MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPLIED RESEARCH AND INNOVATION VOL. 2 NO.
1 (2021) 266-276
© Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Publisher’s Office
MARI
Homepage: [Link]
e-ISSN : 2773-4773
Lighting and Air Temperature Monitoring and
Control of Hydroponic System using Internet of
Things (IoT)
Khairulnizam Ngadimon1, Siti Mariam Basharie2,
Khairulnizam Othman2, Thayaaniti A/L Raman1
1
Susainable Product Development Research Group(SusPenD),
Centre For Diploma Studies,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
Pagoh Higher Education Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, Muar, Johor, 84600
MALAYSIA
2DProduct
Research and Development (ProReD), Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Centre For Diploma Studies,Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
Pagoh Higher Education Hub, KM 1, Jalan Panchor, Muar, Johor, 84600,
MALAYSIA.
DOI: [Link]
Received 11 November 2020; Accepted 01 January 2021; Available online 03 February
2021
Abstract: The efficiency of plant’s growth rate depends heavily on the environmental
factors. Parameters such as temperature, humidity, lighting quality, pH, and nutrients should
be provided to a plant in a sufficient amount. If one of these parameters below than the ideal
growth limit, it will impact the growth of the plant. Thus, farmers need to give more attention
for their plants to produce a healthy plant. Other than that, it will increase their workload
because they have to interact with plant all the time and their daily activities will be affected.
Besides that, insufficient information or data about the plants will also lead to ineffective
production of crops. To overcome these problems, one of the solutions is to use Internet of
things (IoT) in their growth method. This study is intended to design a monitoring and control
system for the hydroponic application. Parameters such as surrounding humidity, lighting
quality and temperature was controlled using NodeMCU microcontroller unit with the help of
an internet connection. Sprinkler system and growth lights were used to control and provided
the plant with sufficient amount of temperature and lights. ThingSpeak cloud application was
used to gather and store data in cloud storage whereas, Blynk application was used to monitor
and control the system. To identify the difference between the growth rate of controlled
parameter and uncontrolled parameter system, another system without the controlled
parameters has been setup. The system which developed in this project will reduce the
workload of the farmers. The farmers can monitor and control their plants from wherever there
are or on the go. All the temperature and humidity data were stored in the cloud storage for
the future usage. It is shown that the growth rate of Chinese kale plant has increased
consistently using system with controlled environment compared to system without any
parameter controlled.
*Corresponding author: knizam@[Link]
2021 UTHM Publisher. All rights reserved.
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Khairulnizam et al., Multidisciplinary Applied Research and Innovation Vol. 2 No. 1 (2021) p. 266-276
Keywords: IoT, Internet of Things, NodeMCU, Hydroponic.
1. Introduction
Plants are the main source of food for living things. Without it, living things cannot survived well.
In this era, there is a lot of factor affecting the healthy growth of the plants. Environmental stress or
environmental factors are the cause that affecting the plant’s growth, if any environmental factor is less
than ideal, it will limits the plant’s growth. In addition, global warming and dramatic climate change is
one of the factors that impact the growth rate of a plant. The plants are difficult to thrive in an extreme
weather condition because the extreme temperature will decrease the water availability in the soil and
changes the soil’s conditions. Environmental factors such as surrounding humidity, temperature,
lighting quality, water, pH condition, and nutrients are very important for a plant to grow. These
environmental factors needs vary differently according to the plant type.
Hydroponic is the technique of growing plants without soil and the nutrient are supply directly to
the roots. People can grow plants in the place that the usual or traditional agriculture is simply
impossible by using the hydroponic system. In the hydroponic plantation farmers can control the
environmental factors of the plant and can create a suitable environment for a plant to thrive. By using
the latest technology farmers can easily control those factors and this will reduce their workload.
Internet of Things is one of the promising new technology which can used to monitor and control
process.
This project intended to create a monitoring and control system of the air temperature and lighting
of the hydroponic plant using the Internet of Things. Data collection of temperature and humidity using
controlled and uncontrolled hydroponic system will be done. Analysis of the effect of the environmental
factor towards the plants will be studied.
