Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics PHYSICS 20 UNIT 3: DYNAMICSPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Key Concepts + Newton’s laws of motion * static and kinetic friction + Inertia + gravitational force + vector addition Specific Knowledge Outcomes (C 20-B1.1k explain that a nonzero net force causes a change in velocity 1 20-B1.2k apply Newton’s first law of motion to explain, qualitatively, an object’s state of rest or uniform motion 1 20-B1.3k apply Newton’s second law of motion to explain, qualitatively, the relationships among net force, mass and acceleration 1 20-B1.4k apply Newton’s third law of motion to explain, qualitatively, the interaction between two objects, recognizing that the two forces, equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, do not act on the same object _20-B1.5k explain, qualitatively and quantitatively, static and kinetic forces of friction acting on an object 1 20-B1.6k calculate the resultant force, or its constituents, acting on an object by adding vector components graphically and algebraically 1D 20-B1.7k apply Newton’s laws of motion to solve, algebraically, linear motion problems in horizontal, vertical and inclined planes near the surface of Earth, ignoring air resistance. CO 20-B2.1k identify the gravitational force as one of the fundamental forces in nature 1 20-B2.6k predict, quantitatively, differences in the weight of objects on different planets. Specific Skills Outcomes 20-B1.2s conduct investigations into relationships among observable variables and use a broad range of tools and techniques to gather and record data and information C2 conduct experiments to determine relationships among force, mass and acceleration, using available technologies 20-B1.3s solutions nnalyze data and apply mathematical and conceptual models to develop and assess possible C1 analyze a graph of empirical data to infer the mathematical relationships among force, mass and acceleration C1 use free-body diagrams to describe the forces acting on an object p2Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Lesson 1: Forces and Newton’s Three Laws Dynamics is the study of forces. Forces explain, why objects move the way they do. Forces can generally be described as a push or a pull. In the most current widely-accepted theory, there are four fundamental forces: Weakest Gravitational foree: acts on mass Electromagnetic force: acts on charged objects Weak nuclear force: involved in some nuclear decays Strongest Stfong nuclear force: keeps the nucleus ofan stom together ‘The forces we use in Physics 20: 1. Gravitational Force: Any time there is mass in the question (which is always), 2. Surface forces: * Normal Force: any time an object is in contact with a surface © Always perpendicular to the plane of the surface. Frictional Force: occurs when there is motion (or attempted motion) of an object across a "rough" surface © Always opposite to the direction of motion or the direction of the applied force which is attempting to move the object. 3. Tension Force: the force transmitted through a taut rope attached to an object ‘* Always directed away from the object along the rope. ‘The tension at any point along the rope is equal in both directions 4, Applied Force: used when the source of the force is not known or when it’s irrelevant * Ofcourse all forces are applied forces.Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Newton's Three Laws Ist Law: Law of Inertia * An object’s state of motion will remain constant (constant velocity) unless acted upon by an unbalanced (net) force. «Inertia is the resistance an object has towards changes in its current state of motion. «Inertia is measured by the mass of an object, the more mass an object has the more resistance there is to acceleration. 3rd Law: Forces come in pairs. Equal but opposite forces * The interaction between two objects will produce an equal pair of forces; one force on each object but acting in opposite directions Try: Draw another example Force of bt en bal N Force ofall on bat Although forces come in pairs we will often ignore one of them. For example, if want to determine the acceleration of the baseball we only examine the forees acting on the ball. We would ignore the fact that the ball is exerting a force on the bat, as it is irrelevant to the motion of the ball. 2nd Law: F= ma ‘The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the unbalanced force applied and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. p4Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics E.g. 1 A 1200kg car accelerates from 10.0 km/h to 80.0 km/h in a distance of 200 m. a) List all the forces that would be acting on the car travelling along a level road b) What does Newton’s first law tell us about the forces acting on this ¢ ©) What is the object that is exerting a force on the car, causing it to accelerate forward? 4) What is the net force acting on the car? HOMEWORK Part A (Newton's 1* Law) 1. Explain the following, using Newton’s 1* law: a) When you pull a table cloth, the dishes remain where they are. b) When a ladder truck hits a wall, the ladder flies forward off the truck ©) When a bus goes around a comer really quickly, you press into the wall beside you. psPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics 2. A skydiver is falling at a constant velocity of 11.0 m/s downwards. If the skydiver experiences a downward force (ie. force of gravity) of 640 N, then find: a) the upward force of air resistance on her b) the distance she falls in 0.580 minutes 3. A car is travelling forward at a constant speed of 75.0 km/h, The car experiences two resistive (backward) forces: a friction force of 880 N and an air resistance force of 620 N. a) What is the propulsive (forward) force on the car? b) How much time does it take for this car to travel 490 m? Answer in seconds. Part A (Newton’s 2" Law) 4, The net force on a 47.0 g object is 9.50 x 10“ N, What is its acceleration’ 5. A baseball hit by a bat with a horizontal force of 1000 N accelerates at 4.00 x 10° m/s*, What is the ball’s mass? Answer in grams. 