Name CARULLO, GLAIZA MARIE B.
12 STEM C Date: 09/19/2022 WS#3
(Surname, Given Name M.I)
Research Work
Instruction: Create a table for the Geological Time Scale using the guide below.
LENGTH
OF TIME
CLIMATE/ BIOLOGICAL
EON ERA PERIOD EPOCH (Million
GEOLOGY EVENTS
years
ago)
Quaternary Holocene 0.02 Earth's current Historical time
Pleistocene 2.6 geological era, Ice ages, origin of
representing the last 66 genius Homo
Neogene Pliocene 53 million years of Earth's Appearance of
history. It is bipedal human
characterized by the ancestors
Miocene 23 dominance of mammals, Continued
birds and flowering radiation of
plants, a cooling and mammals and
drying climate, and the angiosperms;
current configuration of earliest direct
continents. It is the human ancestors
Paleogene Oligocene 33.9 latest of three geological Origins of many
eras since complex life primate groups
Eocene 55.8 evolved. Angiosperm
The climate during the dominance
early Cenozoic was increases;
warmer than today, continued
particularly during the radiation of most
Paleocene–Eocene present day
Thermal Maximum. mammalian orders
Paleocene 65.5 However, the Eocene to Major radiation of
Oligocene transition and mammals, birds,
PHANEROZOIC the Quaternary
glaciation dried and
cooled.
and pollinating
insects
https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Cenozoic
Cretaceous 145.5 Earth’s climate during Flowering plants
Mesozoic the Mesozoic Era was (angiosperms)
generally warm, and appear and
there was less diversify; many
difference in groups of
temperature between organism, including
equatorial and polar most dinosaurs,
latitudes than there is become extinct at
today. The Mesozoic end of period
Jurassic 199.6 was a time of geologic Gymnosperms
and biological transition. continue as
During this era the dominant plants;
continents began to dinosaurs
move into their present- abundant and
day configurations. diverse
Triassic 251 At the outset of the Cone-bearing
Mesozoic, all of Earth’s plants
continents were joined (gymnosperms)
together into the dominate
supercontinent of landscape;
Pangea (see the map of dinosaurs evolve
the Early Triassic). By and radiate; origin
the close of the era, of mammals
Pangea had fragmented
into multiple
landmasses.
https://
www.britannica.com/
science/Mesozoic-Era
Permian 299 The Paleozoic Era began Radiation of
Paleozoic with the breakup of the reptile; origin of
supercontinent of most present-day
Pannotia and ended groups of insects;
with the assembly of the extinction and
supercontinent of many marine and
Pangaea. The breakup of terrestrial
Pannotia began with the organisms at end
opening of the Iapetus of period
Carbonifer 359 Ocean and other Extensive forests of
ous Cambrian seas and vascular plants
coincided with a form; first seed
dramatic rise in sea plants appear;
level. Paleoclimatic origin of reptiles;
studies and evidence of amphibians
glaciers indicate that dominant
Devonian 416 Central Africa was most Diversification of
likely in the polar bony fishes; first
regions during the early tetrapods and
Paleozoic. insects appear
Silurian 444 The early Cambrian Diversification of
climate was probably early vascular
moderate at first, plants
Ordovician 488 becoming warmer over Marine algae
the course of the abundant;
Cambrian, as the colonization of land
second-greatest by diverse fungi,
sustained sea level rise plants, and animals
Cambrian 542 in the Phanerozoic got Sudden increase in
underway. The early diversity of many
Paleozoic climate was animal phyla
also strongly zonal, with (Cambrian
the result that the explosion)
"climate", in an abstract
sense, became warmer,
but the living space of
most organisms of the
time—the continental
shelf marine
environment—became
steadily colder. The
early Paleozoic ended,
rather abruptly, with the
short, but apparently
severe, late Ordovician
ice age. This cold spell
caused the second-
greatest mass extinction
of Phanerozoic time.
Over time, the warmer
weather moved into the
Paleozoic Era.
https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/
Paleozoic#:~:text=During
%20this%20time%2C
%20average%20global,to
%20greater%20heights
%20and%20number.
Ediacaran 635 The Proterozoic Eon Diverse algae and
extended from 2.5 soft-bodied
billion to 541 million invertebrate
years ago and is often animals appear
divided into the
Paleoproterozoic (2.5
billion to 1.6 billion
years ago), the
Mesoproterozoic (1.6
billion to 1 billion years
PROTEROZOIC ago), and the
Neoproterozoic (1
billion to 541 million
years ago) eras.
