Objectives
1. Represent real-life situations using rational functions.
2. Distinguish rational function, rational equation, and
rational
inequality.
3. Solve rational equations and inequalities.
4. Represent a rational function through its: (a) table of
values, (b)
graph, and (c) equation.
5. Find the domain and range of a rational function.
Rational
Equations
Prepared by:
Ms. Leny Rose Magboo & Sir Rico Pilit
Rational Equations
Rational equation contains at least one fraction whose
𝑝(𝑥)
numerator and denominator are polynomials, 𝑞(𝑥) . These
fractions may be on one or both sides of the equation.
Examples:
Example
5 + 3𝑥 2(𝑥 − 1) Check Your Understanding
− =1
10 8
5 + 3𝑥 2(𝑥 − 1) 5𝑥 𝑥 − 2
80 + = 1 80 + =2
10 8 2 8
6
8 5 + 3𝑥 − 20 𝑥 − 1 = 80 𝒙=
7
40 + 24𝑥 − 20𝑥 + 20 = 80
4𝑥 = 20
𝒙=𝟓
Example Check Your Understanding
𝑦 6 2 4
+ =1 5𝑝 − 1 − 3 = 5𝑝−1 5𝑝 −1
𝑦−3 𝑦+3 5𝑝−1
𝑦 𝑦 + 3 + 6(𝑦 − 3) = 1(𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 + 3) 2 − 3 5𝑝 − 1 = 4
GIVEN:
𝟐 𝟒 2 − 15𝑝 + 3 = 4
𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑦 − 18 = 𝑦 2 − 9 −𝟑=
𝟓𝒑 − 𝟏 𝟓𝒑 − 𝟏 2 + 3 − 4 = 15𝑝
9𝑦 = 9
1 = 15𝑝
𝒚=𝟏
𝟏
𝒑=
𝟏𝟓
Example Check Your Understanding
𝑦 6 1 2𝑛 + 1 2
+ =1 = 2 +
𝑦−3 𝑦+3 𝑛 − 2 𝑛 + 2𝑛 − 8 𝑛 + 4
𝑦 𝑦 + 3 + 6(𝑦 − 3) = 1(𝑦 − 3)(𝑦 + 3) 1 𝑛 + 4 = 2𝑛 + 1 + 2𝑛 − 4
𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑦 − 18 = 𝑦 2 − 9 𝑛 + 4 = 4𝑛 − 3
9𝑦 = 9 −3𝑛 = −7
𝒚=𝟏 𝟕
𝒏=
𝟑
Rational
Inequalities
Prepared by:
Ms. Leny Rose Magboo & Sir Rico Pilit
Rational
Steps:
Inequalities
𝑝(𝑥)
a) Write the inequality in general form. (𝑞(𝑥) < 0)
b) Solve the numerator and the denominator by equating it to 0.
c) Put on a number line and test points.
Examples:
Example
𝑥+1
Step 1. ≤0
𝑥−5
Step 2: 𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥−5=0
𝑥 = −1 𝑥=5
Step 3.
✓ We put closed circle on -1 because it is included in the solution since -1≤0.
✓ We put open circle on 5 because it is not included in the solution since 5≤0
Let’s test the points besides and within the critical numbers. (You can
𝑥+1
pick any number). We’ll use the simplified rational inequality (𝑥−5 ≤ 0).
𝒙 = −𝟐 𝒙=𝟐 𝒙=𝟔
−2 + 1 2+1 6+1
−2 − 5 2−5 6−5
𝟏
: FALSE −𝟏: TRUE 𝟕: FALSE
𝟕
Final Answer:
The solution is [-1, 5).
3𝑥+1
1
Convert the inequality in general
Given: ≥1
form to solve for 𝑥(critical value). 𝑥+4
3𝑥 + 1 2 Get the numerator and denominator and
−1≥0
𝑥+4 equate to zero to identify the remaining
critical numbers.
