1 The equation shows the reaction between magnesium and sulfuric acid.

[Ar: H, 1; O, 16; Mg, 24; S, 32]

Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2

In this reaction, which mass of magnesium sulfate is formed when 6 g of magnesium react with
excess sulfuric acid?

A 8 B 24 C 30 D 60

2 Two atoms of magnesium, Mg, react with one molecule of oxygen, O2.

What is the formula of the product?

A MgO B MgO2 C Mg2O D Mg2O2

3 Copper(II) oxide reacts with ammonia.

The left hand side of the balanced equation for this reaction is:

3CuO + 2NH3 →

What completes the equation?

A 3Cu + 2HNO3
B 3Cu + 2N + 3H2O
C 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O
D 3Cu + 2NO + 3H2O

4 What is the relative formula mass, Mr, of CaCO3?

A 50 B 68 C 100 D 204

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5 A molecule, Z, contains two atoms of oxygen, six atoms of hydrogen and three atoms of carbon.

What is the formula of Z?

A CH3CH2CHO
B CH3COCH3
C C2H5CO2H
D C3H6CO2H

6 What are the electrode products when molten silver iodide is electrolysed between inert
electrodes?

7 Iron forms an oxide with the formula Fe2O3.

What is the relative formula mass of this compound?

A 76 B 100 C 136 D 160

8 In athletics, banned drugs such as nandrolone have been taken illegally to improve performance.
Nandrolone has the molecular formula C18H26O2.

What is the relative molecular mass, Mr, of nandrolone?

(Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12; O = 16)

A 46 B 150 C 274 D 306

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9 The structure of an organic compound, X, is shown.

H H
H H
C C
H C
H
C C
H H
C C
H H
H H

What is the molecular formula of X?

A C6H9 B C6H12 C C7H12 D C7H14

10 What is the relative molecular mass, M r, of nitrogen dioxide?

A 15 B 23 C 30 D 46

11 A compound contains one atom of calcium, two atoms of hydrogen and two atoms of oxygen.

What is the correct chemical formula of the compound?

A CaO2H2 B HOCaOH C H2CaO2 D Ca(OH)2

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 12 The formulae of compounds W, X and Y are shown.

W CuSO4.5H2O
X MgSO4.7H2O
Y Cu(NO3)2.6H2O

Which statement is correct?

A W contains twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms.

B X contains the most oxygen atoms.
C Y contains the most hydrogen atoms.
D Y contains the same number of hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

13 Which relative molecular mass, Mr, is not correct for the molecule given?

molecule Mr

A ammonia, NH3 17
B carbon dioxide, CO2 44
C methane, CH4 16
D oxygen, O2 16

14 A compound with the formula XF2 has a relative formula mass of 78.

What is element X?
A argon
B calcium
C neon
D zirconium

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 15 What is the balanced chemical equation for the reaction between calcium and water?

A Ca + H2O → CaOH + H2

B Ca + H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2

C Ca + 2H2O → CaOH + H2

D Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2

16 The equation shows the reaction between magnesium and sulfuric acid.

Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2

(Mg = 24, H = 1, S = 32, O = 16)

In this reaction, what mass of magnesium sulfate will be formed when 6 g of magnesium reacts
with excess sulfuric acid?

A 8 B 24 C 30 D 60

17 A compound has the formula CH3CO2H.

How should the relative molecular mass, Mr, of this compound be calculated?

A 12 + 1 + 16
B 3(12 + 1) + 2(12 + 16) + 1

C (4 × 12) + (2 × 1) + 16

D (2 × 12) + (4 × 1) + (2 × 16)

[Link]
18 The equation for the reaction between magnesium and dilute sulfuric acid is shown.

Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2
Mr of MgSO4 is 120

Which mass of magnesium sulfate will be formed if 12 g of magnesium are reacted with sulfuric
acid?

A 5g B 10 g C 60 g D 120 g

19 Methane, CH4, burns in the air to form carbon dioxide and water.

What is the balanced equation for this reaction?

A CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

B CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

C CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

D CH4(g) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

20 The relative formula mass, Mr, of copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4, is 160.

Which mass of sulfur is present in 160 g of copper(II) sulfate?

