9/6/2021
GEO270/GLS270
Computation on
Ellipsoid
MUHAMMAD FAIZ BIN PA’SUYA
Department Surveying Science and Geomatic
0197648604
GEO270/GLS270
Computation on Ellipsoid
Normal section
• Normal section is defined by the curve of intersection of the
vertical plane with the ellipsoid
Definition of Geodesic
• Geodesic is defined as the shortest distance between any two points
on the surface of the ellipsoid.
• Geodesics on a sphere are great circle and, on a plane, the geodesic
is a straight line
• On the ellipsoid, the geodesic is a curve having double curvature and
is thus not a plane curve and their geometry is more complicated.
GEO270/GLS270
Computation on Ellipsoid
Normal Section
B-A
B
Normal Section
A A-B
Geodesic
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GEO270/GLS270
Computation on Ellipsoid
BA
s = distance A-B
B
(B , B) A , A = Coordinate A
AB B , B = Coordinate B
AB = Azimuth A-B
A BA = Azimuth B-A
(A , A)
GEO270/GLS270
Computation on Ellipsoid
GEO270/GLS270
Computation on Ellipsoid
Geodesic divides
angle between 2
normal section a
in the ratio 2:1
2a
2a
2
9/6/2021
GEO270/GLS270
Computation on Ellipsoid
Direct Geodetic Problem
• To compute the coordinate and azimuth of second point, B
• Given coordinate for starting point , A , the distance and
azimuth to second point ,B
• Desire to compute the coordinate of B and azimuth from the B
to A
Given To compute
1) Coordinate for starting point, A 1) Coordinate of second point, B
2) Distance between the two point 2) Azimuth from second point to
(A-B) first point (B-A)
3) Azimut from first point to
second point (A-B)
A B
X,Y X,Y
GEO270/GLS270
Computation on Ellipsoid
Inverse geodetic problem
• Coordinate of the first and end point of the line , A B
• Desire to compute azimuth from point A to B , and azimuth
from point B to A as well as distance between the two point
Given To compute
1) Coordinate for first,A and 1) Azimuth from first point to second
second point, B point (A-B)
2) Azimuth from second point to first
point (B-A)
3) Distance between the two point
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GEO270/GLS270
Computation on Ellipsoid
• There are many solution to solve the problems (direct or inverse
problem)
• However, the solution usually can be categorized into two categories
depending on their mode of derivation. The two solution are:
a) Normal section formulae
b) Geodesic formulae
• The normal section formulae can be divided into three solution that
are Clarke-Robbins formulae, Puissant formulae and Gauss Mid-
Latitude (GML) formulae
• However, this lecture only discuss the solution using GML formulae
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GEO270/GLS270
Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae
Direct Geodetic Problem
• If we have A, A, s, AB and parameter of ellipsoid
• Find B, B, BA
B A
B A
BA AB 180o
• , , using Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae
• But we need m & m
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GEO270/GLS270
Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae
s. cos m
M m sin 1"
Values of , , s. sin m
in seconds
N m cos m sin 1"
This formulae is
accurate to 1ppm for sin m
lines up to 100km
.N m cos m
m tan 1
.M M
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GEO270/GLS270
Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae
Direct Geodetic Problem
• m & m can be calculated using formulae as below:
m AB ? B?
2 So we need
A B iteration
m
2
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GEO270/GLS270
Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae
Direct Geodetic Problem
1. Determine MA & NA using A
2. Calculate s. cos AB
Calculation M A sin 1"
Procedure
s. sin AB
3. Calculate
N A cos A sin 1"
4. Calculate sin A
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GEO270/GLS270
Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae
Direct Geodetic Problem
5. Calculate m A
2
6. Calculate m AB
Calculation 2
Procedure 7. Determine Mm & Nm using m
8. Calculate s. cos m
M m sin 1"
s. sin m
9. Calculate
N m cos m sin 1"
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GEO270/GLS270
Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae
Direct Geodetic Problem
10. Calculate sin m
11.Redo step 5 – 10, compare new and old
values of , , ;
Calculation
Procedure diff < 0.001” STOP iteration
12. Then calculate B A
B A
BA AB 180o
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GEO270/GLS270
GAUSS MID LATITUDE DIRECT PROBLEM
(EXAMPLE.)
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GEO270/GLS270
DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
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DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
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GEO270/GLS270
DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
Initial Steps
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GEO270/GLS270
DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
Initial Steps
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DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
Initial Steps
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GEO270/GLS270
DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
Initial Value
(Use for the
first iteration)
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DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
First Iteration
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DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
First Iteration
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GEO270/GLS270
DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
First Iteration
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GEO270/GLS270
DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
Second Iteration
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GEO270/GLS270
DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
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GEO270/GLS270
DIRECT PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
• Therefore, the values of φ2, λ2, α2with reference to WGS84
reference ellipsoid using the GML method;
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GEO270/GLS270
Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae
Inverse Geodetic Problem
• If we have A, A, B, B and parameter of
ellipsoid
• Determine s, AB, BA
B A
B A
• s, m, using Gauss Mid-Latitude
formulae
• No need iteration!
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GEO270/GLS270
Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae
Inverse Geodetic Problem
1. Calculate B A
B A
Calculation A B
Procedure 2. Calculate m
2
3. Determine Mm & Nm using m
.N m cos m
4. Calculate m tan 1
.M m
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GEO270/GLS270
Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae
Inverse Geodetic Problem
5. Use formulae or to calculate s
s. cos m s. sin m
Calculation M m sin 1" N m cos m sin 1"
Procedure
.M m sin 1" .N m cos m sin 1"
s or s
cos m sin m
6. Calculate sin m
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GEO270/GLS270
Gauss Mid-Latitude formulae
Inverse Geodetic Problem
7. Calculate
AB m
Calculation 2
Procedure
8. Calculate BA AB 180o
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GEO270/GLS270
GAUSS MID LATITUDE INVERSE PROBLEM
(EXAMPLE.)
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GEO270/GLS270
INVERSE PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
• Given, the geodetic coordinates of two points,
namely 1 and 2.i.e. φ1, λ1, φ2, λ2with reference to a
reference ellipsoid. To find, azimuths α12, α21 and
distance s12.
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GEO270/GLS270
INVERSE PROBLEM(EXAMPLE)
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GEO270/GLS270
THANKS
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