A Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of
CBSE, Delhi
ENGLISH
NAME : V.Srinishitha
PROJECT TITLE : REPORT WRITING ON A DOCUMENTARY
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Mrs.M.ANUSHA M.A, B.Ed
(P.G.T ENGLISH)
Mahatma Montessori School (CBSE)
Parent-Teacher road
Gopala Krishna Nagar
Surveyor Colony
Madurai-625007
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INDEX
CONTENT PAGE No.
OBJECTIVES 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 4
CERTIFICATE OF COMPLETION 5
ACTION PLAN 6
PROJECT REPORT 7
BIBILOGRAPHY 15
REFLECTION 16
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OBJECTIVES
❖The goal of content video is to understand and
retain the speaker’s message and to respond with
empathy.
❖The goal of writing is to enrich the vocabulary and
increase the efficiency in bringing out the thoughts
into words.
❖The project helps to improve the analyzing skills
and increase proficiency in report writing.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To begin with, I would like to take this opportunity to
express my sincere thanks to the Almighty for his
blessings all through this project work.
I would like to express my special thanks to my trust
worthy Principal Mrs.Subha and to my teacher guide
Mrs.Anusha who provided motivation and valuable
guidance to complete this project.
I got ample opportunity to do research which enriched
my knowledge and widen my thoughts in this arena. I am
indebted to them.
I would also like to thank my parents and friends who
always inspired and helped me to complete this project.
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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms. V.Srinishitha, Student
of class XII of Mahatma Montessori School (CBSE),
Madurai, has completed his/her project titled REPORT
WRITING ON A DOCUMENTARY during the academic
year 2022- 23 and submitted satisfactory reports, as
compiled in the following pages, under my supervision.
Principal Internal Examiner
External Examiner
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ACTION PLAN FOR THE PROJECT
➢ENVISIONING THE PODCAST
➢THEMATIC ANALYSIS BASED ON THE VIDEO
➢COLLECTING INFORMATION
➢SEQUENCING THE THOUGHTS AND IDEAS
➢PREPARATION OF AN ESSAY
➢COMPILATION OF AN ESSAY
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BANGLE MAKING IN FIROZABAD
"THE GLASS CITY OF INDIA"
Introduction:
Bangles are a symbol of prosperity and wealth according to
Indian tradition.Glass bangles are still preferred for their rich
colours, vibrant tones,beauty and grandeur. Though people make
bangles in gold even studded with diamonds, the bangles made
of glass are highly popular till this day. Especially it is said that
the melodious jingle generated by the glass bangles drive
negative energies away. Naturally, people feel some good
vibrations while looking at the glass bangles.Bangles are a
symbol of Indian femininity.But be it wedding, engagement or
baby shower, in India, glass bangles are traditionally associated
with most milestones in a woman’s life. In the northern part of
India, after the wedding, most women wear a few glass bangles
everyday, as dictated by their culture and tradition. Women since
ancient times have donned glass bangles and have flaunted them
with utmost grace and pride. Glass bangles have different names
and forms of identity throughout India. In the North, people
refer to them as ‘choodi’, while it is ‘churi’ in Bengali, and
‘Valayal’ in Tamil.
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Firozabad:
Firozabad, a city in Uttar Pradesh of India, located nearly
200km from New Delhi,has been famous since the 17th century
for its exquisite production of glass works, which is popularly
known as Glass city.It was built by Firoz shah Tuglaq, the
ancient name of this town was Chandwar Nagar. The City is
stepped deep in the culture of making utility and decorative
items of glass with great accuracy and precision, which is being
carried from generations by the master craftsmen’s.Glass can be
formed or molted into any shape so artisans were able to create a
wide range of products like glass toys, candle stands, Christmas
hangings, flower vase glass, chandeliers, bangles, street ware
and scientific lab products.Firozabad has been producing glass
bangles for more than 200 years now and is the biggest
manufacturer of glass bangles in the world.The bangle market in
the town’s Gali Bohran has rows of colourful shops selling
glittering, beautifully hand-crafted glass bangles.
Ancient history of glass bangle industry:
Glass Bangle industry in Firozabad has an ancient history which dates
back to the time when invaders used to bring glass articles to India.It
started when the glass articles were rejected by the courts of ruler were
collected by local folks and was sent to a furnace known as“Bhainsa
Bhatti”to be melted. In this furnace, wood was used as a fuel. During
that time only small bottles and bangles were made. The bangle was first
created by a rural folk and his name was “Rustam Mohammad
Ustad”.This incident is marked as the initiation of bangles industry in
FirozabadInitially only one bangle at a time was made in these furnaces
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and the bangle were devoid of any joint.Since then Firozabad is the
home of the glass industry, white and coloured glass pieces being
manufactured for the purpose of assembling Jhad and Fanus
(chandeliers) which were in demand by royal courts and nobles for
decorating their assembling and drawing rooms. Slowly and steadily
Indian marriage items like bangles, Kangans, Kada, etc. were produced
in bulk for the general public. Today it is having famous area as
“SUHAG NAGAR” because it fulfills almost all the demand of bangles,
Kade, Kangans and other items of Suhagins (Married Women).The
bangles manufactured in Firozabad also have a cultural significance.In
making these products they used natural gas, before natural gas was
brought to Firozabad by the state government they used coal and wood
as fuel in furnaces. 40% of the production are exported to the different
countries throughout the world.
