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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

REPORT
Submitted by

Ajay Swami ON
20EBKCS005

Core Java
Organization
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the Degree
Learn Vern

of

B.Tech

in

Computer Science

Session: 2022-23
CSE

DEPARTMENT OF <BRANCH NAME>

B.K. BIRLA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
PILANI - 333 031 (RAJ)
(Affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University, Kota)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Acknowledgments I have taken efforts in this Training.

However, it would not have been possible without the kind
support and help of many individuals and organizations. I
would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them. I am
highly indebted to Learn Vern for their guidance and constant
supervision as well as for providing necessary information
regarding the course & also for their support in completing
the course. Finally, I would like to express our special
gratitude and thanks to Engineer core team for giving such
attention and time. I would like to thank all the respondents
with whom I interacted during our training, without their
support and cooperation this training would not have been
completed successfully.
And last but not the least, I feel indebted to all those people
and organizations who/which have provided helped directly
or indirectly in the successful completion of this training.
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CERTIFICATE
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CONTENT

1. Introduction..............................................................................
.......................................1
2. Basics Of
Java..........................................................................................
.......................2
2.1. Overview Of
Java..........................................................................................
.........2
2.2. Features Of
Java..........................................................................................
...........3
2.3. Java ClassPath
Setting......................................................................................
......4
2.4. Steps For Compiling And Executing
Programs..........................................................4
2.5. Difference Between JDK,JRE And
JVM...................................................................5
2.6. Object And
Class.............................................................................................
...........5
2.7. Data
Types............................................................................................
......................6
2.8. Variables.......................................................................................
..............................7
2.9. Operators And Its
Types............................................................................................
..7

3. Programming
Concepts.......................................................................................
...............7
3.1. Structure Of Java
Program........................................................................................
..7
3.2. Main
Method.........................................................................................
......................8
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3.3. Decision Making

Statement......................................................................................
..8
3.4. Looping
Statement......................................................................................
................8
3.5. Wrapper
Classes..........................................................................................
................9
3.6. Access
Modifiers......................................................................................
...................9

4. Java Useful
Keywords.....................................................................................
...................9
4.1. Final..............................................................................................
...............................9
4.2. Static
......................................................................................................
.....................9
4.3. This...............................................................................................
...............................10
4.4. Super.............................................................................................
...............................10
4.5. Synchronized................................................................................
...............................10

5. Java Classes, Blocks And

Constructors...............................................................................1
1
5.1. Abstract
Classes..........................................................................................
..................11
5.2. Constructors.................................................................................
.................................11
5.3. Constructors And Its
Types...........................................................................................
11
5.4. Static Block In
Java...............................................................................................
........11
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5.5. Relationship In
Java...............................................................................................
.......11

6. Java Object
Oriented........................................................................................
................12
6.1. .
Inheritance....................................................................................
.............................12
6.2. Method
Overloading..................................................................................
................13
6.3. Method
Overriding....................................................................................
................13
6.4. Interface........................................................................................
.............................14
6.5. Abstraction...................................................................................
.............................14
6.6. Encapsulation...............................................................................
.............................15
6.7. Polymorphism..............................................................................
.............................15

7. Java
Advanced......................................................................................
............................16
7.1. Package.........................................................................................
.............................16
7.2. Exception
Handling.......................................................................................
............16
7.3. Multithreading..............................................................................
.............................17
7.4. String............................................................................................
..............................17
7.5. Collection.....................................................................................
..............................1810. Projects
Undertaken...................................................................................
.....................19
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Conclusions..................................................................................
.....................................21

References....................................................................................
.....................................22
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INTRODUCTION

Java is one of the programming language or technology used for

developing web applications. Java language developed at SUN
Micro Systems in the year 1995 under the guidance of James
Gosling and there team. Originally SUN Micro Systems is one
of the Academic university (Standford University Network)

Whatever the software developed in the year 1990, SUN Micro

Systems has released on the name of oak, which is original name
of java (scientifically oak is one of the tree name). The OAK has
taken 18 months to develop.The oak is unable to fulfill all
requirements of the industry. So James Gosling again reviews
this oak and released with the name of java in the year 1995.
Scientifically java is one of the coffee seed name.

Java divided into three categories, they are

• J2SE (Java 2 Standard Edition)

• J2EE (Java 2 Enterprise Edition)

• J2ME (Java 2 Micro or Mobile Edition)

J2SE

J2SE is used for developing client side applications.

J2EE

J2EE is used for developing server side applications.

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J2ME

J2ME is used for developing mobile or wireless application by

making use of a predefined protocol called WAP (wireless
Access / Application protocol).