A 16 g B 32 g C 64 g D 128 g

21 What is the relative molecular mass (Mr) of HNO3?

A 5 B 31 C 32 D 63

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22 The chemical compositions of two substances, W and X, are given.

W Na( l Si3)O8
X Ca(Al 2Si2)O8

Which statements are correct?

1 W and X contain the same amount of oxygen.

2 W contains three times as much silicon as X.
3 X contains twice as much aluminium as W.

A 1 and 2 B 1 and 3 C 2 and 3 D 1, 2 and 3

23 Hydrogen and chlorine react as shown.

1 molecule 1 molecule 2 molecules

+ →
of hydrogen of chlorine of hydrogen chloride

What is the equation for this reaction?

A 2H + 2Cl → 2HCl

B 2H + 2Cl → H2Cl 2

C H2 + Cl 2 → 2HCl

D H2 + Cl 2 → H2Cl 2

24 For each atom of carbon present in a molecule, there is an equal number of atoms of oxygen but
twice as many atoms of hydrogen.

What is the formula of the molecule?

A C2H2O2 B C2H2O4 C C2H4O2 D C2H6O

[Link]
 25 Water is formed when 48 g of oxygen combine with 6 g of hydrogen.

What mass of oxygen combines with 2 g of hydrogen?

A 12 g B 16 g C 96 g D 144 g

26 Nitrogen and hydrogen react together to form ammonia.

N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3

When completely converted, 7 tonnes of nitrogen gives 8.5 tonnes of ammonia.

How much nitrogen will be needed to produce 34 tonnes of ammonia?

A 7 tonnes B 8.5 tonnes C 28 tonnes D 34 tonnes

27 Which relative molecular mass, Mr, is not correct for the molecule given?

molecule Mr

A ammonia, NH3 17
B carbon dioxide, CO2 44
C methane, CH4 16
D oxygen, O2 16

[Link]
1 C

2 A

3 C

4 C

5 C

6 C

7 D

8 C

9 C

10 D

11 D

12 D

13 D

14 B

15 D

16 C

17 D

18 C

19 B

20 B

21 D

22 B

23 C

24 C

25 B

[Link]
26 C

27 D

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1 Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium carbonate solution.

2HCl (aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(a) Explain why effervescence is seen during the reaction.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Dilute hydrochloric acid was titrated with sodium carbonate solution.

• 10.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid were placed in a conical flask.
• A few drops of methyl orange indicator were added to the dilute hydrochloric acid.
• The mixture was titrated with sodium carbonate solution.
• 16.2 cm3 of sodium carbonate solution were required to react completely with the acid.

(i) What colour would the methyl orange indicator be in the hydrochloric acid?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate how many moles of hydrochloric acid were used.

............................ mol [1]

(iii) Use your answer to (b)(ii) and the equation for the reaction to calculate the number of
moles of sodium carbonate that reacted.

............................ mol [1]

(iv) Use your answer to (b)(iii) to calculate the concentration of the sodium carbonate solution
in mol / dm3.

............................ mol / dm3 [2]

(c) In another experiment, 0.020 mol of sodium carbonate were reacted with excess hydrochloric
acid.

Calculate the maximum volume (at r.t.p.) of carbon dioxide gas that could be made in this
reaction.

............................ dm3 [3]

[Link]
[Total: 9]
2 (a) Alkanes and alkenes are examples of hydrocarbons.

(i) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Give the general formula of straight-chain

alkanes, ..............................................................................................................................

alkenes. ..............................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A compound X contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.

X contains 54.54% of carbon by mass, 9.09% of hydrogen by mass and 36.37% of oxygen by
mass.

(i) Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

[2]

(ii) Compound X has a relative molecular mass of 88.

Deduce the molecular formula of compound X.

[2]

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 (c) An ester has the molecular formula C3H6O2.

Name and give the structural formulae of two esters with the molecular formula C3H6O2.

name of ester

structural formula

[4]

(d) Name the ester produced from the reaction of propanoic acid and methanol.

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(e) A polyester is represented by the structure shown.

O O

C C O O

(i) What type of polymerisation is used for the production of polyesters?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Which simple molecule is removed when the polyester is formed?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) Complete the diagrams below to show the structures of the monomers used to produce
the polyester. Show all atoms and bonds.