Making of glass bangles:
The making process of glass bangles requires highly skilled Artisans.
The principal constituent of glass is silicon dioxide (i.e SiO2).Silica sand
contains about 96% by Weight of SiO2.Artisans mix borax, silica sand,
lime stone in a suitable proportion and fed manually into a furnace and
are melted in and around temperatures of 1300 to 1400 C to obtain
molten glass.However, silica melts at a very high temperature; so in
order to reduce the fusion temperature, soda ash and potash are added to
the charge as fluxing agents, that is, these chemicals permit the use of
lower melting temperatures in the glass furnace. To improve the
chemical resistance of the glass, small amounts of lime, alumina, and
magnesia are added. Other chemicals are added as needed to impart
different colours to the glass.The molten glass is then drawn from the
inside of the pot furnace and blown into glob of molten glass.He uses a
long iron pole to scoop out a glob of molten glass, he then passes to
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another artisan who shapes the molten glass to a conical shape, Then it is
taken to another furnace where he rotates the semi fused glob to form a
roughly cylindrical shape by rotating the rod, finally it’s been taken to
another furnace, where there artisan works in synchronization. The first
artisan rotates a long iron rod at a constant speed, then a thin filament of
glass is placed on the rotating iron rod, constant turning/ rotation gives
the glass a spiral shape. These products are then heated and cooled in a
controlled manner, in a process known as annealing, to impart hardness
to the glass.The spiral lengths of glass (still hot but now hardened) are
collected and sent for cutting.And then the uneven, wastage of glass is
cut off at regular intervals with an abrasive tool. The cut bangles are tied
with strings into bunches. Each bunch contains approximately 320
bangles, and is called a tora. The bangle bunches are then sent to
household units for further processing into ‘raw’ bangles.The bangles
coming out of the glass melting unit are plain, without any decorative
work on them. Sadhai and judai are the crucial first stages in converting
raw bangles from tank/pot furnace units into finished products. Both
operations are carried out by workers in their homes. Sadhai means
‘straighten’. As the name suggests, in this stage the raw bangle is
levelled or straightened by heating it over a small flame usually from an
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) cylinder and then pressing the heated
bangle against an iron plate. Women and teenage girls usually do sadhai.
After straightening, the two open ends of the bangle (now in alignment)
are joined together once more by heating over a traditional kerosene
lamp. This process is called judai (literally, ‘joining’). Judai is usually
done by women and in some cases also by teenaged children.
Decoration of glass bangles:
The bangles are decorated by many methods one of them is by applying
zari. The. Gold shining patterns are imprinted on the bangles by combs
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of different types. First the zari is liquefied and then put into a small box.
The comb is dipped into the box containing the zari and then the
impressions of zari are applied on each bangle separately.This process
involves many women.The bangles are also decorated by giving
impressions. The process is called katai. It is carried by in households or
small units.The bangles are cut by a machine run by a motor.There are
three discs which rotate at a time and three people use it
simultaneously.A bundle of 10 to 12 bangles are used and decorated at a
time.When the impressions are given then the bangles are kept in a water
bowl.While going through the various stages in their making,particularly
grinding raw bangles lose the natural shine of glass. Baking the bangles
in pakai bhattis restores their shine, and at the same time helps in
removing the internal stresses in the glass, thus providing a degree of
strength to the bangles.
A symbol of changing fashion:
Although bangles had been religious, social and cultural symbols for a
long time, today they have become the symbol of changing fashion.
They are also highly popular in their various colors and designs adding
to the growing fashion trend. Gone are the days when bangles had been
used only in circular shape. Nowadays, they are made in various
materials other than metal and glass and can be found in many shapes
such as rectangular, round, oval, etc. Today, bangles are made from
gold,silver,wood, ferrous metal, plastic,rubber and even glass. Women of
India have popularized all over the world gold bangles studded with
semi-precious gems,diamonds,or just plain bangles with pretty
designs.These bangles easily range from being simple to intricate and
are available everywhere in a wide range of designs to suit the budget of
both rich and poor. But, tradition still demands that Hindu women wear
either gold or glass bangles during rituals and cultural activities.
