Object 1
D.A.V. PUPLIC SCHOOL
HUDCO BHILAI
Session 2022-23
ENGLISH INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
ON
MY MOTHER AT SIXTY-SIX
CLASS XII -B
ROLL NO. 12217
Submitted To Submitted By
MAMTA MAYANK
MAM SINHA
:: CERTIFICATE ::
This is to certify that
MAYANK SINHA
of class XII has
completed the English project entitled
‘MY MOTHER AT SIXTY-SIX’
himself and under guidance of Mamta mam during the
academic year 2022-23.
The progress of the project has been
continuously
reported and has been in knowledge
consistently.
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
:: AIM ::
:: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ::
I sincerely thank our English teacher Mrs MAMTA
MAM for her guidance, encouragement and support
throughout the duration of the project. Without her
motivation and help the successful completion of this
project would not have been possible.
MAYANK SINHA
XII B
:: Index ::
1. Certificate
2. Aim
3. Acknowledgment
4. Objective
5. Introduction
6. Apparatus
7. Theory
8. Experimental Procedure
9. Experiment 1
10. Experiment 2
11. Experiment 3
12. Result
13. Precautions
14. Bibliography
:: Introduction ::
Fertilizers, also known as food elements, are materials
produced to supple these elements in a readily
available form of plant use. It helps to make plants
grow faster which help some farmers and gardeners for
their business. Choosing the right fertilizer help us to
get everything we need from the plants we eat or from
the meat of animals that eat plants. Plants are factories
that do all of the work to process the basic elements of
life and make them available to us.
Fertilizers help feed the world. The FARO has stated
that “after land and water, fertilizers are probably the
most important input leading to increased yields”. It is
inherently difficult to estimate the share of fertilizers
in increasing agricultural output since so many factors
are involved. It has been estimated that fertilizer
contribute about 40% of the nitrogen in human protein
consumption, it follows that nearly one third of this
protein depends on fertilizers. Therefore, it is
important for us to know which fertilizers to use for us
to sustain properly the needs of every plant.
Increased crop production largely relies on the type of
fertilizers used to supplement essential nutrients for
plants. Fertilizer application is required to replace crop
land nutrients that have been consumed by previous
plant growth with the ultimate goal of maximizing
productivity and economic returns. Now a day, there is
increased emphasis on the impact on soil environment
due to continuous use of chemical fertilizers. The
impact of chemical fertilizer application on
agricultural land is seen not only in terms of the soil
quality but also on the survival of soil organisms
dwelling there in.
Chemical fertilizers provide three major plant
nutrients; nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium or NPK.
However, the ever increasing cost of commercial
fertilizer products driven, in part, by the inevitable
depletion of global phosphorus, is forcing producers to
look for alternative sources like bio-fertilizers and
other organically-based solutions.
In literature, some researchers have concluded the
chemical fertilizers to be harmful for soil organisms
but on the contradictory they have been supported too
to be beneficial as far as their food supply is concern.
The primary advantages of using bio-solids as a
fertilizer alternative are cost efficiencies and the
presence of nutrients and organic matter. Returning
these valuable materials back to the soils is a critical
element in long-term sustainability.
:: Significance of the Study ::
The study is beneficial to:
1. Farmers and gardeners-The benefit of this study will
help them to improve the quality of their products, save
time with their work, and get a higher profit.
2. Environment-The benefit of this study will help our
environment by helping the soil and plants to sustain their
needs and provide the essential nutrients required for
optimum growth.
3. Agricultural company-The benefit of this study will
help them to give a good service to their customers by
giving them a high and good quality products (ex: rice,
vegetables, and fruits)
4. Community-The benefit of this study will help the
community to sense this as a source of income if made into
a business.
:: Definition of Terms ::
The following technical terms are defined in this
study.
•Nitrogen- tasteless odorless gaseous chemical element
• Phosphorus- poisonous waxy chemical element
• Potassium- silver white metallic chemical element
• Calcium- a soft gray alkaline earth metal, fifth most
abundant element by mass in the earth’s crust.
• Sulfur- an abundant, multivalent non-metal
• Citrus Sinensis- the scientific name of sweet oranges.
It is what most consumers commonly buy.
:: MATERIALS REQUIRED ::
• Pot A and Pot B
• Good quality of soil
• Seeds to be use (any kind of plant: peachy)
• Water
• Sunlight
• Branded Fertilizer
• Orange peelings
::Procedure::
1. Sow seeds thinly on shallow furrows across the seed
pot, and cover lightly with fine topsoil. Do not
broadcast seeds when sowing to avoid thick
germination in one place.
2. Water the seed pot daily. Watering and other
cultural management practices should be regularly
done.
3. Apply liberal amount of fertilizer (Citrus Sensis
Peeling for pot A and branded fertilizer for pot B) at
the base of the plants, then cover lightly with soil and
water immediately.
4. Water the plant whenever necessary or depending
on your own judgment or observation of the plant
5. Always remember to give both pots a presence of
sunlight for their process of growing.
6. Every week, measure the height of both plants.
7.
:: Analysis of Fertilizers ::
Elements:
NITROGEN:
Major fertilizers containing N:
(a)Ammonium nitrate(NH4NO3)
(b)Potassium nitrate(KNO3)
(c)Urea(NH2CONH2)
(d) Ammonium sulphate [(NH4)2SO4]
Preparation:
Most of nitrogen fertilizers are obtained form synthetic
NH3. This chemical compound is used as gas or in
water solution or it is converted to salts.
Nitrogen Deficiencies
(a) Pale, green, yellow leaves
(b) Stunted growth
Nitrogen in Excess –
(a) Lower disease resistance
(b) Weaken stem
(c) Decay maturity
(d) Lower fruit quality
PHOSPHORUS:
Major fertilizers containing P:
(a)DAP – Di ammonium phosphate [(NH4)2PO4]
(b)Ca3(PO4)2 – Calcium phosphate
(c)Triple phosphate and super phosphate
Preparation:
Most phosphoric fertilizers are obtained by the
treatment of calcium phosphate with H2SO4 and
phosphoric fertilizers. Calcium phosphate is mainly
derived from phosphate rock and bones. Phosphate
rock is found in deposits of sedimentary origin laid
down on beds of ocean floor.
Phosphorus deficiencies –
(a) Pale purple colour on the underside of leaves
(b) Reduced flower, fruits and seed production
Advantages of P:
1. Encourage cell division
2. Hastens maturity, offsetting quick growth caused by
N
3. Encourage root growth
4. Increase disease resistance
Phosphorous in excess
1. Causes dehydration of roots
2. Increase soluble salt content of medium
POTASSIUM:
Major fertilizers containing K:
1. Potassium chloride (Potash)
2. Potassium nitrate (KNO3)
Preparation:
It is the seventh most abundant element found in
earth’s crust. Potassium chloride which is principal
commercial form of potash and some KNO3 is also
used for production of potash fertilizer.
Potassium deficiencies:
1. Leaves appear dry and scorched
2. Irregular yellow areas on the surface
Advantages of K:
1. Increase disease resistance
2. Encourage healthy root and stems
3. Essential for starch formation
4. Efficient use of CO2
Potassium in excess
1. Affects soil acidity
2. Reduced flower, fruit and seed production
RESULT
Fertilizer has Ca2+ as cation. (The fertilizer detected is
Vermi Compost).
HUDCO BHILAI
Session 2022-23