6. Determine the applied force needed to accelerate a 2.0 kg block of wood forward at 4.0 m/s? along a rough table, against a 10 N resistive force (force of friction)? Pp.Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics 7. 6.0 kg block of wood is sliding along a skating rink at 12.5 m/s West. It then hits a rough part of the ice, which exerts a 30 N resistive force of friction on the block of wood. Calculate: a) the acceleration of the block of wood b) the distance the wood travels before it comes to rest 8. A.0.65 kg baseball crosses the plate horizontally at 50 m/s. A bat makes contact with the ball for 125 milliseconds and sends the ball in the opposite direction at 60 mis. a) What average acceleration did the ball experience when struck by the bat? b) What was the average force exerted by the bat on the ball? Part A (Newton's Third Law) 9. For each action force, identify the corresponding reaction force. a) A horse pulls forward on a cart with 500 N of force. b) A high jumper pushes downward on ground with a force of 1800 N. ©) An airplane propeller pushes air back towards the tail with a force of 8000 N. 10, Explain the following, using Newton’s 3rd law. a) In order to swim forward, you need to push backward. b) When you fire a gun, the gun recoils backwards. ©) When you are standing on a canoe and you throw a backpack to shore, the canoe moves away from shore. pTPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics i On frictionless ice, Boy A (55.0 kg) exerts a force of 680 N to the right on Boy B (60.0 kg). At the same time, Boy B pushes to the left on Boy A with a force of 520 N. a) Determine the acceleration of each boy. 12, When a 15.0 kg rifle is fired, it launches a 340 g bullet (from rest) to a speed of $20 mis. If this takes place in 3.80 milliseconds, then determine: a) the force of the rifle on the bullet b) the recoil velocity of the rifle SOLUTIONS 1a) The applied force is only on the cloth, which causes it to accelerate. Since the dishes are not attached to the cloth, they wish to remain at rest (due to inertia). b) The wall hits only the truck, which causes it to decelerate. Since the ladder is not attached ©) The bus is forced around a ee ta eN firmly to the truck, it wishes to keep moving forward (due to inertia). le, but you are not attached to the bus. Due to inertia, you wish to travel at a constant velocity (in a straight line) and thus, you hit the wall. a) 640 N upwards b) 383m a) 1.50 KN forwards b) v= 20.8333 m/s ; 23.58 m=0.047kg ; a= 2.02 x 107 m/s? 5, 250g 6. 18N forward Fret = Fy = 30. East ; a= 5.0 m/s*East b) Using v,? =v,7 +2aAd, Ad=16m a= 880 m/s? towards pitcher b) Fret = Fhat = ma = 5.7 x 10°N towards pitcher ‘The cart pulls backward on the horse with 500 N ‘The ground pushes up on the athlete with 1800 N The air pushes the plane forward with a force of 8000 N 10. a) The person pushes backward on the water. Newton's 3" Law: the water pushes forward on the 1 12 person with a force of equal magnitude. This moves the person forward. b) During the explosion, the gun exerts a forward force on the bullet. Newton’s 3° law: the bullet exerts a backward force of equal magnitude on the gun. This pushes the gun backward. ©) You exert a forward force on the backpack. Newton’s 3" law: the bag exerts an equal but backward force on the person. This pushes the person, and the canoe, away from the shore. A: Frc =1200N left ; a= 21.8 vs? left; B: Fre=1200N right ; a= 20.0 m/s? right a) a= 136,842 mi/s* right ; Friteon bates = 4.65 x 10* N right b) Futter on rite = 4.65 x 10 N left ; a= 3102 mis* left; y= 11.8 mis left psPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Lesson 2: Mass and the Gravitational Force The gravitational force is the force created when two masses interact. ‘© The force between the two masses is directly proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. ‘+ The force is the result of an interaction with the gravitational field ( g ) that surrounds each mass. ‘+ The Barth's gravitational field is relatively constant close to its surface and has a value of 9.81 Nikg. This means that for every kilogram of mass that an object contains, the Earth exerts 9.81 N of force on that object. Therefore, the acceleration of any mass close to the surface of the Earth is 9.81 m/s? Mass Mass measures the amount of matter in an object. * Mass is measured in kilograms. Weight Weight is the measurement of the force of gravity on an object, measured in Newton's ‘© Weight can be considered as a scalar. It is the magnitude of the force of gravity. ‘© The weight of an object can change, as it is dependent upon the location of the object relative to the Earth. pdPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics E,g. 1 An object weighing 30.0 N on the Earth is brought from the Earth to the Moon, What is its mass and weight on the Moon? (gmoon = 1/6 gears) Homework Part A 1. Determine the weight (on Earth) of the following objects: a) a24,7 gram flea b) a 146.0 Mg supertanker 