C C O O

[2]

[Total: 16]

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3 (a) A compound, X, contains 55.85% carbon, 6.97% hydrogen and 37.18% oxygen.

(i) How does this prove that compound X contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Use the above percentages to calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) The Mr of X is 86.

What is its molecular formula?

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) (i) Bromine water changes from brown to colourless when added to X.

What does this tell you about the structure of X?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Magnesium powder reacts with an aqueous solution of X. Hydrogen is evolved.

What does this tell you about the structure of X?

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) X contains two different functional groups.

Draw a structural formula of X.

[1]

[Total: 8]
[Link]
4 Two salts can be made from potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. They are potassium sulfate,
K2SO4, and the acid salt potassium hydrogen sulfate, KHSO4. They are both made by titration.

burette filled with

sulfuric acid

conical flask

25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution

(a) 25.0 cm3 of potassium hydroxide, concentration 2.53 mol / dm3, was neutralised by 28.2 cm3 of
dilute sulfuric acid.

2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) o K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) Calculate

the concentration of the sulfuric acid.

number of moles of KOH used = ............................

number of moles of H2SO4 needed to neutralise the KOH = ............................

concentration of dilute sulfuric acid = ............................ mol / dm3

[3]

[Link]
(b)  ! 
 
4 !  
 
   
 
 7!!  
 !
indicator used in the titration.

(i) Describe how you could obtain a solution of potassium sulfate without the indicator.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Potassium hydrogen sulfate can be made by the following reaction.

KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) o KHSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

Suggest how you could make a solution of potassium hydrogen sulfate without using an indicator.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Describe a test which would distinguish between aqueous solutions of potassium
sulfate and sulfuric acid

test .................................................................................................................................

result ..............................................................................................................................

[2]

[Total: 9]

[Link]
5 The Atacama desert in Chile has deposits of the salt sodium nitrate. Very large amounts of this
salt were exported to Europe for use as a fertiliser. After the introduction of the Haber process in
1913, this trade rapidly diminished.

(a)
a) Explain why the introduction of the Haber process reduced the demand for
sodium nitrate.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Suggest why surface deposits of sodium nitrate only occur in areas with very low rainfall
such as desert areas.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The desert has smaller surface deposits of potassium nitrate.

Suggest why potassium nitrate is a better fertiliser than the sodium salt.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) All nitrates decompose when heated. The extent to which a nitrate decomposes is
determined by the metal in the salt.

(i) Sodium nitrate decomposes to form sodium nitrite, NaNO2.

Write the equation for decomposition of sodium nitrate.

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Sodium nitrite is a reducing agent.

What would be observed if an excess of sodium nitrite solution was added to a solution
of acidified potassium manganate(VII)?

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Copper(II) nitrate decomposes to form copper(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen.

What is the relationship between the extent of decomposition and the reactivity of the
metal in the nitrate?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Link]
 (c) The equation for the decomposition of copper(II) nitrate is given below.

2Cu(NO3)2 → 2CuO + 4NO2 + O2

(i) Predict what you would observe when copper(II) nitrate is heated.

.............................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Copper(II) nitrate forms a series of hydrates with the formula Cu(NO3)2.xH2O.
All these hydrates decompose to form copper(II) oxide.
1 mole of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O forms 1 mole of CuO.

What is meant by 1 mole of a substance?

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) 7.26 g of a hydrate, Cu(NO3)2.xH2O, formed 2.4 g copper(II) oxide.

number of moles of CuO formed = ......................

number of moles of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O in 7.26 g = ......................

mass of 1 mole of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O = ...................... g

mass of 1 mole of Cu(NO3)2 is 188 g

the value of x in this hydrate = ......................

[4]

[Total: 18]

[Link]
 6 Use your copy of the Periodic Table to help you answer these questions.

(a) Predict the formula of each of the following compounds.

(i) aluminium fl
uoride ........................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) arsenic
oxide ................................................................................................................
[1]
(iii) silicon
bromide ..............................................................................................................
[1]

(b) Deduce the formula of each of the following ions.

(i) phosphide .............................................................................................................