BASICS OF JAVA

Overview Of Java

Java is a platform independent, more powerful, secure, high

performance, multithreaded programming language. Here we
discuss some points related to java.

Define JRE

The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is part of the Java

Development Kit (JDK). It contains set of libraries and tools for
developing java application. The Java Runtime Environment
provides the minimum requirements for executing a Java
application.

Define JVM

JVM is set of programs developed by sun Micro System and

supplied as a part of jdk for reading line by line of byte code and
it converts into native understanding form of operating system.
Java language is one of the compiled and interpreted
programming language.
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Garbage Collector

Garbage Collector is the system Java program which runs in

the background along with regular Java program to collect un-
Referenced (unused) memory space for improving the
performance of our applications.
Define an API

An API (Application Programming Interface) is a collection

of packages, a package is the collection of classes, interfaces and
sub-packages. A sub-package is a collection of classes interfaces
and sub sub packages etc.

Java programming is containing user friendly syntax so that we

can develop effective application s. in other words if any
language is providing user friendly syntax, we can develop error
free applications.

Definition of JIT

JIT is the set of programs developed by SUN Micro System and

added as a part of JVM, to speed up the interpretation phase

Features Of JAVA

Features of a language are nothing but the set of services or

facilities provided by the language vendors to the industry
programmers. Some important features are;
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Java Classpath Setting

Path Variable

Path variable is set for providing path for all java tools like java,
javac, javap, javah, jar, appletviewer which are use in java
programming. These all tools are available in bin folders so we
set path upto bin folders.

Classpath Variable

Classpath variable is set for providing path for predefined java

classes which is used in our application. All classes are available
in lib/rt.jar so we set classpath upto lib/rt.jar.

Steps For CompilingAnd Executing Programs

The following sequence of steps represented in the diagram use

compiling the java program and executing the java programs.
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Difference Between JDK,JRE AND JVM

Jvm, Jre, Jdk these all the backbone of java language. Each
components have separate works. Jdk and Jre physically exists
but Jvm are abstract machine it means it not physically exists.
JVM : JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is a software. It is a
specification that provides runtime environment in which java
bytecode can be executed. It not physically exists.JVMs are not
same for all hardware and software, for example for window os
JVM is different and for Linux VJM is different. JVM, JRE and
JDK are platform dependent because configuration of each OS
differs. But, Java is platform independent.

JRE : The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is part of the Java

Development Kit (JDK). It contains set of libraries and tools
for developing java application. The Java Runtime
Environment provides the minimum requirements for executing
a Java application. It physically exists. It contains set of
libraries + other files that JVM uses at runtime.
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JDK : The Java Development Kit (JDK) is primary components.

It physically exists. It is collection of programming tools and
JRE, JVM.

Object And Class

Object is the physical as well as logical entity where as class is

the only logical entity.Class: Class is a blue print which is
containing only list of variables and method and no memory is
allocated for them. A class is a group of objects that has common
properties.

A class in java contains:

• Data Member

• Method

• Constructor
• Block

• Class and Interface

Object: Object is a instance of class, object has state and
behaviors.An Object in java has three characteristics:

• State

• Behavior

• Identity
State: Represents data (value) of an object.
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Behavior: Represents the behavior (functionality) of an object

such as deposit, withdraw etc. Identity: Object identity is
typically implemented via a unique ID. The value of the ID is
not visible to the external user. But,it is used internally by the
JVM to identify each object uniquely.

Class is also can be used to achieve user defined data types.

Data Types

Datatype is a spacial keyword used to allocate sufficient

memory space for the data, in other words Data type is used for
representing the data in main memory (RAM) of the computer.

In general every programming language is containing three

categories of data types. They are

• Fundamental or primitive data types

• Derived data types

• User defined data types.

Data Type Default Value Default size

boolean false 1 bit
char '\u0000' 2 byte
byte 0 1 byte
short 0 2 byte
int 0 4 byte
long 0L 8 byte
float 0.0f 4 byte
double 0.0d 8 byte

Variable

Variable is an identifier which holds data or another one

variable is an identifier whose value can be changed at the
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execution time of program. Variable is an identifier which can

be used to identify input data in a program.

Operators And Its Types

Operator is a special symbol that tells the compiler to perform

specific mathematical or logical Operation. Java supports
following lists of operators.

• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators

• Logical Operators

• Bitwise Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Ternary or Conditional Operators

PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS

Structure Of Java Program

Structure of a java program is the standard format released by

Language developer to the Industry programmer. Sun Micro
System has prescribed the following structure for the java
programmers for developing java application.