2. Onan unknown planet, a 2300 kg mass has a weight of 5210 N. What is the magnitude of gravity there? SOLUTIONS 1a) m=0.0247 kg ; Fp=0.242N bY) m= 146 x 10° kg; Fy= 1.43 x 10°N g= 2.265 Nike p.l0Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Lesson 3: Free-body Diagrams and Net Force Equations A free-body diagram is a drawing that shows the relative size and direction of the forces acting on a mass. The diagram is used to develop the net force equations that allow the forces to be added and analyzed. To draw a free-body diagram: * A point is used to represent the centre of mass. * Force vectors are drawn outward from this point. * The length of the force vector illustrates the magnitude (size) of the force. © Longer arrow larger force, shorter arrow smaller force. The angles between vectors allow us to choose the mathematics that will be used. E.g. 1 A 1200kg car accelerates east along a horizontal road. Draw a free-body diagram for this situation and write the net force equations that could be used to analyze the forces on the car. Try: A ball is thrown vertically upwards into the air, Draw a free-body diagram to illustrate the forces acting on the ball during each part of the motion, Write the net force equations that would be used to analyze the motion. a) While it is being thrown. b) After it has left the hand. Solving Dynamics Problems * Drawa free-body diagram # Indicate the direction of acceleration (if known) and make that direction positive. © Iaceeleration is positive then Fxe: will always be positive. + Write an Fast equation that includes the direction of the forces. ‘* Solve for the unknown using the given information and the formulas on your formula sheet. plPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics E.g.2_ A box is pushed across a floor by applying a horizontal force of $0 N, south. If the box also experiences a friction force of 30 N, north, calculate the net horizontal force on the 5.1 kg box and its acceleration, Homework Part A; Draw a free-body diagram for each stage of motion during the scenarios described below. Show the relative size of the vectors in your diagrams. 1. A stationary puck is slapped (along the ice) into a hockey net Stagel: Puck initially at rest Stage 2: Puck slapped by stick Stage 3: Puck sliding across ice Stage 4: Pucks hits net and comes to rest 2. A person, standing on the ground, jumps straight up into the air and then lands on the ground again Stagel: Standing at rest Stage 2: Jumping up (by pushing against ground) Stage 3: Flying through the air Stage 4: Landing on the ground Part B: 3. A480 kg vehicle travelling forward at 50.0 km/h experiences two resistive (backwards) forces: a 5000 N air resistance force and a 2200 N road friction force. If the wheels push forward with a force of 7500 N, what is the vehicle's acceleration? p.l2Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics 4. An 1100 kg car accelerates forward at 3.40 m/s, If the road exerts a forward force of 5600 N on the wheels (car), calculate the friction force resisting the motion, Answer in kN. 5. A490 g cart experiences a forward force of 6.5 N and a backward force of 1.8 N. If it starts at rest, then how much time would it take for the object to travel 22.0 m forward? 6. A 120 kg cart is experiencing a propulsive (forward) force of 400 N North. If it slows down from 15.0 ms North to 5.00 m/s North and travels a distance of 16.0 m, then determine the resistive (backward) force on the cart. SOLUTIONS 0.625 m/s? forward Fy=-1.86 x 10° N = 1.86 KN backwards 4 5. m= 0490 kg; a=9.5918 mis? forward ; Using Ad =0.5at? , 1=2.18 6. Using 3,7 =37 +2aAd , a= 6.25 m/s? South; Fr=1.15 x 10°N South p.l3Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Lesson 4: Vertical Dynamics Motion caused by vertical forces only as an object is moved up or down relative to the surface of the Earth, Forces as gravity, the normal force, tension and air resistance can cause vertical motion. E.g. 1 A 30.0 kg bucket of rocks is lifted to the top of a roof by attaching a rope to the handle. Initially, the bucket is accelerated upward at 3,00 m/s? and then it is lifted at a constant velocity, What is the tension in the rope? a) During the acceleration? 'b) While moving at constant velocity? E.g.2_ A SS0N person is in an elevator accelerating downward at 1.00 m/s?, What is the normal force acting on the person? ‘© The normal force is often called the apparent weight. © The normal force can be measured using a scale. p.ldPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics HOMEWORK (Force of Gravity, Normal Force) Part A 1. A.94.0 kg skydiver jumps out of an airplane and eventually, reaches a terminal (constant) velocity of 35.0 mis downwards, What is the force of air resistance on the diver at this time? 2. A3.70 kg ball is thrown upward with a force of 61.0 N. What is the acceleration of the ball during the throw? ‘A crane will be lifting a 7357.5 N car and its cable is capable of withstanding a maximum tension of 13.0 KN. What is the maximum acceleration allowed? Part B 4, An 850 N parcel is dropped from a helicopter and at one moment in time, it is accelerating downward at 4.81 m/s*, What is the force of air resistance on the parcel? 5. A3.48 x 10° kg rocket needs to launch from the surface of Mars (g = 3.74 N/kg) from rest to a speed of 350 m/s in 19.44 seconds, What force is required from the thrusters? plsPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics 6. A 37.8 kg child is standing on a scale in an elevator, Determine the reading on the scale (in Newtons) if the elevator is: a) moving upward at a constant b) accelerating upward at 4.10 mis? speed of 6.00 m/s ©) accelerating downward at 2.90 m/s? d) accelerating downward at 9.81 m/s? 7. An object of mass M is pushed upward with a force of 180 N and it accelerates upward at 13.05 m/s, What is the mass of the object? SOLUTIONS 1. 