3𝑥 + 1 − 1(x + 4)
≥0
𝑥+4
3𝑥 + 1 = 0 𝑥+4= 0
3𝑥 + 1 − x − 4 ≥ 0 𝒙 = −𝟒
3𝑥 = −1
2x − 3 ≥ 0 𝟏
𝒙=−
𝟑 𝟏 𝟑
𝐱 ≥ 𝒐𝒓 𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
Critical
Numbers:
𝟑 𝟏
𝟐
, − 𝟑 , and − 𝟒
3𝑥+1
Given: ≥1
𝑥+4
3
Let’s put the critical numbers on the number line and
test some points/numbers
Critical Numbers:
𝟑 𝟏
, − 𝟑 , and − 𝟒
𝟐
𝒙 = −𝟓 𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒙=𝟏 𝒙=𝟓
Final Answer: 3(−5) + 1 3(−1) + 1 3(1) + 1 3(5) + 1
The solution is −5 + 4 −1 + 4 1 +4 5 +4
𝟏
(-∞, -4) U [𝟏 𝟐 , ∞) −𝟐 𝟒 𝟏𝟔
𝟏𝟒: TRUE 𝟑
: FALSE : FALSE 𝟗
: TRUE
𝟓
Check Your Understanding
2𝑥−8 𝑥+5
1. Given: >0 2. Given: >0
𝑥−2 𝑥 2 +4𝑥
Answer:(-∞, 2) U [4, ∞) Answer:(-∞, -5] U (-4, 0)
Rational Functions
Prepared by:
Ms. Leny Rose Magboo & Sir Rico Pilit
Rational Functions
It is the quotient of two polynomials with no
𝑝(𝑥)
common factor which is 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑞(𝑥) where 𝑞(𝑥) ≠ 0
Examples:
Domain of the Rational Function
EXAMPLE
1
1. Find the domain of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥+3 − 5.
𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3
𝑫: {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ ℝ , 𝒙 ≠ −𝟑} or 𝑫 = (−∞, −𝟑) ∪ (−𝟑, +∞)
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
𝑥 2 −3𝑥−4
2. Find the domain of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥+1
𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1
𝑫: 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ ℝ 𝒙 ≠ −𝟏 𝒐𝒓 − ∞ − 𝟏 ∪ − 𝟏∞
Range of the Rational Function
To find the excluded value in the range of the function, solve for 𝑥 in
terms of 𝑦 then equate the denominator to zero and solve for 𝑦
EXAMPLE
1
1. Find the range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥+3 − 5
1 𝑥𝑦 + 5𝑥 = 1 − 3𝑦 − 15 𝑦+5=0
𝑦+5=
𝑥+3
𝑥(𝑦 + 5) = −3𝑦 − 14 𝒚 = −𝟓
(𝑦 + 5)(𝑥 + 3) = 1
−𝟑𝒚 − 𝟏𝟒 𝑹: {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ ℝ , 𝒙 ≠ −𝟓} or
𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑥 + 15 = 1 𝒙=
𝒚+𝟓 𝑹 = (−∞, −𝟓) ∪ (−𝟓 + ∞)
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
𝑥 2 −3𝑥−4
2. Find the range of the function 𝑦 = 𝑥+1
.
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 4
𝑦= Since 𝑥 ≠ −1, we substitute it
𝑥+1
on the result (𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4)
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4 → −1 − 4 = −5
𝑦=
𝑥+1
𝒚= 𝒙−𝟒
Answer:
𝑹: {𝒙|𝒙 ∈ ℝ , 𝒚 ≠ −𝟓} or
𝑹 = (−∞, −𝟓) ∪ (−𝟓 + ∞)
References
Next Century Mathematics- General Mathematics, Fernando B. Orines (Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc.)
MATH for ENGAGED LEARNING- General Mathematics, Yvette Lim, PhD, et, al. (Sibs
Publishing House)
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Thank you!
Activity
TOPIC: RATIONAL EQUATION
Part A. Answer page 64 of your book-Exercises A (numbers 1,5,7,10
only). Show your solution.
TOPIC: RATIONAL INEQUALITIES
Part B. Solve the following rational inequalities. Show your solution.
𝑋+4
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥−2 < 0
𝑥+6
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +6𝑥+8 ≥ 1
3
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−4 + 1 ≤ 0
Activity
TOPIC: DOMAIN AND RANGE OF THE RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
Part C. Find the domain and range of the following ration functions. Show your
solution.
1
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−6
1−2𝑥
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑥
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−9
Summary