........ [1]
(ii) barium ...................................................................................................................
........ [1]
(iii) francium ................................................................................................................
........ [1]

(c) Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons in one
molecule of the covalent compound carbon dioxide.

Use x to represent an electron from a carbon atom. Use o to

represent an electron from an oxygen atom.

[3]

[Total: 9]

[Link]
 Question Answer Marks

1a) car dioxide / a gas is made; 1

(b)(i)
(b)(i 1
(b)(ii) 1
(b)(iii) 1
(b)(iv) 0.031 (2 marks) 2
M1 (iii) / 0.0162;
(c)
c 0 (dm3) 3
M1 moles carbon dioxide = 0.02; 1
M2 volume carbon dioxide = 0.02 × 24; 1
M3 = 0.48 (dm3); 1

[Link]
 Question Answer Marks

2(a)(i) compound containing carbon and hydrogen only; 1

(a)(ii) nH2n+2; 2
CnH2n;
b)(i) mol C = 54.54 / 12 or 4.5(45) and mol H = 9.09 / 1 or 9.09 and mol O = 36.37 / 16 or 2.27; 2
C2H4O;
(b)(ii) Mr of C2H4O = 44; 2
88 / 44 = 2 therefore C4H8O2;
(c) methyl ethanoate; ethyl methanoate; 4

CH3COOCH3; HCOO 2H5;

(d
(d) met propanoate; 1
(e)(i) condens 1
e)(ii) / H2O; 1
(e)(iii) dicarboxylic acid or diacyl chloride; 2
diol;

[Link]
Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) adds up to 100%; 1

3(a)(ii) M1 55.85/12 and 6.97(/1) and 37.2/16; 1
or evaluation 4.650 6.970 2.325;
M2 C2H3O; 1
correct answer with no working = [2]
3(a)(iii) M1 (86/)43; 1
M2 C4H6O2; 1
correct answer with no working = [2]
(b)(i)
b)(i unsa / C=C double bond / alkene; 1
(b)(ii) / carboxylic) acid / contains or releases H+ ions; 1
(b) (iii) 3CH=CHCOOH / CH2=CHCH2COOH / CH2=CH(CH3)COOH; 1

[Link]
Question Answer Marks

4(a) moles of KOH used ( = 0.025 × 2.53 =) 0.06325 / 0.063; 3

number of moles of H2SO4 needed to neutralise the KOH = 0.031625 / 0.032;
concentration of dilute sulfuric acid = 1.121/1.1 (mol / dm3);
4(b)(i) repeat experiment using same volume / amount of (same) H2SO4; 2
and same volume / amount of (same) KOH;
or
(add activated) charcoal / carbon;
filter out the charcoal;
or
mix volumes / amounts of H2SO4 and KOH in the ratio 1:2;
of the same concentration;
4(b)(ii) make solution of potassium sulfate as above; 2
add same volume / amount of acid again;
or
same volume / amount of KOH;
add double the volume / amount of H2SO4;
25 cm3 KOH + 56.4 cm3 H2SO4 = [2]
or
same volume / amount of H2SO4;
add half the volume / amount of KOH;
12.5 cm3 KOH + 28.2 cm3 H2SO4 = [2]
or
mix equal volumes / amounts of H2SO4 and KOH ;
of the same concentration;
mix solutions containing equal numbers moles of KOH and H2SO4 = [2]

[Link]
Question Answer Marks

4(c) test: reactive metal / name or formula of suitable metal, e.g. Mg / Fe / Zn; 2
result: bubbles or gas or hydrogen or H2 evolved / dissolves;

test: insoluble carbonate or name / formula of suitable insoluble carbonate, e.g. CaCO3;
result: bubbles or gas or carbon dioxide or CO2 evolved / dissolves provided that carbonate is insoluble;

test: alkali or name / formula of suitable alkali, e.g. NaOH / KOH;

result: temperature change;

test: alkali or name / formula of suitable alkali, e.g. NaOH / KOH and indicator;
result: colour change;

test: insoluble base or name / formula of suitable insoluble base;

result: dissolves;

test: indicator, e.g. blue litmus;

result: colour change (colour need not be specified);

test: measure pH / pH paper / UI paper / pH meter;

result: pH 0–3 or indicator red / orange or pH lower than pH of K2SO4;

