. ~~ 4. = VJ +1—2 16 3K 54 5a* 6. =F wheu x=4,