2. Literature review
Currently, Internet of Things (IoT) attracts more attention to technology development and
innovations. The IoT have the ability to connect existing network machine infrastructure to the
environment. [1]. Physical world can be merge with the computer systems and virtual resources
available on the Internet to provide useful and recordable data for end-users [2].
2.1 Hydroponic system
The hydroponic system is a technique for growing plants in a water filled with nutrient rich solution.
It does not use soil but rather the root system is supported using an inert medium for example perlite,
rock wool, clay pellets, peat moss or vermiculite [3]. Currently, hydroponics is used in commercial
greenhouse vegetable production around the world. Agriculture technology developed rapidly in urban
areas, it is often called urban farming or urban agriculture [4]. Nutrient Film Technique or known as
NFT is one of the famous methods used in the hydroponic plantation system. Figure 1 shows the
arrangements of NFT method. This method is suitable for all types of hydroponic plants due to the easy
manageable and controllable solution concentration of fertilizer and the germination process of the
plant.
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Figure 1: NFT Hydroponic system.
2.2 The working principle of IoT
Internet of Things (IoT) is an environment where all sensors, actuators, and other devices
(heterogeneous objects/devices) being connected together with wireless communication devices where
they can communicate with each other, deliver and record data and also do the controlling phase without
any human intervention. [5]. The cloud computing and IoT system are integrated with each other such
as the cloud computing are prepared the store’s space for IoT components to deliver to the cloud. [6].
2.3 IoT using NodeMCU
NodeMCU ESP8266 is the main component used to monitor and controlling the hydroponic system.
NodeMCU is commonly used as a microcontroller which can connect with the internet with help of the
ESP8266 Wi-Fi chip. NodeMCU is an open-source firmware IoT platform. [7]. NodeMCU boards can
read inputs from the sensors for instance temperature reading from the temperature sensors, air humidity
from the humidity sensors and turn it into an output.
2.4 The effect of temperature towards plants
One of the important elements for the plant to survive is temperature. The development and the
growth rate of the plant is dependent on the surrounding temperature. Each plant has an optimum
temperature range for optimum growth. In recent years heatwaves or extreme temperatures have
become more intense and may last longer.[8]. Due to this, crops that grows in colder environment have
the effect of decreasing growth rate and thus productivity to the farmers. The needs to study the
minimum and maximum temperature allowable for plant’s growth is important to be understand. [9].
2.5 Artificial lighting for plant growth
Artificial lighting is also important for plant’s growth as quality lighting gives plant energy for it to
perform photosynthesis. Most of the growth chamber use fluorescent lamps, particularly those having
enhanced blue and red spectra, to achieve photosynthetic photon necessary for high productivity [10].
3. Methodology
Several methods from previous researches have been adopted in order to meet the requirement of
this project and to make sure the system successful.
3.1 NFT hydroponic system arrangement
There is various hydroponic system used by the farmers to grow their plants. NFT system is chosen
after conducting some researches on the hydroponic application. The NFT system is one of the effective
systems used in the hydroponic field. The nutrient water flow through the channel and the inert media
which is placed in the plant pot will absorb the nutrient and help the seed to germinate. The inert media
will maintain its moisturizes to help the plant to germinate by providing the nutrients. The nutrient flow
into the channel with the help of the submersible water pump.
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Figure 2 shows the full arrangement of the NFT hydroponic system with control system. The
lighting system was placed above the channel to ensure all the plants in the pots receive enough lights.
A support frame was made to place the growth lights above the channels. The DHT 11 sensor was
placed near the potholes to collect the data of the plant’s temperature from time to time. The sprinkler
system act to disperse water to reduce temperature whenever limit is reached. The sprinkle tube was
connected with a water pump and placed near a tank to make sure a sufficient amount of water is
available to sprinkle whenever it is needed. In this project Chinese kale have been chosen as the plant
to be observed.
Figure 2: Controlled hydroponic system arrangement.