1* Law: (balanced force) Far = 922 N upwards 2 =36.3N down; — Free=24.7Nup ; a= 6.68 m/s? upwards 3. 750 kg ; a= 7.52 m/s? upward 4. m=86.646 kg ; Fun = 416.77 N down ; Far = 433 N upwards 3. Fyg= 13015 x 10°Ndown ; a=18.0m/s*up ; F=7.57 x 10°N upwards 6 a) 1 Law: Fy Fy = 371 N b) 2 Law: Fy=$26N ©) 2™ Law: Fy=261N 4) Fw=0 (free fall) FF =ma => 180-981M =13.05M => 22.86M=180 = M=7.87kg p.l6Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Lesson 5: Force of Friction Friction is a resistive force that opposes motion. The friction we will discuss occurs when two solid surfaces are in contact with each other and attempt to slide past each other, referred to as sliding friction or kinetie friction Kinetic friction is dependent upon ‘© The nature of the two surfaces (ie. rough, smooth) ‘© The size of the contact force (normal force) between the two surfaces. Kinetic friction is not dependent upon: ‘© The surface area in contact. ‘© The speed of the two surfaces relative to each other (usually). Kinetic friction occurs when two surfaces that are in contact move relative to each other. E.g. 1 A 30.0-kg mass is pushed horizontally along a surface and the coefficient of friction between the two surfaces is 0.750, What is the magnitude of the kinetic friction? Static friction occurs when the two surfaces are stationary relative to each other and a force is applied in an attempt to cause motion. * The surface reacts to the applied force, exerting an opposing static friction force equal to the applied force, keeping the object stationary. ‘© As the applied force increases the static fiction force also increases, but the surface can only exert a maximum amount of static friction. p.l7Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Graphing the Frictional Force vs. Applied Force ‘© When the applied force exceeds the maximum static friction force, motion starts and the two surfaces start to slide past each other. ‘Maximum static friction ee Fis ma) = 1 Fr Magnitude of friction force, Fy Static friction Fre) SMe Fx Kinetic friction Fy = Fy Stationary Ea E.g.2. A 100-N box sits on rubber surface. The coefficient of static friction is 0.62 for these two surfaces. If a horizontal force of 55.0 N is applied to the box, will the box start to move? What is the force of friction acting on the box? p.l8Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics HOMEWORK (Friction Force) Part A 1. 4.50.0 kg object is being pushed across a level floor with a force of 300 N. Determine the coefficient of kinetic friction if the object is moving at a constant speed of 4.00 ms 2. A person wishes to push a 175 kg steel desk across a level floor (so = 0.41 ; 4 = 0.38). a) Determine the minimum horizontal force required to get the table to start moving b) Determine its acceleration if the horizontal force is 1.40 KN (assume it is moving), 3. A950 kg car, travelling at 55.0 knvh on level, wet asphalt, needs to brake and come to rest. If 46 = 0.60 and px =0.50, compare the stopping distances when: a) the brakes are slammed and the car skids (slides) its tires for the entire distance ) the car has anti-lock brakes, which keeps the tires rolling and allows for no sliding p.l9Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Part B 4. A.25 kg mass is pulled across the floor with a horizontal force of 360 N. If its acceleration is 7.11 mis? forward, determine the coefficient of friction between the mass and level floor. 5. A 68.0 kg person is standing on a pair of waxed, hickory skis, which have a mass of 5.00 kg. If the surface is level, = 0.060, and pu = 0.040, then determine: a) the minimum horizontal force to get the person moving b) the force required to keep the person moving at a constant 2.00 m/s forward SOLUTIONS 1, Fy=490.5N 3 Fy=Fap =300N 3 1 = 0.612 2. a) F=Fytemas) = 104N b) Fj = 652.365 3 Frer = ma; a=4.27 mis? > 3. a) Fret Fray = 4659.75 N 3 a= 4.905 m/s? ; d=23.8m b) —Faet= Fjomas) = S591.7N ; a= 5.886 mis? ; d= 19.8 m 4. Fv=mg=245.25N ; F-F,=ma ; Fy=182.25N ; =0.74 Sa) F = Frivmay =43.0N b) P= Faw = 28.6N p.20Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Lesson 6: Horizontal Forces Horizontal motion along a surface is caused by forces acting parallel to the surface such as: friction, tension or other applied forces. If there is no motion in the vertical direction then the forces in the vertical direction must be balanced, E.g. 1 A 165g puck is shot along the ice with an initial velocity of 8.0 m/s. As the puck slides, it slows down and eventually comes to rest 30,0 m from where it was initially shot. Determine the force of friction acting on the puck while it is sliding, E.g.2 A300 N child and sled is pulled across the snow by applying a force of 75.0 N. If the frictional force on the sled is 25.0 N, then what are the coefficient of friction, and the acceleration? E.g.3 A box (m = 3.00kg) slides along a floor when a 30.0 N force is applied. What is the acceleration if the coefficient of friction is 0.42? p2lPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics HOMEWORK (Horizontal Forces) Part A 1. AL. kg object is given a push along a horizontal surface. If the velocity of the object when it is released is 0.50 ns west, and the object slides 0.25 m before coming to stop, what is the magnitude of the force of friction? 