R1116010-00000-CI-SPC-0005

DESIGN OF CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS, STRUCTURES AND PAGE 2 OF 14

PAVING SPECIFICATION REV. 0B

Contents
1. Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2. Reference ............................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 Project Engineering Standards ...................................................................................... 4
2.2 Client Standard: Thaioil Engineering Standard ............................................................ 4
2.3 Thai Standards ................................................................................................................ 4
2.4 Design and Engineering Practice(DEP)......................................................................... 5
2.5 American Standards ....................................................................................................... 5
3. Foundation Design Criteria ................................................................................................... 6
3.1 Soil Condition ................................................................................................................. 6
3.2 Soil Bearing Pressure..................................................................................................... 6
3.3 Piled Foundations........................................................................................................... 6
3.4 Existing Works ................................................................................................................ 6
4. Concrete Foundation and Structure Design ........................................................................ 7
4.1 Codes .............................................................................................................................. 7
4.2 Design ............................................................................................................................. 7
4.3 Factor of Safety............................................................................................................... 8
4.4 Permissible Foundation Settlement .............................................................................. 9
4.4.1 Total Settlement .................................................................................................... 9
4.4.2 Differential Settlement ........................................................................................... 9
4.5 Existing Foundations ..................................................................................................... 9
4.6 Elevations and Levels .................................................................................................... 9
4.6.1 Minimum Depth..................................................................................................... 9
4.6.2 Co-ordinate system ............................................................................................... 9
4.6.3 Minimum elevations of concrete paving .............................................................. 10
4.7 Shape of Foundations .................................................................................................. 10
4.8 Reinforcement .............................................................................................................. 11
4.9 Cover to Reinforcement ............................................................................................... 11
4.10Cathodic Protection of Reinforcement ........................................................................ 12
4.11Joints ............................................................................................................................. 12

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4.12Concrete Strengths ...................................................................................................... 12

5. Paving ................................................................................................................................... 13
5.1 Design Codes ................................................................................................................ 13
5.2 Joints ............................................................................................................................. 13
5.3 Kerbs ............................................................................................................................. 14
5.4 Sub-Base ....................................................................................................................... 14
5.5 Plinths and Supports .................................................................................................... 14

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1. Scope
This Standard shall govern the design and detailing of concrete foundations, structures
and paving in non-seismic areas.

2. Reference
The design of concrete foundations, structures and paving shall be in accordance with
the latest revisions of the following Standards, Codes of Practice and Publications
current at time of Contract Placement:

2.1 Project Engineering Standards

R1116010-00000-CI-SPC-0001 Wind Loading

R1116010-00000-CI-SPC-0002 Design Loading for Buildings, Process
Structures,Piperacks and Equipment
Foundations
R1116010-00000-CI-SPC-0007 Foundations and Structures Supporting
Machinery

2.2 Client Standard: Thaioil Engineering Standard

TOSS-11-003 Geotechnical & Foundation Engineering

TOSS-19-002 Reinforced Concrete Foundation and Structure
Supporting Machinery

2.3 Thai Standards

TIS 15 Parts 1 to 21 Ordinary Portland Cement

TIS 20 Steel Bars for Reinforced Concrete, Round
Bars.
TIS 24 Steel Bars for Reinforced Concrete, Deformed
Bars.

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2.4 Design and Engineering Practice(DEP)

DEP 34.19.20.31-Gen Reinforced Concrete Structures.

DEP 34.11.00.12-Gen Geotechnical and Foundation Engineering -
Onshore
DEP 34.13.20.31-Gen Roads, Paving, Surfacing, Slope Protection and
Fencing.

2.5 American Standards

ACI SBM4 Designing Specifying and Construction for

Durable Concrete.
ACI 117/ 117R Standard Specifications for Tolerances for
Concrete Construction and Materials (AC1 117-
90) and Commentary (AC1 117R-90).
ACI 224.3R Joints in Concrete Construction.
ACI 301 Specifications for Structural Concrete for
Buildings.
ACI 302-1R Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction.
ACI 304-2R Placing Concrete by Pumping Methods.
ACI 304-4R Placing Concrete by Belt Conveyors.
ACI 305R Hot Weather Concreting.
ACI 308-1 Standard Specification for Curing of Concrete.
ACI 318M-08 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete and Commentary.
ACI 350R Environmental Engineering Concrete
Structures.
ACI 504.R (R1997) Guide to Joint Sealants for Concrete Structures.
ASTM A704/A704M Standard Specification for Welded Steel Plain
Bar or Rod Mats for Concrete Reinforcement.

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3. Foundation Design Criteria

3.1 Soil Condition

The sub-soil design parameters shall be as stated in the Geotechnical Report

established from the results of Geotechnical Investigation.

3.2 Soil Bearing Pressure

The net allowable soil bearing pressure used in design shall be as stated in the
Geotechnical Report and take account of overall settlement, differential settlement,
variable soil strata, depth of foundations and close proximity of adjacent foundations.