3.2 Installation of IoT in the hydroponic
Microcontrollers are the main component in the IoT application. NodeMCU microcontroller was
used in this project to monitor and control the lighting and air temperature also for collecting the data
from the hydroponic system. The microcontroller needs to integrate with the IDE software to upload
the coding in the microcontroller and the microcontroller runs the system according to the program.
Blynk application is used to control and monitor the hydroponic system from the smartphone.
3.2.1 Software integration
An integrated development environment (IDE) software was used to develop the main coding.
Integration of ThingSpeak to store the data collected from sensors and uploaded it to the cloud is used
so user can view and process the data anytime. The system runs 24 hour without stop. Other than that,
Blynk coding was included to ensure the microcontroller can be operated from the smartphone. This
application makes the monitoring and controlling work easier for the user.
3.2.2 Graphical user interface (GUI)
Graphical user interface using the Blynk application is one of the easiest and user-friendly methods
that can be used to integrate or communicate with microcontrollers and sensors. Figure 3 shows the
chosen widgets for this project that are gauge, buttons, and the timer. The gauge is used to display the
data of the temperature and humidity, the button is to switch on and off the sprinkler pump and the
growth lights, lastly the timer widget is used to switching on and off the growth lights automatically
and the timer is set to 16 hours daily. This ensures the plants receive sufficient light intensity daily.
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Figure 3: Widget selection of the project.
3.2.3 Hardware integration
The connection between the sensors and the microcontroller was connected in the proper pins. Each
pin in the microcontroller and the sensor has a different function. For controlling the lighting and the
sprinkler pump the wire of the pump and light was connected with the 5V relay and microcontroller.
The wire from the main current source connected with the 5V relays and from the relay, the wire
connected with the lights and pumps. Converter is used to convert the AC to DC supply. The relay act
a switch to connect and disconnect the current flow when switching on and off the relay with the help
of the microcontroller. Once the microcontroller connected with the relay the switching on and off
process can be done from the smartphone. Once the user receives notification, the sprinkler pump is
switch on and once the notification is stopped its shows the temperature under the limit. Whereas, for
controlling the lights, the timer, and the button widget in the Blynk application was used. The growth
light can either switch on and off automatically or manually with the help of the button widget. Figure
5 shows the DHT 11 and microcontroller pin connection and figure 6 shows the growth light pin
connection with the relay and the microcontroller. Tables 1 and 2 explains the pins involved in
microcontrollers, relays, and sensors connection.
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Figure 5: Pin connection between NodeMCU and DHT11 sensor.
Figure 6: Growth light connection with relay and NodeMCU
Table 1: Pin connection of NodeMCU and DHT11
Pin NodeMCU Pin DHT11 Pin
1 3v3 Positive (+)
2 GND Negative (-)
3 D4 +Vo
Table 2: Pin connection of NodeMCU and Relay
Pin NodeMCU Pin Relay Pin
1 D0 IN
2 3v3 Vcc
3 GND GND
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Figure 7: Complete component arrangement for the controlled system.
Figure 8: Complete controlled hydroponic system arrangements.
Figure 7 shows the full arrangement of the components used for the controlled hydroponic system.
All the components were connected with the microcontroller and provided with an electricity
connection all the time. A Wi-Fi modem was placed in the experiment room to ensure the
microcontrollers always stay connected with the internet connection. While, Figure 8 shows the
arrangement of the sprinkler system and the arrangement of the growth light in the support frame.
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4. Results and Discussion
The Chinese kale plant was monitored for 1-month period to measure the growth rate of both
controlled and uncontrolled parameters of the plants. After 5 days of seeding the data was recorded.
The length and width of the plant's leaves were measured using a ruler. The data of length and width of
the both system’s plant leaves were recorded and compared to identify the effect of controlling the
parameters. Both the system was provided with the same amount of nutrients all the time. Figure 9
shows the method of measuring the length and the width of the Chinese kale plant and the plant shown
in the figure is grown under the controlled hydroponic system.
Figures 9: Measuring method of the length and width of the leaf
Figure 10: ThingSpeak temperature data collection.
