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Chapter 15: Columns of solid timber Chapter 16; Multianember columns Chapter 17: Glulam columns Compression members in triangulated fritimeworks are dealt with in Chapter 21, 14.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS The principal considerations in the design of compression members are: axial stress * positional restraint at ends © directional restraint at ends (Le. fixity’) lateral restraint along length, effective length and slenderness ratio deflected form hearing at each end. The relevant permissible stresses are computed by modifying the appropriate modification factors from BS 5268-2. BS 5268-2 gives grade stresses for services classes [ and 2 in Tables 8-15 with modification factor &; to adjust these stresses for strength class 3 grade stresses by 14.3 EFFECTIVE LENGTH .3.1 Introduction The effective length is determined by: at each end of the column (i.e. whether or not there is ween the two ends) * positional rest relative sway b 242HESIEN OL COMPTESSIOM IWERNESES 2H nena povenil fied eno] No resiuian sisog bth L * fing fi = int ited Mig!) dg = effective length tgerOk t= O8SL LCE OTL Fig. 14.1 Effective tengths x—x axis, No sway. * directional restraint at ends whethe ends} * Lateral restraint along the length. or not there és fixity at one or both Examples of effective lengths are sketched in Figs 14.1-14.3. It is emphasized, however, that there ean be slight differences of opinian between engineers on deciding the effective length for actual cases 14.3.2 Effective lengths. No sway Examples of effective lengths about the xr axis are sketched in Fig. 14.1 for eases in which there is no relative sway between the two ends of the column. Examples about the y-y axis are sketched in 14.2 14.3.3 Effective lengths. Sway possible Examples of effective lengths about the x—r axis are sketched in Fig. 14.3 for cases in which sway is possible. 14.3.4 Effective lengths. Points of contraflexure In ceriain cases (e.g. im the frame sketched in Fig. 14.4), two points of contraflex- ure can occur in one member caused by bending about the tx axis, The effective length, La, of the member about the xr axis can be taken as the distance between the points af coatriflexuce (BS 5286-2, clause 2.11.3), When considering buckling about the y-y axis due to bending about the x—x axis and axial loading the effec- tive length £, is determined by the degree of lateral restraint, In the case of the propped cantilever with sway sketched in Fig. 14.5, 1, ean be taken as 2h, when considering part AC of the columm and 2(/ —4,), for part CR.44 LMber Wesigners mau beckwork Fo Blocks A Pian on column = = t acini ot iemgsh the wall Note: ‘Where the sheeting rait is nearly as wide as the eulume Ey = 0732 + ‘orig fixed with a knee besce but ace notch asshoWN, Bey cnn he taken as Han om sheeting rats the distance between rails. Fig. 14.2 Effective lengths y-y axis. No sway. teiangulared beam ‘or truss | pene contraflexure Al A it iL raat pen he = HEHE) 1yeise Lex = The tor lower part of column Le = (he) for upper part of columm Fig. 14.3 Effective lengths xx axis. Sway possible.HESIETL OL COMIPTESSIOM IIEMIERSES 2a paints of cootralienure Fig. 144 Fig. 14.5 ‘The value of £., for axial loading and bending about the —vaxis is determined from the degree of lateral restraint 144 PERMISSIBLE COMPRESSIVE STRESS For any axis through the centre of gravity of a cross section, the radius of gyra- tion may be regarded as measure of the dispersal of the area shout that axis, The radius of gyration, i, is defined as #=J/A, where f is the second moment of area and A is the area. For a member having the same effective length about both principal axes, buck- fing under axial compression occurs abaut the axis with the