• A package is a collection of classes, interfaces and sub-

packages. A sub package contains collection of classes,
interfaces and sub-sub packages etc. java.lang.*; package is
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imported by default and this package is known as default

package.
• Class is keyword used for developing user defined data type
and every java program must start with a concept of class.

Main( ) Method

main() method is starting execution block of a java program or

any java program start their execution from main method. If any
class contain main() method known as main class.

Decision Making Statement

Decision making statement statements is also called selection

statement. That is depending on the condition block need to be
executed or not which is decided by condition. If the condition
is "true" statement block will be executed, if condition is "false"
then statement block will not be executed.
In java there are three types of decision making statement.

• if

• if-else

• switch

Looping Statement

for loop While loop do-while

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Wrapper Classes

For each and every fundamental data type there exist a pre-
defined class, Such predefined class is known as wrapper class.
The purpose of wrapper class is to convert numeric string data
into numerical or fundamental data.

Access modifiers:
Access modifiers are those which are applied before data
members or methods of a class. These are used to where to
access and where not to access the data members or methods.
In java programming we have four access modifiers they are

JAVA USEFUL KEYWORDS

Final keyword

In java language final keyword can be used in following way.

• Final at variable level

• Final at method level

• Final at class level

Static keyword

The static keyword is used in java mainly for memory

management. Static keyword are used with variables, methods,
blocks and nested class. Static is a keyword that are used for
share the same variable or method of a given class. This is used
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for a constant variable or a method that is the same for every

instance of a class. The main method of a class is generally
labeled static.

In java language static keyword can be used for following

1. variable (also known as class variable)

2. method (also known as class method)
3. block
4. nested class This keyword

this is a reference variable that refers to the current object. It is

a keyword in java language represents current class object

"this" keyword can be use in two ways.

• this . (this dot) • this() (this off)

Super keyword

Super keyword in java is a reference variable that is used to refer

parent class object. Super is an implicit keyword create by JVM
and supply each and every java program for performing
important role in three places.

• At variable level

• At method level

• At constructor level Synchronized Keyword Synchronized

Keyword is used for when we want to allow only one thread at a

time then use Synchronized modifier. If a method or block

declared as a Synchronized then at a time only one thread is

allowed to operate on the given object.

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JAVA CLASSES, BLOCKS AND

CONSTRUCTORS

Abstract Classes

We know that every java program must start with a concept of

class that is without classes concept there is no java program
perfect.In java programming we have two types of classes they
are
1. Concrete class
2. Abstract class

Constructor And Its Types

A constructor is a special member method which will be called

implicitly (automatically) by the JVM whenever an object is
created for placing user or programmer defined values in place
of default values. In a single word constructor is a special
member method which will be called automatically whenever
object is created.

The purpose of constructor is to initialize an object called object

initialization. Constructors are mainly create for initializing the
object. Initialization is a process of assigning user defined values
at the time of allocation of memory space.

Types of constructors

Based on creating objects in Java constructor are classified in

two types. They are

• Default or no argument Constructor

• Parameterized constructor.
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Static Block in Java

Static block is a set of statements, which will be executed by the

JVM before execution of main method. At the time of class
loading if we want to perform any activity we have to define that
activity inside static block because static block execute at the
time of class loading.

In a class we can take any number of static block but all these
static block will be execute from top to bottom.

Relationship in Java

Type of relationship always makes to understand how to reuse

the feature from one class to another class. In java programming
we have two types of relationship they are.

• Is-A Relationship

• Has-A Relationship

JAVA OBJECT ORIENTED

Inheritance

The process of obtaining the data members and methods from

one class to another class is known as inheritance. It is one of
the fundamental features of object-oriented programming.

A class that is declared with abstract keyword, is known as

abstract class. An abstract class is one which is containing
some defined method and some undefined method. In java
programming undefined methods are known as un-
Implemented or abstract method.The process of obtaining the
data members and methods from one class to another class is
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known as inheritance. It is one of the fundamental features

of object-oriented programming.

Types of Inheritance

• Single inheritance

• Multiple inheritance
• Hierarchical inheritance

• Multilevel inheritance
• Hybrid inheritance

Why use Inheritance ?

• For Method Overriding (used for Runtime Polymorphism).

• It's main uses are to enable polymorphism and to be able to reuse
code for different classes by putting it in a common super class
• For code Re-usability

Method Overloading

Whenever same method name is exiting multiple times in the

same class with different number of parameter or different order
of parameters or different types of parameters is known as
method overloading.

Why method Overloading ?

Suppose we have to perform addition of given number but there

can be any number of arguments, if we write method such as
a(int, int)for two arguments, b(int, int, int) for three arguments
then it is very difficult for you and other programmer to
understand purpose or behaviors of method they can not identify
purpose of method. So we use method overloading to easily
figure out the program. For example above two methods we can
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write sum(int, int) and sum(int, int, int) using method

overloading concept.

