QUARTER I

WEEK 4

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION V (BICOL)
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF IRIGA CITY
SAN PEDRO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Name of Learner:____________________________________Grade&Section:____________

QUICK STUDY NOTES

Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person

A. TOPIC: TRUTH AND OPINION

B. KEY CONCEPTS:
 Rafael Ferberi in his book Key Concepts in Philosophy identified five criteria of
truth.
 Five Criteria of Truth
I. The first criterion of truth is coherence
- A proposition/statement is true if it coheres with other propositions.
Coherence means at least consistency. Consistency connotes non-
contradictions with another thing.
For example: The World Health Organizations (WHO) declares the
COVID-19 is a pandemic. All countries of the world agree that this
phenomenon is a pandemic.
 No one contradicts or disagrees with the pronouncements of the
International Agency. Therefore, the statement is true and a fact.
II. Evidence as a further criterion of truth.
- Propositions/statements about empirical data can also be regarded as
true, because empirical data are evident. This data is proven through
experimentation and observation.
For example: The Bicol Region is the Southern Region of Luzon. It is
composed of six Provinces namely; Albay, Catanduanes, Camarines
Norte, Camarines Sur, Mabate and Sorsogon.
 As per the map of the Philippines, it is evident that it is divided into
regions, and Bicol is Region V is located in the southern part and
composed of provinces. Therefore, the statement is true and a
fact.
III. The agreement of a group of people is the theme of the consensus
theory of truth.
- According to this theory, a proposition is true if it can secure the
agreement of all participants.
For example: Social Amelioration Program (SAP) is a cash emergency
subsidy program (ESP) for 18 million Filipino families whose lives are
greatly affected by the ECQ
 The program is mandated by the new law, the Bayanihan to Heal
as One Act, which was signed by the President last March 25,
2020. This law is agreed upon by all the members of the cabinet,
the law-makers and the Inter Agency Task Force duly singed by
the President and made known to all the constituents of the
Philippines. Therefore, the statement is true and a fact
 IV. A further potential criterion is the pragmatic theory of truth
For example: Sipag at Tiyaga ang mga susi sa tagumpay. (Diligence
and Perseverance are the keys to success).
 This dictum is very familiar to all Filipinos especially those who
started from scratches but earned much for a living. And many find
it useful in achieving a status in life. Therefore, the statement is
true and a fact.
V. Finally, satisfactory and enjoying the ultimate approval of all
researchers and constantly following the scientific method.
For example: Herbal medicine is the use of medicinal plants for prevention
and treatment of diseases.
 According to research, herbal medicine is an alternative way in
prevention and treatment of diseases. For this reason, many
people are actually using this kind of medicine to cure diseases.
Therefore, the statement is true and a fact.
 In order to validate if a statement contains TRUTH it must satisfy the
questions below:
 Is the statement coherent and does not contradict?
 Is the statement verifiable with evidence?
 Is the statement having consensus with a group?
 Is the statement useful?
 Is the statement agreeing with researches?
 According to Blaise Pascal in his book, The Thoughts on Religion, posits that
the power of opinion is viewed to be "the queen of the world".
 Opinion is construed and seen as collective of feelings, passions and biases.
Looking at the definition of Pascal, opinion is based on one’s perspective. It is
full of personal biases and therefore cannot be proven with factual evidence,
unlike that of truth.
 To illustrate more the distinction between TRUTH and OPINION based on
definition above, below is a comparative presentation:

TRUTH OPINION
It is objective It is subjective
It is evidence based It is circumstantial based
It is reality based It is emotional based
It presents unbiased It presents bias word
words
 Below are examples of bias-words. These words are clue-words in
determining if a statement is true or an opinion.
EXAMPLES OF BIAS-WORDS
think guess miserable
probably believe favorite
fun best sweet
exciting sad point of view
perspective understand
 CRITERION (noun) is a standard on which a judgment or decision may be
based.
 COHERENCE (noun) is the quality or state of cohering such as systematic or
logical connection or consistency.
  PRAGMATIC (adjective) is relating to matters of fact or practical affairs often
to the exclusion of intellectual or artistic matters; practical as opposed to
idealistic.
 BIAS (noun) is an inclination of temperament or outlook especially a personal
and sometimes unreasoned judgment; or a prejudice.

C. LEARNING CHECK-UP:
Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. In his book Key Concepts in Philosophy, He identified five criteria of truth.

A. Blaise Pascal
B. Rafael Ferberi
C. Robert Ferberi
D. None of the above
2. A proposition/statement is true if it coheres with other propositions
A. First criterion of truth
B. Second criterion of truth
C. Third criterion of truth
D. Fourth criterion of truth
3. What questions must satisfy in order to validate if a statement contains
TRUTH?
A. Is the statement coherent and does not contradict?
B. Is the statement verifiable with evidence?
C. Is the statement having consensus with a group?
D. All of the above.
4. According to Blaise Pascal in his book, The Thoughts on Religion, posits that
the power of opinion is viewed to be "the queen of the world".
A. Blaise Pascal
B. Rafael Ferberi
C. Robert Ferberi
D. None of the above
5. It is construed and seen as collective of feelings, passions and biases. It is
based on one’s perspective. It is full of personal biases and therefore cannot
be proven with factual evidence.
A. Truth
B. Opinion
C. False
D. None of the
6. It is a standard on which a judgment or decision may be based.
A. Bias
B. Coherence
C. Criterion
D. Pragmatic
7. It is the quality or state of cohering such as systematic or logical connection or
consistency.
A. Bias
B. Coherence
C. Criterion
D. Pragmatic
 8. It is relating to matters of fact or practical affairs often to the exclusion of
intellectual or artistic matters; practical as opposed to idealistic.
A. Bias
B. Coherence
C. Criterion
D. Pragmatic
9. What is an inclination of temperament or outlook especially a personal and
sometimes unreasoned judgment; or a prejudice?
A. Bias
B. Coherence
C. Criterion
D. Pragmatic
10. This are examples of bias-words EXCEPT?
A. Think guess
B. Think guess
C. Probably believe
D. All of the above

D. LEARNING INSIGHTS
Direction: Read and answer the question.

1. How would you feel if you found out that there are statements that are true with
others but not true for you? What will you do? Explain your answer.
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Prepared by:

SARA JEAN C. CAVITANA

Subject Teacher