smaller radius of gyra- i.e. in the direction of the maximum slenderness ratio, where stenderness ratio = effective lengilvradius of gyration = h/i= A. In many practical cases members have differing L, und # values about each pein- cipal axis and hence differing slendecness ratios. If one denotes the principal diree- tions of buckling by the suffixes x and v, then the larger value of (LJé), and (1,47), will determine the permissible compression stress. Timber is used mainly in the form of rectangular sections and as the rekition= of radius of gyration (4) to breadth (4) is constant (i = b!S'72] the slendemess ratio can also be expressed as A = (LW T2) Fora compression member with 45 5 the permissible stress is taken as the grade stress modified as appropriate for moisture content (2), duration of loading (Ks) and load sharing (Xs)a0 HIMIDeE LaesigMers manu For the more usual case of a compression member with A2 5 the grade stress is further modified for slendemess (K 2}. The formula for Ky: is given in Annex B of BS 5268-2 as: iy el {1 ene al. ne f fe 20 INKe. Nia. where ¢, = compression parallel to the grain grade stress modified only for mois- ture content (K3) and duration of loading (3) E =(1) Solid timber members acting alone or as system E= Ene (2) Members of two or more solid timber components connected together in parallel and acting togther to support a common load E= Fa, Ky (2) Vertically laminated member E = Fai. Kes (4) Horizontally laminated member E = Buea % Kir 2 =slenderness ratio (EJ) ity factor (tiken as U.005%) N= 15 and takes account of the reduction factors used to derive grade compression siresses and moduli of elasticity part of a load-sharing Table 22 of BS 5268-2 gives values of A); determined from the above formula. 145° MAXIMUM SLENDERNESS RATIO: 14.6 COMBINED BENDING AND AXL 14.6.1 BS 5268-2 limits slendemess ratio A for a compression member to: 180) unless itis & member normally subject (0 tension, or combined tension and bending arising from dead and imposed loads, but subject to a reversal of stress solely from the effects of wind, or a compression member such as wind bracing carrying self- ind loads only, in which cases the slenderness ratio % should not exceed 256. LOADING Introduction A-column is often subject to bending either about one or about both axes and the combined effect of the bending and axial loading must be considered. It should be appreciated that, in considering two or mote maximum stresses, they coincide at only one pkine or one point in the section and the combined stresses do mot thes fore occur to the same extent over the whole section. This is an important consideration as the plane or point being considered may have different permissible stresses to other parts of the seetion, Figure 14.6 illustrates haw actual stresses may combine,General Design OL Compression Niempers 249 A sso h With sway No sway Fig. 14.7 14.8 DEFLECTION AND SWAY OF COLUMNS Where a column is subject to lateral loading over the whole or part of its height the column deflects laterally. No limit for this deflection is given in BS 5368-2 but it seems logical to adopt a value similar to that for flexural members of 0.003 * height. Where the lateral deflection is caused by wind forces it should be appreciated that this is a gust force with a probability of occurring only one in say 50 years. Composite action with cladding and partial end fixity will probably reduce the deflection so that a column will not deflect to its full calculated amount during a shart gust period. Deflection criteria should be regarded as a guide rather than an absolute limit. When a building or frame can sway later should be set on the sway. No limit for this deflection is given in BS 5368-2 but it seems logical to adopt a value of, say, 