TELEPHONE NETWORK
By
JASHI A.R
INTRODUCTION TO TELEPHONE NETWORK
• Telephone Network is used to provide voice communication.
• Telephone Network uses Circuit Switching.
• Originally, the entire network was referred to as a plain old
telephone system (POTS) which uses analog signals.
• With the advancement of technology, i.e. in the computer era, there
comes a feature to carry data in addition to voice.
• Today’s network is both analogous and digital.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF TELEPHONE
NETWORK
• There are three major components of the telephone network:
1. Local loops
2. Trunks
3. Switching Offices
• There are various levels of switching offices such as end
offices, tandem offices, and regional offices.
• The entire telephone network is as shown in the following
figure:
following figure:
• Local Loops:Local Loops are the twisted pair cables that are
used to connect a subscriber telephone to the nearest end
office or local central office. For voice purposes, its bandwidth
is 4000 Hz. It is very interesting to examine the telephone
number that is associated with each local loop. The office is
defined by the first three digits and the local loop number is
defined by the next four digits defines
• Trunks: It is a type of transmission medium used to handle the
communication between offices. Through multiplexing, trunks
can handle hundreds or thousands of connections. Mainly
transmission is performed through optical fibers or satellite
links.
Switching Offices: As there is a permanent physical link between any
two subscribers. To avoid this, the telephone company uses switches
that are located in switching offices. A switch is able to connect various
loops or trunks and allows a connection between different subscribes.
LOCAL ACCESS AND TRANSPORT
AREAS(LATA)
• In U.S. telecommunications,Local access and transport area (LATA)
refers to a geographical area in the U.S. which is allocated to
telephone companies. The telephone companies, legally termed as
local exchange carriers (LECs) provide telecommunication services,
within the allotted areas.
• Two types of connections are possible.
1. IntraLATA − It is a connection between two LECs within the LATA.
2. InterLATA − It is a connection providing long-distance service between LECs
in different LATAs.
POINTS OF PRESENCE
• A point of presence was a location where a long-distance carrier
(IXC) could terminate services and provide connections into a local
telephone network (LATA).
SIGNALING
• In telephony, signaling is the exchange of information between
involved points in the network that sets up, controls, and terminates
each telephone call. In in-band signalling, the signaling is on the same
channel as the telephone call.
• In out-of-band signaling , signaling is on separate channels dedicated
for the purpose.
ADVANTAGES OF TELEPHONE NETWORK
• It is a circuit-switched network.
• There is no transmission delay as any receiver can be selected.
• It is cheap in price because it is a widely spread network.
DISADVANTAGES OF TELEPHONE
NETWORK
• It requires a large time for connection.
• It has a low transmission speed.
APPLICATIONS OF TELEPHONE
NETWORK
• It helps to connect people.
• It is used by business organizations to advertise their products.
• It is also used around the world for recreational purposes.
THANK YOU....!