2. A girl exerts a 36-N horizontal force as she pulls a 52-N sled across a cement sidewalk at constant speed. What is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the sidewalk and the metal sled runners? Ignore air resistance. 3. You need to move a 105kg sofa to a difference location in the room. It takes a force of 102N to start it moving. What is the coefficient of static friction between the sofa and the carpet? 4. Asled sits on packed snow. The coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.12. If a person and the sled together weigh 650N, what force is needed to pull the sled across the snow at constant speed? p.22Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics PartB 5. Youhelp your mom move a 41kg bookcase. If you push with a force of 6SN and the bookcase accelerates at 0.12m/s*, what is the coefficient of kinetic friction between the bookcase and the carpet? 6. Martha is driving along on a rainy night at 23m/s when she sees a tree branch lying across the road and slams on the brakes when the branch is 60.0 m in front of her. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the tires and the road is 0.41, will the car stop before hitting the branch? The mass of the car with Martha is 2400kg. SOLUTIONS 1. 0.50N 0.69 0.099 78N 0.15 d= 65.8 m, she will hit the branch, aE wN p23Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Lesson 7: Pulleys and Systems of Mass ‘When analyzing a system it is often useful to consider the external forces that act on the system (such as gravity, normal, and friction) and ignore the internal forces between the masses (such as tension and contact forces). Internal forces can be determined by: isolating a single mass, considering only the forces that act upon that mass, and knowing that the acceleration of mass is the same as the acceleration of the system. E.g.1 Two forces are applied to the three masses shown below. Determine the contact force between Aand B. F,=150N A pulley consists of a wheel and axle, with a rope placed in a groove on the outside edge of the wheel ‘+ A pulley changes the direction of a force. * A ssingle pulley does not provide any mechanical advantage, * An ideal pulley is frictionless and massless. Atwood's Machine: Two masses hanging on Fletcher's Trolley: A system of masses either side of a single pulley. where some of the mass is supported by a surface and another mass hangs from a pulley at the edge of the surface. a p24Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics E.g. 1 Calculate the tension in the rope if one mass is 500 g and the other mass is 200 g. E.g.2_A Fletcher's trolley is produced by a hanging mass of 200 g and a 300-g mass on a table. The coefficient of friction along the table is 0.20. a) Determine the acceleration of the system. b) Determine the tension in the rope connect the two masses. p.2sPhysics 20 Workbook HOMEWORK 1a) Determine the acceleration of both crates. Unit 3: Dynamics b) Determine the force of A on B. ©) Show that the force of B on A is equal but opposite. 2. For the three crates shown, the force of erate Con Crate B is 150 N. Determine the force Fi. Fi B er A 83 4.6 kg kg 3. For the system shown, determine: ‘ RSE a) the acceleration of the system athe = ES > b) the tension in the massless string 8 oe 4. For the system shown, determine: a) the acceleration of the 195 ky mass b) the tension in the cable p.26 wis | Yr Tistonles [sx0KPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics 5. A6.50 kg mass and a 9.10 kg mass are attached to an Atwood machine, pulley Determine: a) the acceleration of mi b) the tension in the cord m olds 650i 6. Determine: a) the acceleration of the 6.0 kg mass b) the tension in each rope ie oa 7. Determine: a) __ the acceleration of the 95.0 kg mass b) the tension in the cable 95.0 kg ¢ ) = 0.460 74.0 SOLUTIONS 1. a) a=4.70 mis? b) Fiona = 150 N right ©) Feona = 150N left 2. CrateC: Fone = 150 N right ; Fa =60.N right ; a= 10.526 mis? right Allerates: Fre = 195.789 N right ; Fi a) 137ms? by) DIN, a) 2.13 mis? > b) Fr= 415N a) 1.64 m/s? T b) T44N a) a=1.69ms* >» bb) Fri = 104N; Pre= 114N a) Fy=428.7N ; Both masses: a= 1.76 m/s* > bd) 92.0kg: Fr=596N 9x10N awe p27Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Lesson 8: Forces at Angles Forces at angles should be broken into components so that the Fy. force in both the x and y directions can be determined separately. The normal force is affected by components acting in the vertical direction. ‘* If the vertical applied force is upward, the normal force is decreased. * If the vertical applied force is downward, the normal force is increased. g.1 A30kg object is pulled horizontally across a surface (jk ~ 0.50) by a force of 200N, applied at an angle of 30° above the horizontal, Determine: a) The weight? b) The normal force? c) The force of kinetic friction? g.2 A 30kg object accelerates across a frictionless surface at 2,00m/s*, The force applied is at an angle of 60° to the horizontal. What is the applied force? p.28Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics E.g.3 A force is applied downward along the handle (60° to the horizontal) of a 25.0 kg lawnmower in order to get it moving. What is the acceleration of the 25.0 kg lawnmower once it has started ‘moving given that the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15 and that the 300 N applied force remains constant? E.g.4 A300 g mass, hanging from a string, is pulled away from the vertical by a 1.0 N horizontal force. Calculate the angle that the string will make with the vertical and the tension in the string, HOMEWORK 1. Ifthe box is moving right, determine: a) Fy. b) a p.29Physics 20 Workbook 2. Ifthe box is accelerating left, determine: a) Fw bw 3. Ifthe 13.0 kg object accelerates at 4.00 m/s? towards the right, then determine F2 and Ps, F1=150N 22.0° 4. If these are the only two forces, determine the magnitude and direction of the 4500 kg object's 9.20 KN, oat acceleration, 4500 kg, p30Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics 5S. An 800 kg sign is suspended using two massless cables, Determine the tension in both cables. 