[Link]
 Question Answer Marks Guidance

5(a)(i) (Haber process makes) ammonia / NH3 ;

(ammonia converted into) fertilisers / nitrates / ammonium salts or names or A 2 marks for ‘ammonia is a fertiliser’
formulae of examples e.g. ammonium nitrate / NH4NO3 / ammonium sulfate / A ammonia is used to make sodium nitrate
(NH4)2SO4 / calcium nitrate / Ca(NO3)2 / urea / CO(NH2)2 ; 2 Haber process used to make fertilisers gets
second mark only
it (refers to sodium nitrate) / sodium nitrate would dissolve (in rain) / soluble (in A reacts with water
5(a)(ii) water) / wash away / leach / drain off; 1 I reference to fertiliser
R sodium reacts / dissolves
A because they are not dissolved by rainfall
(implication is in desert)
5(a)(iii) potassium (is required by plants as well as nitrogen) / NPK; 1 comments about pH / better for soil / %N
higher / reactivity of potassium
I comments about what K does for plants e.g.
combat disease
5(b)(i)
(b)(i 3 → 2NaNO2 + O2
species; A multiples
balancing; 2 I state symbols / word equation

[Link]
 Question Answer Marks Guidance

6(b)(ii) (colour changes) from pink / purple;

to colourless / decolourised; 2 I clear / discoloured / effervescence
I brown fumes / brown gas
NOTE: stays pink or purple gets first mark but
turns purple or pink is 0
6(b)(iii) the more reactive the metal the lower rate of decomposition / more difficult the A less (extent the) decomposition
decomposition / more stable the nitrate / more energy needed to decompose / A reactive metals produce nitrates difficult to
decomposes at higher temperature ora; 1 decompose ora i.e. comparatives not essential
A the more reactive the metal the less it
decomposes is acceptable because we can
assume that it refers to the nitrate BOD
A inverse relationship with further qualification
A group 1 / reactive metals produce nitrite (and
oxygen) and less reactive metals produce
oxide (+ NO2 + O2) (both required for mark)
I less products (unqualified)
R less products / metals decompose
6(c)(i) (changes from) blue solid / blue crystals; R precipitate
black solid formed; A one mark out of the first two for changes
from blue to black (without solid or crystals)

brown gas / brown vapour / (pungent) smell; 3 I red / melt

I water / steam / condensation given off
I reference to glowing / burning splints /
colourless gas / effervescence
I names / formulae

[Link]
 Question Answer Marks Guidance

6(c)(ii) Avogadro(’s) number / constant / 6.02 × 1023; COND particles; A any values from 6 to 6.023 ×1023
A atoms / ions / molecules / electrons
OR
(the number of particles which is equal to the number of atoms in) 12 g of A one mark for reference to C12
carbon 12; COND atoms; A equivalent statement for any element or
compound e.g. 32 grams of oxygen(1) COND
OR molecules / O2 (1) e.g. 16 grams of oxygen (1)
the mass in grams which contains Avogadro(’s) Number; COND particles; COND atoms / O(1)

OR
(the amount of substance which has a mass equal to) its relative formula
mass / RFM / relative atomic mass / Ar / relative molecular mass / Mr / molar
mass; COND in grams;

OR A different volumes under different conditions

(the amount of substance which has a volume equal to) 24 dm3; COND of a e.g. 22.4 dm3 at STP or volumes in different
gas at RTP; 2 units e.g. 24 000 cm3 at RTP
6(c)(iii) M1
(number of moles of CuO formed = ) 0.03;

M2
(number of moles of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O in 7.26 g = ) 0.03; ecf same as M1

M3
(mass of 1 mole of Cu(NO3)2.xH2O 7.26 ÷ 0.03 =) 242 (g); ecf 7.26 ÷ M2
(mass of 1 mole of Cu(NO3)2 is 188 g)

M4
the value of x = 3; 4 ecf M3 – 188 ÷ 18

[Link]
 Question Answer Marks Guidance

7(a)(i) 3; 1
(a)(ii) 2O3; 1 As2O5
(a)(iii) 4; 1
3
(b)(i) ; 1
2+
(b)(ii) ; 1
+
b)(iii) ; 1
(c) M1 2 double bonds, one between each O and the C atom;
M2 each O has 8 outer electrons; R wrong symbols for O for M2
M3 each C has 8 outer electrons; 3 R wrong symbols for C for M3
I missing symbols
A any combination of x and o

[Link]
1 The law of constant composition states that all pure samples of a compound contain the same
elements in the same proportion by weight.