Different ways to overload the method

There are two ways to overload the method in java

• By changing number of arguments or parameters

• By changing the data type
• By changing the order of arguments.
Method Overriding

Whenever same method name is existing in both base class and

derived class with same types of parameters or same order of
parameters is known as method Overriding.

Advantage of Java Method Overriding

• Method Overriding is used to provide specific implementation

of a method that is already provided by its super class.
• Method Overriding is used for Runtime Polymorphism

Interface

Interface is similar to class which is collection of public static

final variables (constants) and abstract methods.The interface is
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a mechanism to achieve fully abstraction in java. There can be

only abstract methods in the interface. It is used to achieve fully
abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.

Why we use Interface ?

• It is used to achieve fully abstraction.

• By using Interface, you can achieve multiple inheritance in java.

When we use abstract and when Interface

If we do not know about any things about implementation just
we have requirement specification then we should be go for
Interface

If we are talking about implementation but not completely

(partially implemented) then we should be go for abstract

Abstraction

Abstraction is the concept of exposing only the required

essential characteristics and behavior with respect to a context.

Hiding of data is known as data abstraction. In object oriented

programming language this is implemented automatically while
writing the code in the form of class and object.

Real life example of Abstraction

Abstraction shows only important things to the user and hides

the internal details for example when we ride a bike, we only
know about how to ride bike but can not know about how it work
? and also we do not know internal functionality of bike.
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Encapsulation

Encapsulation is a process of wrapping of data and methods in

a single unit is called encapsulation. Encapsulation is achieved
in java language by class concept.Combining of state and
behavior in a single container is known as encapsulation. In java
language encapsulation can be achieve using class keyword,
state represents declaration of variables on attributes and
behavior represents operations in terms of method.

Benefits of encapsulation

• Provides abstraction between an object and its clients.

• Protects an object from unwanted access by clients.
• Example: A bank application forbids (restrict) a client to change
an Account's balance

Polymorphism

The process of representing one form in multiple forms is known

as Polymorphism.Here original form or original method always
resides in base class and multiple forms represents overridden
method which resides in derived classes.

Polymorphism is not a programming concept but it is one of the

principal of OOPs. For many objects oriented programming
language polymorphism principle is common but whose
implementations are varying from one objects oriented
programming language to another object oriented programming
language.

Polymorphism principal is divided into two sub principal they

are:

• Static or Compile time polymorphism

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• Dynamic or Runtime polymorphism

JAVA ADVANCED

Package

A package is a collection of similar types of classes, interfaces

and sub-packages.

Purpose of package

The purpose of package concept is to provide common classes

and interfaces for any program separately. In other words if we
want to develop any class or interface which is common for most
of the java programs than such common classes and interfaces
must be place in a package.

Exception Handling

The process of converting system error messages into user

friendly error message is known as Exception handling. This is
one of the powerful feature of Java to handle run time error and
maintain normal flow of java application.

An Exception is an event, which occurs during the execution of

a program, that disrupts the normal flow of the program's
Instructions.
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Type of Exception

• Checked Exception
• Un-Checked Exception

Hierarchy of Exception classes

Multithreading

Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads

simultaneously. The aim of multithreading is to achieve the
concurrent execution.
Thread

Thread is a lightweight components and it is a flow of control.

In other words a flow of control is known as thread.State of a
thread are classified into five types they are

1. New State
2. Ready State
3. Running State
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4. Waiting State
5. Halted or dead State

String

String is a sequence of characters enclosed within double quotes

(" ") is known as String.
Example: "Java Programming".
In java programming to store the character data we have a
fundamental datatype called char. Similarly to store the string
data and to perform various operation on String data, we have
three predefined classes they are:

• String

• StringBuffer

• StringBuilder

Collection
Collections in java is a framework that provides an architecture
to store and manipulate the group of objects.All the operations
that you perform on a data such as searching, sorting, insertion,
manipulation, deletion etc. can be performed by Java
Collections.Java Collection simply means a single unit of
objects. Java Collection framework provides many interfaces
(Set, List, Queue, Deque etc.) and classes (ArrayList, Vector,
LinkedList, PriorityQueue, HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet
etc).
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CONCLUSION

Java is an integrated development environment (IDE) for the Java

programming language, developed mainly for educational purposes, but also
suitable for small-scale software development.
Java was developed to support the learning and teaching of object-oriented
programming, and its design differs from other development environments as a
result. The main screen graphically shows the class structure of an application
under development (in a UML-like diagram), and objects can be interactively
created and tested.