Introduction to Abbe Jean-Antoine Nollet – Made

a significant improvement in
Radiologic Technology electroscope, a vessel for
MIDTERM discharging electricity under
vacuum condition.
Radiology Historical Perspective
1st Century A.D. Benjamin Franklin – Conducted
many electrical experiments.
Archimedes - Explained the
Reaction Solid when they are William Watson – Demonstrated a
placed in liquid. current of electricity by transmitting
electricity from a Leyden Jar
Democritus – described material through a wire and vacuum tube.
as being composed of ultimate
particle. Michael Faraday – Induced an
electrical current by moving the
Thales – Discovered some effects magnet in and out of the coil that
of electricity. leads to a “concept of
electromagnetic induction”.
Evangelista Torricelli – 1st
recognized vacuum when he made William Crookes – Invented the
Barometer in 1643. Crookes Tube. Further studied
about cathode rays and
Otto Van Guericke – invented air demonstrated that matter was
pump that was capable of removing emitted from the cathode with
air from a vessel or tube in 1646. enough energy to rotate a wheel
place within the tube.
Robert Boyle – Repeated the
experiment of Otto Van in 1659. Phillip Lenard – Further studied
the cathode rays and found out that
Herman Sprengel – Repeated the the cathode rays can penetrate to a
experiment of Otto Van in 1865. thin metal and would project few
centimeters into the air.
William Gilbert – 1st to extensively
study electricity and magnetism William Godspeed – Produced
(Electroscope). Radiograph in 1890. However, his
experiment was not recognized until
Sir Isaac Newton – Built and the discovery of X-ray.
Improved Static Generator.
Richards Leach Maddox –
Charles Du Fay – Working with Produced a film with Gelatin
glass, silk, and paper to distinguish Bromide.
two different type of electricity.
George Eastman – Produced and Radiologic Technology – An
patented roll paper in 1884. auxiliary branch of Radiology which
deals with technical application of x-
Thomas Alba Edison – rays.
Discovered Fluoroscopy.
Radiologic Technologist – Is a
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen – bona fide holder of a “Certificate of
Discovered X-ray Accidentally in Registration” for Radiologic
November 8, 1895. Technology.

Wilhelm Conrad Radiologist – Is a licensed

Physician who specialize in the
Roentgen diagnosis or treatment of disease
with the use of radiation.
 Discovered X-ray in
November 8, 1895 Radiologic Technology
 Born in March 27, 1845 at
Modalities (Specialty)
Lennep, Prusia (known today
as Remscheid Germany)
1. Diagnostic Radiography –
 Died in February 10, 1923
Deals with the study of
 Recipient of 1st Nobel Prize internal organs, bones,
for Physics in 1901. cavities, and foreign objects.
 Studied at Polytechnic in 2. Sonography – Uses high
Zurich. frequency sound and used in
 Was a professor of physics obstetrics, abdominal
at the Universities of pediatric, cardiac and
Strasbourg, Giessen, vascular, and masculo-
Wurzburg, and Munich. skeletal region imaging.
 Used barium platinocyanide 3. Fluoroscopy – Live motion
as a material for X-ray. radiography (constant
 X-radiation = Roentgen radiation) usually visualize
Radiation. digestive organ system with
 the first X-ray photograph administration of Contrast
was his wife’s hand. Media to highlight the
vessels and organs.
General Terms 4. CT-Scan (Computed
Tomography) – Provide
cross section views of the
Radiology – The science that deals
body 2D and 3D views.
with X-rays and other high energy
5. MRI (Magnetic Resonance
radiation for diagnosing and
Imaging) – Build 2D and 3D
treatment of disease.
map of different tissue types
within the body.
 6. Nuclear Medicine – Use H2O – 2 atoms of Hydrogen
radioactive tracer which can and 1 atom of Oxygen.
be administered to examine
body part.  Energy – The ability to do
7. Radiotherapy – Use work.
radiation to shrink and  Potential Energy – The
eradicate cancer cell’s ability to do work by virtue of
growth in the body. position.
8. Mammography – Uses low  Kinetic Energy – The
dose X-ray system to energy in motion.
produce image of the human  Electrical Energy –
breast. Represents that the work
can be done when an
Concept of Radiation electron or and electric
charge move to electronic
potential.
 Matter – Anything which
 Thermal or Heat Energy –
posses’ mass or weight and
Energy of motion at the
occupies space.
atomic level and in this
 Mass – The numerical
regard may be viewed as
measure of inertia.
kinetic energy of atom.
 Atom – Smallest particle of
 Electromagnetic Energy –
element which can enter into
Type of energy in x-ray just
chemical change.
as matter can be
transformed from one size
Smallest particle of matter
shapes and form to another
that has properties of an
so energy can be
element and can react
transformed from one type to
chemically.
another.
 Molecules – Ultimate
component particle of
compound substance. Atomic Theory
 Element – Is pure chemical
substance consisting of one  Atom – Smallest particle of
type of atom distinguished by an element.
its atomic number, which is
the number of protons in Fundamental building blocks
nucleus. of matter.
 Compound – Composed of
2 or more element
chemically linked in a definite
proportion.
 Greek Atom/Ancient  John Joseph Thomson
Greeks
- Plum pudding
Basic Substances of Atom - Electrons/Negative Charge

- Air
- Water
- Earth
- Fire

Basic Essence of Atom

- Wet
- Dry  Earnest Rutherford
- Hot
-Cold - Nuclear Model
- Disapproved J.J.
 John Dalton’s Atom – Thomson’s Plum Pudding
Model in 1911
- Hook & Eye
- elements can be classified
according to integral values
of atomic mass.

 Niels Bohr

- Niels Henrik David Bohr

- Improved the work of
 Dmitri Mendeleev – Father Rutherford
of Periodic Table. - Miniature Solar System
- Best picture to describe
atom
  Quantum Atomic Number (Z) – Number of
Chromodynamics Protons

- A newer model Atomic Mass (A) – Number of

- More accurately described Protons + Neutrons
the details of atomic
structure Amu – Measure in atomic mass

Octet Rule

 Equation: e=2n2

Atomic Structure
Electron (-)
 Mass (m) in amu: 0.000549
 Location: Orbital shell
 Mass in kg: 9.109x10-31
 Symbol: -
 Discovered by: John Joseph
Thomson

Proton (+)
 Mass (m) in amu: 0.00728
 Location: Nucleus
 Mass in kg: 1.673x10-27
 Symbol: + Electron Binding Energy
 Discovered by: Eugene
Goldstein  eV – electron volt
 Law of attraction  keV – kiloelectron volt
+ ⋅ + = Repel
- ⋅ - = Attract Valence electrons/outer shell

Neutron (0)  Controls the maximum count

 Mass (m) in amu: 0.00867 of electrons per atomic shell
 Location: Nucleus
 Mass in kg: 1.675x10-27
 Symbol: 0
 Discovered by: Jama
Chadwick
Molecule Formation C = 3x108 m/s
If Miles = 186,000 miles/s
Covalent Bond – Chemical union
between atoms formed by sharing Alpha Particles
one or more pairs of electrons.
 Z proton, Z neutron
 Internally most dangerous
 4 – 7 meV
 Ionizing rate is 400,000
atoms/cm
 Air travelled
 Shield pass through paper

Beta Particles

 Speed of electrons
Ionic Bond – Bonding that occurs  1 negative charge (e-)
because of an electrostatic force  Shield pass though
between ions. aluminum
 Not hazardous

Radon

 Largest particle
 Terrestrial Radiation

X-ray = Lead (PB)

Ionizing Radiation