6 A.60.0 kg object is suspended by two massless ropes, as shown. If the tension in Rope 2 is 400 N, then determine: a) the tension in Rope | b) —theangle @ 7. A1.7 kg mass is held up by two strings, as shown. Determine the tension in the strings, assuming they have equal tension. 17s SOLUTIONS 1. a) Fy=mg+200sinl4°=391.73N —b) 200cosl4° - Fy=ma ; a=2.07 ms? > 2. a) Fy = mg— 1000 sin 24°=329N b) 1000cos24? - Fy= ma ; Fy=449N; p= 1.36 3. Vertical: F;=Fiy = 150 sin 22° = 56.2N; Horizontal: Frets = ma: = S2N ; F2=191N 4. Vertical components cancel. Fner= 2 (9.20KN) cos 17.0° = 17,596 N right ; @ = 3.91 m/s? right 5. F=1.57x10'N; Fri = 1.36 x 10°N 6 a) 12N by 55.8° 7. xecomponents cancel. 2 Fn, = mg ; Fr=24 p3lPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Lesson 9: Forces on an Inclined Plane (Ramps) When a mass is placed on an incline (ramp) the gravitational force is broken into two components. E.g.1 Calculate the acceleration of a block (m = 100 g) sliding down an incline (40°) if the incline is frictionless E.g.2. A 100g block of wood is placed on a glass surface which has a coefficient of kinetic friction equal to 0.125 and is inclined at 25°. Calculate: a) The parallel and perpendicular components of gravity. b) Calculate the kinetic force of friction acting on the block. ©) Calculate the force applied to accelerate the block upward along the surface at 1.50 m/s? p32Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics HOMEWORK (Inclines) Part A. 1. A person skis ({tom rest) down a 31.0° incline. If there is no friction / AR, determine the distance travelled in 26.0 seconds. Determine: a) _the normal force on the object 190k b) the acceleration if there is no friction. a A.6.70 kg object is at rest on an incline, as shown. If the maximum angle possible for this object to remain at rest is 38°, then determine the normal , the static friction force, and the coefficient of static friction,Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Part B. 4. An object is sliding down a frictionless slope that is 290 m long, IF t starts at rest and it takes 18.5 s for it to reach the bottom, then determine the angle of the incline. A400 kg object is being pulled up a 17.0° incline at a constant velocity of 3.00 m/s. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the object and the surface is 0.680, then determine: a) the force of friction on the object b) the applied force on the object to keep it moving at a constant velocity 6. Ifitisa frictionless surface, then determine: a) the acceleration of the 5.10 kg object, b) the tension in the cable p34Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics "7. A72.0kg object is being pulled up by a force of 950 N, directed at an angle of 16.0° above the surface. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between the object, and the incline surface is 0.330, then determine: a) thenormal force —-b)-—_the acceleration of the object. *8. Determine the acceleration (magnitude) of the system and the tension in the cable. SOLUTIONS 1. @=5,0525 mis? down slope ;_ d= 1.71 km 2. a) Fw=mg.cos 36.5° = 150 N_b) Fer = 120- mg sin 36.5° ; a = 0.481 m/s’ up slope 3. I Law: Fy = mgeos 0=S18N; Fy=mgsin@=4047N; ys = 0.78 4. a= 1.695 mis? ; = 9.95° 5. a) Fw=mgeos 17°; Fy=255KN b) Fae = Fy + mgsin 17° = 3.70. 10°N 6. a) Both masses: a = 1.61 m/s” downward b) 5.10 kg object: Fr=41.8N. 7. a) 402N b) 7.49 m/s? up the slope 8 a=2.2 mis? ; Fr = 34x 10°N p3sPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Lesson 10: Vector Addition of Forces E.g.1 Three horizontal forces act on 40.0 kg mass. Determine the net force acting on the mass and the acceleration of the mass. Fi=300N, wes Fa= 100N, 45° E of S Fs= 200 N, 30° Nof E E.g. 2 What is the tension in the wires, when a sign of 30 kg is hung from two wires each making an angle of 20° to the horizontal. p36Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Equilibrants When an object is at rest and it remains at rest, we say that itis in static equilibrium. A common calculation that is made in these situations is to determine the equilibrant, which is the force required to ensure that the net force on the system is zero. Example. Determine the equilibrant (73) for each situation: 1 1-D Situation: — — Fi=400N 00N 2. 