Figure 10 shows the data collection of the temperature in ThingSpeak application. The data was
collected daily for 1-month period. The graph shows the average temperature of a day during the
monitoring period. In addition, the temperature was controlled by the sprinkler system whenever the
temperature exceeds 28 degree Celsius. Besides, the lighting exposure to the plant was also maintained
16 hours light and 8 hours of dark for 1 month period.
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Table 3: Data collection
System Leaf height Leaf width Unit Days collected
Controlled 2.5 2.5 cm 25
Uncontrolled 2.0 1.9 cm 25
Table 3 shows the data obtained from the leaf of the plant on the last day of the monitoring period.
From the data obtained it is identified the controlled system leaf was grown well compared to the
uncontrolled system. Based on the table 3, the leaf length and width of the controlled system was grown
bigger and wider compared to the uncontrolled system plant’s leaf.
4.1 Data comparison
Leaf Length Comparison Graph
3
LEAF LENGTH (CM)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
DAYS
Controlled system's leaf length (cm)
Uncontrolled system's leaf length (cm)
Figure 11: Comparison graph for leaf length.
Leaf Width Comparison Graph
3
LEAF WIDTH (CM)
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
DAYS
Controlled system's leaf width (cm)
Uncontrolled system's leaf width (cm)
Figure 12: Comparison graph for leaf width.
Based on the Figure 11 and figure 12 shown, the growth rate of the controlled system's plant leaves
was grown well compared to the uncontrolled system. After the observation period, the length and width
of the controlled system plant’s leaf is 2.5 cm and 2.5 cm, respectively. Whereas, the uncontrolled
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system plant’s leaf length and width is 2.0 cm and 1.9 cm, respectively. This proves that the parameters
play an important role in the plant growth. The environmental factor such as temperature, humidity, and
lighting exposure give plants the energy and strength to grow healthier.
The controlled system plants receive a limited amount of temperature and the lighting depends on
the plant types. Every different type of plant needs different amount of temperature and lighting
exposure. This graph proves that the uncontrolled system plant growth rate is lower. Chinese kale is a
plant which grows best under colder conditions, so the plant should not be expose in higher temperature
surrounding. 28-degree Celsius is the optimum temperature the Chinese kale plant and in the controlled
system, the temperature was maintained 25 to 28-degree Celsius and below all the time. This provides
a colder environment for the Chinese kale plant. Other than that, the plant also must be provided with
a sufficient amount of lights to gives the plant energy to grow. 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark is
the suitable timing for the Chinese kale plant to grow [14]. The plants were received blue and red
combination lights exposure 16 hours daily. The nutrients for each hydroponic system were provided
with the same amount all the time to identify how the temperature and the lighting exposure affecting
the growth of the Chinese kale plant. This experiment proves that every plant must be provided with a
sufficient amount of temperature, humidity, nutrients, lighting exposure, and so on for it to grow fast
and healthy. IoT implementation in the hydroponic system helps to reduce the monitoring work of the
plants all the time.
5. Conclusion
At the end of this study, all objectives have been successfully achieved. As a result of controlling
the parameter, it is identified that the controlled hydroponic system plants were grown well compare to
the uncontrolled hydroponic system plants. The leaves of the controlled system plants were grown
bigger and wider at the end of the observation period. This is identified by measuring the length and
width of the plant leaves. The leaf length and width of the controlled system was 2.5 cm and 2.5 cm,
respectively whereas the length and width of the uncontrolled system were 2.0 cm and 1.9 cm,
respectively. This proves that the parameters such as temperature, humidity, and light exposure impact
the growth rate of the plants. The Internet of Things in agriculture will bring the agriculture sector to
the next level. As a recommendation for continuation of this current project in future, the Peltier cooling
system can be used to control the temperature as an additional system. Other than that, image processing
data collection method can be used because the data is based on the growth rate of the plant, and the
IoT system can be upgraded and improved as a multipurpose system using the suitable sensors for the
hydroponic application.
Acknowledgement
.A special thanks for the Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University Tun
Hussein Onn for the full support by giving the access to the facilities and guidance to completing this
project. Without their sincere guidance in various forms of support and suggestion, it would have been
very difficult to complete this project.
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