process involving conversion of carbon dioxide and water into glucose which

is then used as food by the plants. In addition, this requires certain materials
for successful production of glucose.

In this lesson, you will learn how photosynthesis takes place and what are
the needed materials for it to take place.

What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify the plant structures involved in photosynthesis;
2. identify the raw materials needed in the food making process;
3. identify the products of photosynthesis; and
4. describe the process and importance of photosynthesis.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis is a process of food making done by plants

and other autotrophic organisms. The presence of chlorophyll
enables these organisms to make their own food. Autotrophic
organisms require light energy, carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H 2O)
to make food (sugar). In plants, photosynthesis mainly takes place in
the leaves and little or none in stems, depending on the presence of
chlorophyll. The typical parts of the leaves include the upper and
lower epidermis, mesophyll spongy layer, vascular bundles, and
stomata. The upper and lower epidermis protects the leaves and has
nothing to do with photosynthetic processes. The mesophyll has the
most number of chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll. They are
important in trapping light energy from the sun. Vascular bundles
(phloem and xylem) serve as transporting vessels of manufactured
food and water. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are collected in the
spongy layer and enter and exit the leaf through the stomata. The
parts of a chloroplast include the outer and inner membranes,
intermembrane space, stroma and thylakoids stacked in grana.
The chlorophyll is built into the membranes of the thylakoids.
Chlorophyll absorbs white light, but it looks green because white light
consists of three primary colors: red blue and green. Only red and blue
light are absorbed, thus making these colors unavailable to our eyes
Lesson 1: How do plants manufacture food? while the green light is reflected which makes the chlorophyll looks
green. However, it is the energy from red and blue light that is
You already know in your previous years that autotrophs such as plants can absorbed will be used in photosynthesis. The green light that we can
their own food through a process called photosynthesis. This is a biological
see is not absorbed by the plant and thus, cannot be used to do needs the products of the light reaction, thus it occurs
photosynthesis. immediately after the light-dependent phase.
The chemical equation for photosynthesis may be summarized
as follows:

Carbon Dioxide + Water chlorophyll Glucose + Oxygen

(CO2) (H2O) Sunlight (C6H12O6) ( O2 )

Location of Photosynthesis

Summary

 Light- Dependent Reactions

a. Overall input: light energy and H2O
b. Overall output: ATP, NADPH, O2.
STAGES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Light- Independent Reactions
There are two stages of photosynthesis: (a) light-dependent reaction a. Overall input: CO , ATP, NADPH
2
and (b) Calvin Cycle (dark reaction). The light-dependent reaction b. Overall output: glucose
happens in the presence of light. It occurs in the thylakoid
membrane and converts light energy to chemical energy. Water one
of the raw materials of photosynthesis is utilized during this stage and
Please click and watch this video for more information
facilitates the formation of free electrons and oxygen. The energy Learning Station 1: Understanding the Process of Food Making.
harvested during this stage is stored in the form of ATP (Adenosine
TriPhosphate) and NADPH. These products will be needed by the
next stage to complete the photosynthetic process. After watching the video clip on photosynthesis, make a concept
map of the entire process by filling up the figures with the
The Calvin cycle (dark reaction) is a light-independent phase processes involved, raw materials used, and end products of the
that takes place in the stroma and converts carbon dioxide entire process of food making.

(CO2) into sugar. This stage does not directly need light but
 At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. describe the structure and function of mitochondria as the
main organelle involved in respiration
2. identify the materials needed in cellular respiration.
3. identify the products of cellular respiration
4. describe the process and importance of respiration

Cellular Respiration

All heterotrophic organisms including man depend

directly on plants and other photosynthetic organisms for food.
Why do we need food? Organisms need food as the main
source of energy. All organisms need energy to perform
essential life processes.
The food must be digested to simple forms such as
glucose, amino acids, and triglycerides. These are then
transported to the cells. The immediate energy source of the
cells is glucose. Glucose inside the cell is broken down to
release the stored energy. This stored energy is harvested in the
form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is a high – energy
molecule needed by working cells.

We can divide cellular respiration into three metabolic

processes: glycolysis (/ɡlīˈkäləsəs/), Krebs Cycle, and oxidative
phosphorylation. Each of these occurs in a specific region of the
cell.

1. Glycolysis, part of cellular respiration, is a series of reactions that

constitute the first phase of most carbohydrate catabolism,
Lesson 2: How is stored energy in food converted into catabolism meaning the breaking down of larger molecules into
chemical energy? smaller ones. The word glycolysis is derived from two Greek words
and means the breakdown of something sweet. In glycolysis, the 6-
Animals and other organisms are heterotrophs. They cannot
carbon sugar, glucose, is broken down into two molecules of a 3-
produce their food; hence, they feed on plants as their main carbon molecule called pyruvate (/pəˈro͞oˌvāt/). This change is
source of energy. In your Grade 8, you have learned the parts accompanied by a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH
molecules
and function of the digestive system. The food enters the mouth
Please click and watch this video about glycolysis.
and reaches the intestines where digested food is absorbed and
assimilated. When the food is digested, it breaks down into 2. Citric acid cycle - this is also called the Krebs cycle or
glucose—a type of sugar. But, how is glucose be converted into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-
energy? Is there a process involved in it?? CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from
In this lesson, you will learn how food, specifically sugar, is glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic
respiration can occur.[6] When oxygen is present, the
converted into energy
mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to
What I Need to Know the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present,
 fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. Krebs cycle
generates a pool of chemical energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH
2) from the oxidation of pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis.
Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and loses carbon
dioxide to form acetyl-CoA, a 2-carbon molecule. When acetyl-
CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide in the Krebs cycle, chemical
energy is released and captured in the form of NADH, FADH 2,
and ATP.

Please click and watch this video for more information

about Krebs cycle.

3. The electron transport chain allows the release of the large

amount of chemical energy stored in reduced (NAD + (NADH)
and reduced FAD (FADH 2). The energy released is captured
in the form of ATP (3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH
2). The electron transport chain (ETC) consists of a series of
molecules, mostly proteins, embedded in the inner
mitochondrial membrane. Summary of the 3 metabolic processes of cellular respiration

Please click and watch this video for more information

about electron transport chain.
 What I Have Learned SUMMARY
Choose the best word from the word bank to complete each
sentence.
Word Bank
Glycolysis mitochondrion pyruvate oxidation
Carbon dioxide energy oxygen
Pyruvic acid cytoplasm oxygen-dependent
Oxygen-independent ethyl alcohol glucose
ATP

1. We breathe in ________ and breath out ___________.

2. Organisms need to eat because food is the source of ________.

3. Cellular respiration may be classified into two types, aerobic if it is

____________ and anaerobic if it is ______________.

4. An anaerobic respiration also begins with ____________ where a

molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of _____________.
5. In anaerobic respiration, acetaldehyde acts as the acceptor of hydrogen
to produce a molecule of ____________.

6. The broken down of molecules consist of three steps, namely glycolysis,

____________ and Krebs cycle.

7. Glycolysis occurs in ____________.

8. Pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle occurs in _____________.

9. Cellular respiration cannot take place in the absence of ____________.

10. Pyruvic acid oxidation converts pyruvic acid into ____________ with the
production of carbon dioxide.
Please click this ..\Videos\4K Video Downloader\Photosynthesis vs. Cellular
Respiration Comparison.mp4