2D Situation (90°): Fi=30N F2=S0N 2-D Situation (Not 90°): 50N p37Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics HOMEWORK A Determine the magnitude and direction of the net force. a) 200 N West, 500.N East, 400 N West b) 70.0 Nup, 110.0 N down, 160.0N up, 90.0 N down A.67.0 kg mass experiences four forces: Fi=570N West F2=340N North Fs=200.N East Fs = 100 N South Determine the magnitude and direction of its acceleration. Determine the magnitude and direction of the net force. a) 16.0.N West, 21.0 N North b) 410 N Fast, 560 N at 62.0° S of W Two forces act on an object: 350 N North and x N West If the net force has a magnitude of S00 N, then determine: a) x b) the direction of the net force vector ‘Three forces act on a mass: 8.3 N North, 11.7 N South, and a third force, If the net force is 14.0 N North, then what is the third force? Determine the magnitude and direction of the net force. a) 58.0.N South, 47.0 N East, 20.0 N North b) 7.20 Nat 15.0° Eof N ; 6.40 N at 22.0° S of E Two forces act on an object: F, = 11,0 at 48.3°Nof W and F, If the net force on the object is 4.10 N at 35.0° S of W, then determine F, p38Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Equilibrant 8. Ifthe 13.0 kg object accelerates at 4,00 m/s? 150N towards the right, then determine F2 and Fi. 2.0° E 13.0 kg ay B 9. Ineach of the following situations, the object is in static equilibrium (ie. at rest and remaining at rest), Determine the unknown force, if it is the equilibrant. a) F=104Nlleft, F, = 283 N right, 169 Nright, F, ? b) F=17.0N West, #, =23.0NNorth, F, ? ©) F, =6.20Nat40.0°NofW, F, =8.90Nat 70.0°S of W, F,? SOLUTIONS 1. a) 100N West b) — 30.0Nup 2. a) Fete = 370 Ne, Fhety = 240 N 4; Fucr= 441 N at 33.0°N of W_ (57.0° W of N) b) a= 6.58 m/s* at 33.0° N of W_ (57.0° W of N) 3. a) —:26.4Nat $2.7° Nof W (37.3° WofN) b) R= 147.1 N; Ry=—494.5.N ; Free = 516 Nat 73.4° S of E (16.6° E of S) 4. a) -x=357N bd) 0=45.6° Wof N (44.4? Nof W) 5 I74N 6 a) 60.4 Nat 39.0° S of E (51.0° E of S) b) x= 7.7975 N; Ry=4.5572N ; Free = 9.03 N at 30.3° N of E (59.7° E of N) 7. x2=3.959N East, y2=10.56N South ; #, = 11.3 N at 69.5°S of E (20.6° E ofS) 8. Vertical: Fs=Fiy = 150 sin 22° = 56,.2N; Horizontal: Frets = max = 52N ; F2=191N 9 a): 348N left b) 28.6 at 53.5°SofE (365° E of $) ©), =-4.7495N, ¥,=7.794N, =3.9853N ; ¥,=-3.044N, ji, =-8.3633N =4378N ; Then, F, = 8.94N at 29.3°NofE (60.7° E of N) p39Physics 20 Workbook UNIT 3 PRACTICE EXAM. B. MULTIPLE CHOICE 1 Three forces act on amass: ¢ 120 N North * 410 N South . 180 N North What is the net force on the mass? A. 110N South B. ON North C. 710 South D. 710 N North 2. Two forces act on a mass: . oR © 37.0NIeft If the net force on the mass is 16.8 N left, then what is Fi? A. 20.2Nleft B. 20.2Nright C. 53.8Nleft D. 53.8 Nright Use the information below to answer the next 2 questions. An object experiences 3 forces: 19.0 N East * 28.0. South . oR Pris an equilibrant. 3. ‘The magnitude of Fs would be A, 9.00 N B. 20.6 N Cc 338N D. 47.0N 4. Which of the following best represents the direction of F:? A. 4 \ B. \ / D. Unit 3: DynamicsPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Use the information below to answer the next 2 questions. A 4000 N car is travelling at a constant horizontal velocity of 80.0 knv/h forward. The propulsive] (forward) force on the car is 1450 N, while the force of friction is 620 N. 5. The magnitude of the force of air resistance on this car would be A. 830N B. 2.07KN C. 3.I7KN D. — 6.07KN 6. How far would this car travel in 3.10 minutes? A. 688m B. 248m Cc. 4.13km D. 14.9km When a net force F acts on a mass M, its acceleration is 12.0 m/s. If the mass M is doubled (x 2) and the net force Fis tripled (x 3), then what is the new acceleration? A, 2.00 mis? B. 8.00 m/s? C. 18.0 mis? D. 72.0 mis? Use the information below to answer the next 2 questions ‘A'16.0 kg mass experiences two forces: © .240N West . The acceleration of the mass is 10.0 m/s’ towards the East. 8, The magnitude and direction of 2 would be A. 80.0N West B. 80.0 N East C. 400.N West D. 400 N East 9. If the mass has an initial velocity of 6.00 m/s towards the West, then what will be the magnitude of its displacement after 3.20 seconds? A 320m B 35.2m Cc 704m D. 3.6m palPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics 10. i the information below to answer the next 2 questions A.65.0 kg boy and a 53.0 kg girl are standing on frictionless ice. The boy then pushes the girl with a force of 200 N right, while at the same time, the git! pushes the boy with a force of 250 N left. What is the magnitude of the girl’s acceleration? A, 0.943 mis* B. C472 mist D. 8.49 m/s? Which of the following is true about the boy? Magnitude of net force Magnitude of acceleration x Same as the girl's Same as the girl's B. Same as the girl's Different than the girl's Cc. Different than the girl's Same as the girl’s D. Different than the girl’s Different than the girl's A 580 N swimmer pushes backwards on the water with a force of 140 N. What is the reaction force? A. The water pushes up on the swimmer with 580 N B. The water pushes down on the swimmer with 580 N. C, The water pushes backward on the swimmer with 140 N. D. The water pushes forward on the swimmer with 140 N. A 29.0 kg object is being pushed upward with a force of 86.0 N. What is the acceleration of the object? A. 2.97 mis? downward B. 2.97 m/s? upward C. 6.84 m/s? downward D. 6.84 m/s* upward A 15.0 N object is accelerating upward at 3.80 mis’, Which of the following are true? Magnitude of net force Magnitude of applied force A S81N 919N B. S81N 20.8N, C. 57.0N 42.0N D. 57.0N T2.0N pa2Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics 15 17. 18. 19. 