A typical experiment to test this law is to prepare the same compound by different methods

and then show that the samples have the same composition.

Methods of making copper(II) oxide include:

• heating copper carbonate,

• heating copper hydroxide,
• heating copper nitrate,
• heating copper foil in air.

(a) Complete the following equations.

CuCO [1]
(i) 3 → ............. + .............

[1]
(ii) Cu(OH)
2 → ............. + .............

[2]
(iii) 2Cu(NO
3)2 → ............. + 4NO2 + .............

(b) Copper oxide can be reduced to copper by heating in hydrogen.

(i) What colour change would you observe during the reduction?

.......................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii) Explain why the copper must be allowed to cool in hydrogen before it is exposed to air.

.......................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) Name another gas which can reduce copper(II) oxide to copper.

.......................................................................................................................................

[1]
(iv) Name a solid which can reduce copper(II) oxide to copper.

.......................................................................................................................................
[Link]
[1]
(c) The table below shows the results obtained by reducing the copper(II) oxide

(ci) produced by different methods to copper.

(i) Complete the table.

source of copper(II) mass of mass of percentage

oxide copper(II) oxide / g copper / g copper / %

CuCO3 2.37 1.89 79.7

Cu(OH)2 2.51 1.99

Cu(NO3)2 2.11 1.68

Cu and O2 2.29 1.94

[2]
(ii) One of the samples of copper(II) oxide is impure.

Identify this sample and suggest an explanation why the percentage of copper in this sample is
bigger than in the other three samples.

.............................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 13]

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2 (a) A compound X contains 82.76% of carbon by mass and 17.24% of hydrogen by mass.

(i) Calculate the empirical formula of compound X.

[2]

(ii) Compound X has a relative molecular mass of 58.

Deduce the molecular formula of compound X.

[2]

(b) Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons.

(i) State the general formula of alkenes.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) State the empirical formula of alkenes.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) What is meant by the term unsaturated hydrocarbon?

unsaturated ................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................

hydrocarbon ...............................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Link]
 (d) Describe a test that would distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.

reagent ......................................................................................................................................

observation (saturated hydrocarbon) .........................................................................................

observation (unsaturated hydrocarbon) .....................................................................................

[3]

(e) Addition polymers can be made from alkenes. The diagram shows part of an addition polymer.

C 2H 5 H C 2H 5 H

C C C C

H H H H

(i) Draw a circle on the diagram to show one repeat unit in this polymer. [1]

(ii) Give the structure and the name of the monomer used to make this polymer.

structure

name ............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Give the structure of an isomer of the alkene in (e)(ii).

[1]

[Total: 15]

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3 Ethanol is manufactured from glucose, C 6H12O6, by fermentation according to the following

equation. C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

(a) State the conditions required for this reaction.

....................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) In an experiment, 30.0 g of glucose was fermented.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of glucose in 30.0 g.

......................... mol [2]

(ii) Calculate the maximum mass of ethanol that could be obtained from 30.0 g of glucose.

......................... g [2]

(iii) Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide at room temperature and pressure that can be
obtained from 30.0 g of glucose.

......................... dm3 [1]

(c) Ethanol can also be manufactured from ethene.

(i) Name the raw material which is the source of ethene.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Write a balanced equation for the manufacture of ethanol from ethene.

....................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 9]
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4 (a) Definethefollowing

(i) the mole

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) the Avogadro constant

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Which two of the following contain the same number of molecules?
Show how you arrived at your answer.

2.0 g of methane, CH4

8.0 g of oxygen, O2
2.0 g of ozone, O3
8.0 g of sulfur dioxide, SO2

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

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 (c) 4.8 g of calcium is added to 3.6 g of water. The following reaction occurs.

Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2

(i) the number of moles of Ca = ....................

the number of moles of H2O = .................... [1]

(ii) Which reagent is in excess? Explain your choice.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Calculate the mass of the reagent named in (ii) which remained at the end of the
experiment.

....................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 8]

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5 Quantities of chemicals, expressed in moles, can be used to find the formula of a
compound, to establish an equation and to determine reacting masses.

(a) A compound contains 72% magnesium and 28% nitrogen. What is its empirical
formula?

[2]

(b) A compound contains only aluminium and carbon. 0.03 moles of this compound reacted
with excess water to form 0.12 moles of Al(OH)3 and 0.09 moles of CH4.

Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

[2]

(c) 0.07 moles of silicon reacts with 25 g of bromine.

Si + 2Br2 SiBr4

(i) Which one is the limiting reagent? Explain your choice.

[3]

(ii) How many moles of SiBr4 are formed?

[1]

[Total: 8]

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6 (a The following method is used to make crystals of hydrated nickel sulphate.

An excess of nickel carbonate, 12.0 g, was added to 40 cm3 of sulphuric acid, 2.0
mol/dm3. The unreacted nickel carbonate was filtered off and the filtrate evaporated to
obtain the crystals.

NiCO3 + H2SO4 NiSO4 + CO2 + H2O

NiSO4 + 7H2O NiSO4.7H2O

Mass of one mole of NiSO4.7H2O = 281 g

Mass of one mole of NiCO3 = 119 g

(i) Calculate the mass of unreacted nickel carbonate.

Number of moles of H2SO4 in 40 cm3 of 2.0 mol/dm3 acid = 0.08

Number of moles of NiCO3 reacted =

Mass of nickel carbonate reacted = g

Mass of unreacted nickel carbonate = g [3]

(ii) The experiment produced 10.4 g of hydrated nickel sulphate. Calculate the
percentage yield.

The maximum number of moles of NiSO4 .7H2O that could be formed =

The maximum mass of NiSO4 .7H2O that could be formed = g

The percentage yield = % [3]

(b) In the above method, a soluble salt was prepared by neutralising an acid with an
insoluble base. Other salts have to be made by different methods.

(i) Give a brief description of how the soluble salt, rubidium sulphate could be made
from the soluble base, rubidium hydroxide.

[3]

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 (ii) Suggest a method of making the insoluble salt, calcium fluoride.

[3]

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 Question Answer Marks Guidance

1(a
(a) ( 3
) CuO + CO2; A multiples
I state symbols
(Cu(OH)2
) CuO + H2O;

(2Cu(NO3)2
) 2CuO + (4NO2) + O2

species;
balancing; 4
(b)(i) (black to) pink / brown / orange; 1 red
(b)(ii) (hot) copper reacts / is oxidised; A forms copper oxide for 2 marks
with oxygen / air; 2
(iii monoxide / ammonia / methane; 1
(b)(iv) / graphite or any metal more reactive than copper; 1
1(c)(i 79.28 Minimum 3 sig figs
79.6205853; A rounding or truncating
84.7161572; 2 All three correct = 2 marks,
Two correct = 1 mark
(c)(ii) the last one OR Cu and O2 OR the one from copper;

not all the copper oxidised OR the outside of the pieces of copper oxidised 2 ecf of biggest for M1
but the inside did not OR (still) contains copper (metal);

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2 (a) (i) 82.76/12 and 17.2(4)(/1)
or evaluation: 6.89 / 6.9(0) and 17.2(4) [1]

C2H5 [1]

OR
82.76 / 100 × 58 = 48 and 17.24 / 100 × 58 = 10
or evaluation i.e. 48 and 10 [1]

C2H5 [1]

(ii) (C2H5 =) 29 [1]

(58 / 29 =2 ) C4H10 [1]

OR:
82.76 / 100 × 58 = 48 and 17.24 / 100 × 58 = 10
or evaluation i.e. 48 and 10 [1]

48 / 12 = 4 10 / 1 = 10 (therefore) C4H10 [1]

(b) (i) CnH2n [1]

(ii) CH2 [1]

(c) (contains) double bond / triple bond / multiple bond(s) / not all bonds are single [1]

(contains) carbon and hydrogen only [1]

(d) bromine / bromine water [1]

no change / stays brown / orange / yellow / red-brown or only changes in UV [1]

(brown / orange / yellow) to colourless / decolourised

eco

(e) (i) circle / brackets around any 2 consecutive carbon atoms in the main chain
and all attached atoms [1]
e.