0,003 of height (Fig, 14,7), When designing wind girders to restrain the head of a column or stud wall system a reduced deflection must be set for the wind girder deflection compatible with the allowable head delection rather than 0.003 of the wind girder span, 14.9 BEARING AT BASES ‘The permissible grade bearing stress at the base and top of columns is the value Of Ong for A = 0. However, if the column bears on a cross piece of timber (Fig. 14.8) the permissible grade bearing stress on the bearing area is limited to the permissible grade bearing stress perperpendicular to grain. If wane is excluded, the stress relevant to the full area can be taken (section 4.10.1) modified by bear- ing factor Ky when appropriate. ‘The detail at a column base often takes the form of a steel shoe bearing on con- crete (Fig. 14.9). This type of base plate can be designed as a hinge or to give fixity. Tt, for any reason (e.g. tolerance of manufacture), it is felt that the fit of the timber to the stee! plate or shae will not be sufficiently accurate, then an epoxy resin-sand mix can be used to obtain a tight fit or bearing.25y Lumber Designers wiunual Fig. 14.8 Fig. 14.9 epoxy resin-sand] or similar) Cross ~ sections I — Fig. 14.10 vent hale or natch vent hole or natch Head of holding-down to bolts above the floor Head of holditg-down, bolts | elo the Moor Fig. 14.11 I, for example in a humid service condition, it is felt that a means should be provided to prevent moisture being trapped between the timber and the steel shoe, consider making the inside of the steel shoe slightly oversize and introduce an epoxy resin-sand mix as shown in Fig. 14.10. Alternatively one can assume that moisture will intrude and allow it to drain or be ventilated away as shown in Fig. 14.11. In doing so the bearing area of timber to steel is considerably reduced but sufficient area can usually be provided.Genera Design OL Compression Memioers 254 14.10 BEARING AT AN ANGLE TO GRAIN With the bearing surface inclined to the grain, the permissible compressive stress, for the inclined surface is given by: Geadmee = [Link] ~ (Gendt ~ Feadmo0 ) SiN OL where cL =the angle between the load and the direction of grain Gi. sin, = permissible compression stress parallel to grain ble compressive stress perpendicular to grain, Load duration factors apply. For bearing at 90° to grain, load-sharing factor Ky is permitted when applicable. For bearing at 0° to grain, no load sharing is permitted (see section 4.4.1)Chapter 15 Columns of Solid Timber 18.1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 14 details the various general factors which must be taken into account and considers the factors involved in determining the slenderness factor Ke Values of the grade compressive parallel to grain stress for strengih classes « given in BS 5268-2 Tables 8 und and for species/grades in Tables 10-18. BS $268-2 Tables 2-3 list the graues/specics that satisfy the requirements of cach of the strength classes with aver 80% of all grades/species being allocated to strength classes C14, C16 or C24. Caleukwting Kix values from Appendix B of BS 5268-2 or selecting a Kio value from Table 19, which requires interpolation in two directions, can be time consuming, Tables 15,1 to 15.4 are therefore provided to simplify the design process for strength classes C14, C16 and C24 for service classes 1, 2 and 3 15.2 DESIGN EXAMPLE ‘The column shown in Fig. 15.1 is supporting 2 medium-term axial compression of OKN and a very short duration bending moment of 2.05kNm caused by a wind load of 4.00kN on the xv axis. The wind can either cause pressure or suction on the wall, Check that the chosen section is adequate, The top and hottom of the column are restrained in position but not fixed in direction. ‘The column is