20. In the Atwood pulley system shown, what is the magnitude of the system’s acceleration? A. 182 mis? B. 3.07 m/s* C446 mis? D. 9.81 m/s* The cable's force on the 11.0 kg mass is A. 87.9N down B. 87.9Nup 11.0kg 16.0 ke, C. 128Ndown D. 128Nup A.78.0 kg person is standing on a scale in an elevator. If the reading on the scale is, 900 N, then what is the magnitude of the elevator’s acceleration? A. 11S mis? B73 mis? C213 mis? D. 2.87 mis? A. 24.0 kg crate is being pushed forward with a force F. If the coefficient of friction between the crate and the level ground is 0.800 and the cart is accelerating forward at 4.10 m/s’, then the force F is A. 90.0N B. 984N Cc. 188N D. -287N A.2.40 kg mass is dragged forward at a constant speed of 1.90 m/s. If the applied force is 13.6 N, then the coefficient of frietion between the mass and the level ground is A, 0.540 B. 0.578 Cc 0721 D. 0.771 Only two forces act on a 8.3 kg mass: * 27 NSouth © 46N Bast Which of the following are true? Magnitude of acceleration Direction of acceleration A 64 mis? 30° Sof E B. 6.4 mis" 60° S of E c 8.8 mis* 30° S of E D. 8.8 mis? 60° Sof E p43Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics Use the information below to answer the next 2 questions. Consider the force diagram shown: 4.70 mis. Fr 35.0 kg — | 21. The magnitude of the normal force on this erate is A 921N B. 251N Cc. 343N D. 435N 22, The magnitude of the friction force Fy is A. 242N B. 165N Cc. 2s7N D. 353N 23, What is the acceleration of an object that is sliding down a 28° incline, if there is no friction present? A. 94mis? Bo 8.7 ms? C46 mis? D. 2.7 mis? Use the information below to answer the next 2 questions. ‘A 44.0 kg box is being pushed up a 13.0° incline at a constant speed of 6.80 mis. The friction force on the box is 200 N. 24, — What is the applied force (parallel to the slope) pushing the box up the slope? A 592N B.405N Cc. 381N D.297N 25. — Whatis the coefficient of friction? A, 0328 B. 0.476 Cc. 0.562 D. 0.719 padPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics C. WRITTEN RESPONSE 1 A250 N rocket needs to accelerate from rest to a speed of 1300 knv/h in a time of 9.00 seconds. What lift force is needed from the thrusters, if no air resistance is present? Two crates, connected by a massless cable, are being dragged across a frictionless surface, as shown : bl EN 120ke — masks OX Find: a) the acceleration of the system b) the tension (magnitude) in the cable A 600 kg sign is suspended by two massless cables, as shown. 0 If the tension in Cable | is 1.80 KN, Cable 2 then determine: 2 600 kg a) the tension in Cable 2 Cable 1 b) the angle 0 A41.0 kg box is being pushed to the left by a diagonal force, as shown: 41.0 kg If the box is accelerating to the left at 2.90 nvs?, then find: a) the force of friction b) the coefficient of friction A monkey is hanging from a branch. It then lets go, and falls to the ground, Explain the following stages of its motion, using Newton’s laws: Stage 1 Hanging on the tree Stage 2: Falling to the ground Stage 3 Hitting the ground and coming to rest Be certain to describe the relationship between the forces. Assume no air resistance. psPhysics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics UNIT 3 PRACTICE EXAM _ (SOLUTIONS) A. Conceptual Questions 1 2, 3 BS 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 22. 23. External forces. 1" Law: Constant velocity (@=0) ; Balanced forces (equal but opposite) ; F., =0 Inertia is an object’s resistance to acceleration, Measured by an objects mas: a), ») 200 N 500N gp WM NE an aoxt F le 30N 300N 200N — 80N 2" Law: Uniform acceleration 100 | (unbalanced forces) F,,, = ma the net force A ax F,, (direct relationship) Assuming mass stays constant Fog x3, then a x3 Fret /,, (inverse relationship) Assuming the net force remains constant mx3,then @ +3 4 If object A exerts a force on object B, then B exerts an equal but opposite force on A. ‘The ball hits the racquet with a backward force of 150 N. Reaction forces act on different objects. You must analyze the two objects separately. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Weight is the gravitational force from a planet. 400 N represents the weight (Fs) ‘The normal force occurs when two surfaces are pressed together. It acts perpendicular to the surface. It is measured by a weigh scale. a) Balanced forces: Fy = Fy b) Balanced forces: Fy = Fy | Fv Fy Tension acts away from the object and along the string / rope. a a= b) a= MEME ° m, +m, a=gsind Friction always acts opposite to the motion (or intended motion) of the obj #1, Press down harder (higher Fs) #2. Wear shoes with rougher soles (bigger j1) When static friction is at a maximum (i.e. the object is just about to move) max Fis) fy moving Fap Find its x- and y-components. a)Physics 20 Workbook Unit 3: Dynamics B. Multiple Choice (SOLUTIONS) waepe A 6 C uu. B 16 D 21. iB B 1 oC 2D 7. B 22. A c 8 oD B.C 18. D 23. C c oA 4B 19. B 24. D A 10. D 18. A 20. A 25. B C. Written Response (SOLUTIONS) =¥, _361.11-0 7 300 40.123 m/s* upward ; m= Fg/g = 254.84 kg 2" Law: =m F a Analyze both crates: 2 I — a) nalyze both crates: 2"! law Bt b) Analyze one mass (e.g. 48 kg): Horizontal: (balanced forces) x2= Fri = 1800N Vertical: (balanced forces) y2= mg = 5886N Solving the triangle, Fr=6.16KN and 0 = 73.0° Fx = 350 cos 26° = 314.58 Nleft ; F, = 350 sin 26° = 153.43 N down Horizontal: (2" Law) P= ma F, =ma-F, ~ (41) (-2.9)-(- 314.58) = 196N Vertical: (1* Law — balanced forces) Fy = mg + Fy = 15343N +(41) (9.81) = 555.64N Finally, using F/= Px m= 0352 Stage 1: Monkey hanging on the tree Newton’s I" law: Free = Fe (and so it remains at rest) Stage 2: Falling Newton’s 2 Law: There is only Fg, so it accelerates downward at 9.81 m/s? (in free fall). Stage 3: Hitting the Ground Newton's 3"! law: The monkey applies an action force downward onto the ground. ‘Thus, the ground exerts and equal but opposite (upward) force on the monkey. Newton’s 2 law: The ground reaction force (on average) is greater than Fy. As a result, the monkey accelerates upward until it comes to rest. pa7