(ii) CH3CH2CH=CH2 / C2H5CH=CH2 (double bond must be shown) [1]

butene / but-1-ene
ut-

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 (iii) (CH3)2C=CH2 / CH3CH=CHCH3 / (CH2)2CHCH3 / (CH2)4 [1]

[Total:15]

3 (a) Any two from:

yeast / 20–40 °C / anaerobic or without oxygen or without air / (aqueous)
solution or water or aqueous [2]

(b) (i) Mr = 180 (1) (30/180) = 0.167 (1) [2]

(ii) 2 × 0.167 or 2 × 46 or 0.333 or 92 [1]

(2 × 0.167 × 46) = 15.3(33) (g) [1]

(iii) (2 × 0.167 × 24 ) = 8 (dm3) [1

(c) (i) Crude oil / petroleum

etr

(ii) C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH / CH3CH2OH

H [

[Total:9]

4 (a (i) (the number of particles which is equal to the number of atoms in) 12 g of carbon 12
or
the mass in grams which contains the Avogadro’s constant number of particles
or
Avogadro’s constant or 6 to 6.023 × 1023 of atoms / ions / molecules / electrons /
particles
or
(the amount of substance which has a mass equal to) its relative formula mass / relative
atomic mass / relative molecular mass in grams
or
(the amount of substance which has a volume equal to) 24 dm3 of a gas at RTP
[1]

(ii) (Avogadro’s constant is the) number of particles / atoms / ions / molecules in one mole of
a substance
or
the number of carbon atoms in 12 g of C(12).
or
the number of particles / molecules in 24 dm3of a gas at RTP
or
6 to 6.023 × 1023 (particles / atoms / ions / molecules / electrons) [1]

(b) CH4 and SO2 [1]

2/16 = 1/8 or 0.125 moles of CH4 AND 8/64 = 1/8 or 0.125 moles of SO2 [1]

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 (c) (i) 4.8/40 = 0.12 moles of Ca
3.6/18 = 0.2 moles of H2O both correct [1]

(ii) Ca is in excess (no mark) (because 0.12 moles of Ca need) 0.24 moles / 4.32 g of H2O
to react [1]
there is not enough / there are 0.2 moles / 3.6 g of H2O [1]
or
Ca is in excess (no mark) (because 0.2 moles / 3.6 g of water will react with)
0.1moles/4.0 g of Ca [1]
there is more than that / there are 0.12 moles / 4.8 g of Ca [1]
or
Ca is in excess (no mark) because the mole ratio Ca:H2O is 3:5 / mass ratio 4:3 [1]
which is bigger than the required mole ratio of 1:2 / mass ratio 10:9 [1]
or
Ca is in excess (no mark) because the mole ratio H2O:Ca is 5:3 / mass ratio 3:4 [1]
which is smaller than the required mole ratio of 2:1 / mass ratio 9:10 [1]

(iii) 0.02 × 40 = 0.8 (g) [1]

5 (a 72/24 = 3 and 28/14 = 2 [1]

Mg3N2 [1]
accept just formula for [2] even with incorrect or no working
NOT ecf

(b) Al4C3 + 12H2O = 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4 [2]

For Al4C3 ONLY [1]

(c)
c) silicon is limiting reagent [1]
0.07 moles of Si and 25/160 = 0.156 moles of Br2 [1]
because 0.14 (2 × 0.07) < 0.156 [1]
If 80 used to find moles of Br2 the mark 1 and 3 still available
arguments based on masses can be used

(ii) 0.07 [1]

NOT ecf

[Total: 8]

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 (a)(i) lattice [1]
6
(ii) high melting point or high fixed points
poor conductor as solid
good conductor as liquid, accept either aqueous or molten
hard
soluble in water
Any TWO [2]

(b)(i) Mg2+ [1]

(ii) N3 [1]

(iii) Mg3N2 [1]

(iv) opposite charges [1]

Do NOT accept "attract" it is in the question
accept electrostatic attraction as a phrase

TOTAL = 7

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