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The side effects:
Firozabad has about 350 registered units and 95% of its population
depends on the same for their daily living.The very high pot furnace
(1600 degree C) leads to heat stroke, dehydration,anaemia, headache and
other ocular problems.The workers, irrespective of their mode of work,
inhale soot, fumes and dust from dry glass mixture and other chemicals
kept in open. Besides occupational exposure and environmental
pollution; food,beverages,drinking water and various lead casting
products are the common sources of lead poisoning.The studies revealed
that nearly all the workers involved in bangle-making are illiterate.The
majority of families are deprived of basic human needs such as clean
drinking water, sanitation, health care,and proper housing. In
general,bangle workers have large families; yet they live in
tiny,ill-ventilated dwellings in highly congested areas of Firozabad.
Their cramped living space is used for bangle-making operations as
well. As a consequence, the workers, primarily women and children, are
exposed to extremely high levels of pollution in their own homes. This
makes them vulnerable to a variety of respiratory diseases, including
tuberculosis.In addition to this, the workers use corrosive acids and other
toxic chemicals while doing decorative work on bangles.Burn injuries
and cuts are common; eye-related ailments too are widespread.Many of
the people lose their vision when they are exposed to darkness for a long
period of time. It is common in people involved in the judai units.
Wages of bangle makers:
Bangle makers in the household sector are paid piece-rate wages, that is,
according to the number of bangles they process in a day. The wages are
abysmally low; for instance, in mid 2007 workers were paid a mere 9
rupees per tora for both sadhai and judai work. The workers do not
receive even this payment in full.The glass factory owner pays the
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thekedar a lump-sum amount for each batch of work that has to be
completed.The result is workers are trapped in an endless cycle of
exploitation and debt.A worker in a glass factory begins his day at 4am
and ends at 7pm. These days they are paid about 80-90 Indian rupees
($1.5) for a day of hard labour.Children are preferred for work in the
industry as they are paid much less than their adult counterparts.
Child labour:
Child labour and manpower exploitation is a sad reality as most of the
factories are informally run by families or individuals.Half of the work
is done in factories but the other half, which is the most important, is
done in people’s homes. Every family member works on bangles in such
homes.In Firozabad, every second house is involved in the bangle
making one way or the other. The sound of bangles can be heard on
every street.Most of the children in this city work and help their parents
in this industry and producing those finished products. Only 40 percent
of them manage to go to schools.This happens because the family elders
think that it is the child’s destiny and he or she will be involved in the
same industry in the near future and also because of the illiteracy.Of the
approximately 60,000 workers in the glass bangle industry, 9,400-
11,000 are children constituting about 16 to 19 percent of the workforce
in this industry.
Conclusion:
Firozabad being the “Suhag Nagar” and the hub of bangle
making industry provides smile to many people and also this
industry gives livelihood to many people.It does have many
positive as well as depressing aspects. It is very pleasing to see
that a single bangle before reaching its final stage has to pass
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through almost 30 to 40 people.The atmosphere of the industry
is really uncomfortable. The amount of heat generated by the
furnace and the surrounding area’s temperature is very high. The
workers are endangered to many harmful diseases because of the
environment.The illiteracy rate in this industry is very high.
Almost all the people are illiterate. Provisions for educating the
new generations of bangle maker is of utmost importance.Child
labour is an important aspect of this in industry which is tobe
eradicated as almost every second house is related to glass
industry and children at these houses are forced to work and are
deprived of their rights.Carrying molten glass from the furnace
to the shaper or loom maker,constant exposure to the heat, sound
and pollution.Work in closed rooms, no cross ventilation and are
continuously exposed to smoke emitted from dozens of kerosene
lamps.Long hours of sitting in one posture, risk of cramps;
continuous exposure to smoke from the kerosene lamps.High
toxic effect of chemical-based colours, handled with bare hands
colours stick to the fingers and palms and are difficult to
remove.Working around a small furnace and hot trays; burns are
common.
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Keywords:
Illiteracy, Child labour, Ill-ventilated dwellings, Low wages, Health
hazards,Livelihood,Impoverished
Bibliography:
https://youtu.be/ZQ-wxr-2K98
://www.dsource.in/resource/glass-bangles-firozabad/making-process
https://www.dsource.in/resource/glass-bangles-firozabad/tools-and-raw-materials
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firozabad
http://firozabad.nic.in/
http://www.surfindia.com/bangles-making-process.html/
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REFLECTION
I inferred the methodology and process, marvellous art and craft
of bangle making; how it belongs to the people of Firozabad and
how it affects its culture,tradition,values and scientifically (i.e
environmentally and eco-friendly) and also its importance for
the Indian society to protect diversity culture and heritage.
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