Proterozoic rocks have
been identified on all
the continents and often
constitute important
sources of metallic ores,
1800 notably of iron, gold, Oldest fossils of
copper, uranium, and eukaryotic cells
nickel. During the appear
Proterozoic the
atmosphere and oceans
changed significantly.
Proterozoic rocks
contain many definite
traces of primitive life-
forms—the fossil
remains of bacteria and
blue-green algae as well
as the first oxygen-
dependent animals, the
Ediacara fauna.
https://
www.britannica.com/
science/Proterozoic-Eon
2700 The Archean Eon Concentration of
marked a time when atmospheric
Earth's climate began to oxygen begins to
stabilize. Earth cooled increase
3500 down from its molten Oldest fossil of cells
ARCHAEAN
state. It eventually could (prokaryotic)
support oceans. appear
3850 Tectonic activity built Oldest known rocks
continents. on Earth’s surface
The beginning of the
Archean Eon, about 4
billion years ago, as the
frequency of meteorite
impacts slowed, the
Earth cooled, clouds
formed, and the crust
began to harden from
the molten globe. The
Earth was still a one-
plate planet before the
inception of plate
tectonics.
https://
www.sciencedirect.com/
topics/earth-and-planetary-
sciences/archean-eon
Approx. This time represents Origin of Earth
4,600 Earth’s earliest history,
during which the planet
was characterized by a
partially molten surface,
volcanism, and asteroid
impacts. Several
mechanisms made the
newly forming Earth
incredibly hot:
gravitational
compression,
radioactive decay, and
asteroid impacts. Most
HADEAN
of this initial heat still
exists inside the Earth.
The Hadean Eon is often
characterized by
extreme volcanism as
Earth continued to cool.
Large amounts of water
would have been in the
material which formed
the Earth. Water
molecules would have
escaped Earth’s gravity
more easily when it was
less massive during the
formation. Hydrogen
and helium are expected
to continually leak from
the atmosphere during
this time.
https://www.earth.com/
earthpedia-articles/hadean-
eon/
Describe genera features of the history of life on Earth.
1. Which one came first, and which ones followed later: archaeans, eukaryotes or prokaryotes? Justify
your view with scientific arguments.
The fossil record shows that prokaryotes were the first living things, followed by Archaea and
Eukarya. These two lineages afterward diverged, and the archaeal-host hypothesis suggests that the
first Eukaryotes originated directly from an Archaea. Before the development of plants and animals,
prokaryotes probably comprised the earliest types of cellular life on Earth. The age of the Earth and its
moon is estimated to be 4.54 billion years. Next is Archaea, a collection of prokaryotic organisms that
are distinguishable from bacteria and constitute a different domain of life. Archaea are prokaryotic life
forms that have similar characteristics to both bacteria and eukarya. Eukaryote, an organism made up
of a cell or cells in which the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes contained in a
distinctive nucleus. Other than the eubacteria and archaebacteria, all living things are considered
eukaryotes.
2. Which one came first: DNA, RNA or Protein? Justify your view with scientific arguments.
The expression of genes cannot be explained solely by DNA. RNA is required to assist in
executing DNA instructions. The central dogma of molecular biology states that information flows in a
directional manner from DNA to RNA and then from RNA to protein. The core element of molecular
biology is the idea that genetic information can only pass from DNA to RNA to protein or from RNA to
protein directly. The central dogma states that the pattern of information that occurs most frequently
in our cells is: From existing DNA to make new DNA (DNA replication). From DNA to make new RNA
(transcription). From RNA to make new proteins (translation).
3. How do scientists determine when an era begins and when it ends?
Because of the massive extinction, scientists determine the beginning and end of eras. In each
biodiversity loss, approximately 90% of all organisms disappear. Therefore, there is a perceptible and
substantial change in how life is. The fossil record, which records extinct organisms from Earth's
history, assists scientists in determining when major changes occur.
4. What is the importance of understanding geologic timeline?
The events of geologic time and the evolution of life forms are recorded. It accomplishes
geology's main goal of analyzing earth history as it is retained in rocks in order to make sense of the
challenges of the past. Moreover, geology has contributed significantly to human knowledge by
uncovering how long the history of the earth has been. This allows us to fully grasp how seemingly
slow geological processes can result in anything of consequence. Another is that acknowledging
problems like global warming brought on by humans and the extinction of endangered species is
important.
Prepared by:
MARY LOU N. BOGNALBAL ALYZA B. DURAN
Subject Teacher Subject Teacher
Checked by:
ANALYN B. BORLASA
Subject Head- Science Department