restrained on its weak axis hy rails at 1.4m centres. Assume servi 88 | and no toad sharing. Check suitability of a 60 x 194mm C16 section. cl Medium term loading (ne wind) 252 For axial loading: 4200¥72 194 400¥2 ell From Table 15.3 (with A = 81), Kj, = 0.454, heColumns oF Sonu Ember 253 ‘Table 15.1 Determination of E/a, for service classes | and 2 and 3 Service cla: I and 2 Long Medium Short Very short E o Els, o Els, oe Els, a Els, cl4 4600 52 885 708 7.80, 590 9.10 505 Clo 580068 853 682 10205691190 487 cigs 60007 845 676 1065 563 12.43. «483 6500 1S 867 693 1.25 578 495 C24 720079 aul 729 1185 608 521 R26 7400-82 902 72 1230 «602 1435516 C27 8200 82-1000 300 1230 6671435571 Service class 3 Long Medium Short Very short E 3. Fis... Fo... Fis... Elo, Cl4 3680 3.12 3.90 944468786 SMH OTH C16 4640 4.08 $.10 O10 6.12 758 714 650 cls 4800 4.26 5.33 901 6.39 751 7.46 644 C22 520045 563 924 «675770 7.88 660 C24 S760 4.74 5.93 972 Fl 810 8.30 694 ‘TR26 5920 4,92 6.15 963 7.38 802 8.61 688 C27 6560 -4.92 615 1067 = 7.38880 B61 762 cadn = Seg X Ky X Kyy = 6.8 x 1.25 x 0.454 = 3.86 Némm? 6000 : 2 = 0.52 N/mm? = SOx 194 mm Section satisfactory for medium-term condition Very short term loading (1) Axial loading: From Table 15.3 (with A= 81), Kis = 0.372, so that Gvuin = Gy X Ky X Kyy =6.8 1.75 0.372 = 4.43 Nim a, 2 cosa nna 60 x 194 (2) Bending: Depth-to-breadih ratio = fib = 194/60 = 3.2. From Table 19 of BS 5268-2 minimum degree of lateral support is ‘Ends held in position and member held in line as by purlins or tie rods at centres not more than 30 times breadth of member’. With the member held in line by rails at 1.4m centres (30 x b = 1800 mm) the full grade bending stress is permitted230 amber Designers ianuat Table 15.4); values for C24 timber Service classes 1 and 2 (E/s.) Service class 3 (E/s.) Long Medium Short. = V short. =~ Long. = Medium =—Short—_V. short a on 729 608 521 125 972 810 604 5 0976 0,975 0.975 0,975 0.976 0.976 0.976 100.952 0.981 0.951 0.951 0.952 0.952 0.952 15 0.928 0,927 0927 0.926 0.928 0.928 0.928 20° 0.904 0,902 0,901 0.900 9,905 0,904 0.903 25 0.879 0.876 0.874 0.871 0.882 0.880 0.878 30 0.853 (0.849 0.844 0.839 0.858 0.854 0.851 35 (0.826 0.819 0.811 0.803 0.833 0.828 0.823 40 0,797 0.787 0.775 0.763 0.807 0.800 0.792 45° 0.767 0. 0.736 0.719 0781 0.771 0.760 50 0.735 0.715 0.694 0.671 0.754 0.740 0.725 550.701 —0.676 0.649 0.622 0.725 0.708 0.680 60 0.667 0.636 0.604 0.571 0.696 0.674 0.651 65 0.631 0.594 0.558 0.523 0.606 0.640 0.613 7 = 0,595 0.554 0514 0.477 0.636 0,605 0.574 75 (0.559 (0.514 0472 0.434 0.605 0.571 0.536 80 0.524 0.477 0.434 0.395 0575 0.537 0.500 85 0490 (0441 0.398 0,544 0.504 0.465 90 0.458 0.408 0.366 0515 0472 0.432 95 0.428 0.378 0.336 0487 0.442 0.402 190.400 0.350 0.310 0.400 0.414 0.374 WS 0.374 (0.325 0.286 0.434 0.387 0.348 110-0349 0,302 0.265 0.409 0.363 0.324 115 0.327 0.281 0.246 0.386 (0.340 0,303 120 0.306 0.262 0.228 0.364 0.319) 0.283 125 0.287 0.213 0344 0.300 0.264 130 0.270 0.199 0.325 0.282 0.248 135 (0.254 0.186 0.307 0.265 0.233 0.174 0.291 0.250 0.219 0.163 0.275 0.236 0.206 0.154 0.261 0.233 0.104 0.145 0.248 0.211 0.183 0.137 0.235 0.200 0.173 0.129 0.224 0,190 0.164 0.122 0.107 0.213 0.180 0.156 0.116 0.101 0.171 0.148 0.110 0.096 0.163 0.140 0.104 0.091 0.134 0.099 0.086 0.127 0.111 0.095 0.082 0.121 0.106 0.090 (0.078 0.116 0.101 0.086 0.075 O11 0,097 0.082 0.071 0.106 0,092 0.079 0.068 0.101 0.088 0.075 0.065 0.007 0.085 0.072 0.063 0.093 0.081 0,069 0.060 0,089 0.078 0.065 0.058 0.086 0.075 0.064 0.055 0.083 0.072 0.001 0.079 0.069 0.059 0.076 0.067Columns oF Sonu Ember 257 rst Bu Suipr07 we stuensan 3 _ 4 poomary AL ae spel ss |_| 2 wor we = j uwnjoo { i pura wut — + Age o*® ! eo rat ® 09 + aS ate 4 4 N¥00-F 6) OS i x KOE \ a Da Nw - =“ mL wa) + wnipaw N49”