3.3 Piled Foundations

The design criteria for piled foundations shall include the type of pile, cross sectional
dimensions of pile, length of pile, minimum spacing between piles, working load capacity
of vertical piles including allowable compressive load, tensile load, lateral load at the
head of the pile and any reduction in capacity for piles in groups. If raking piles are
required to take lateral loads their parameters are to be included in the design criteria.
Any increase in the net allowable bearing pressure or working load capacity of the piles
resulting from wind, earthquake, or short term hydrostatic test shall be established from
the recommendations in the Geotechnical Report.

3.4 Existing Works

Where available, drawings showing existing buildings, foundations, underground

services and any other information pertinent to the design and construction of
foundations shall be used to assist in establishing the foundation design criteria.
Information obtained from such drawings shall be verified on site preferably before
finalising the new designs.

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4. Concrete Foundation and Structure Design

The following shall be used as a guide to the selection of anchor bolt types:

4.1 Codes

1) All concrete structures, foundations and liquid retaining structures shall be to strength
design in accordance with ACI 318M-08 unless specified otherwise.
2) Foundations and structural members shall be designed for the most stringent
combination of loadings.

4.2 Design

1) For strength design the ultimate and service loads obtained from the characteristic
loads multiplied by the appropriate factor for loads shall be used in the various
loading combinations stated in Clause 9.2 of ACI 318M-08.
2) For Lateral Imposed Loads due to Thermal Forces and Earth Pressure Clause 9.2.1
equations (9-2), (9-6) and (9-7) of ACI 318M-08 shall apply. In addition for loads due
to weight and pressure of fluids Clause 9.2.1 ACI 318M-08 and equations (9-1) and
(9-2) shall apply.
3) The ultimate state design is to ensure that the strength of the structure and structural
elements are sufficient to withstand the design loads by establishing that the
allowable ultimate stresses of the structural elements are not exceeded.
4) The serviceability state design is to ensure that deflection and cracking do not
aversely affect the appearance, efficiency, or durability of the structure and vibration
does not cause discomfort or alarm to the occupants or damage to the structure.
5) The allowable safe bearing pressures under foundations shall be checked using
working loads. Where applied loads on the foundations are inclined, the effects of
the inclinations shall be considered in accordance with the requirements stated in the
Soil Report.
6) Combined foundations shall, where practical, be designed so that the resultant of all
normal long term operating loads on the foundation coincide with the centre of gravity
of the foundation.
7) Foundations bearing on ground shall be 300 mm minimum thickness.

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4.3 Factor of Safety

1) The stability of isolated foundations bearing on soil shall conform to the minimum
specified factors of safety under the most critical working loading conditions.
2) The factor of safety against overturning is the ratio of stabilising moment due to
vertical downward loading to overturning moment due to both horizontal and uplift
forces and shall be equal to or greater than the following:

For structures, except those on piled foundations:

LOAD COMBINATION F.S
Empty or shutdown + wind 1.5
Erection + wind 1.5
Normal operation + wind 2.0
Test 2.0
For square or rectangular foundations:
F.S. = 1.5 erection
F.S. = 1.8 operation and test
For octagonal foundations about side of octagon:
F.S. = 1.7 erection
F.S. = 2.1 operation and test
3) An additional minimum requirement for foundations for towers and tall slender
structures bearing on non-cohesive soil, with a ratio of height to base width greater
than 10 m and over 30 m in height, shall have 85% of the area of the foundation
under compression during erection and 100% under compression during normal
operation.
4) For stacks over 90 m high the entire chimney foundation shall be under compression
for all loading conditions regardless of soil type.
5) The factor of safety against uplift, calculated as the sum of dead load, the weight of
the foundation and backfill divided by the total uplift force, shall be equal to or greater
than 1.5. (For F.S. against buoyancy see Clause 7))
6) The factor of safety against sliding for anchor blocks, retaining walls and similar
structures shall be equal to or greater than 1.5. Passive resistance shall be ignored.

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7) The effect of buoyancy shall be considered when the water table is above the
underside of the foundation and when there is the possibility of a "perched water
table" in impermeable soils. The factor of safety against buoyancy during operating
condition shall be equal to or greater than 1.25.
The factor of safety against buoyancy of concrete pits, channels, underground pipes
etc in an empty condition shall be equal to, or greater than 1.25.
Careful consideration shall be given to the likely methods of dewatering and
construction.
The effect of buoyancy on reducing the compressive pressure on the soil shall be
ignored for design.

4.4 Permissible Foundation Settlement

4.4.1 Total Settlement

Total post-construction settlement for individual concrete foundations shall not exceed 25
mm.

4.4.2 Differential Settlement

Differential post-construction settlement between concrete foundations after connection

of pipework shall not exceed 10 mm.

4.5 Existing Foundations

Consideration shall be given to the proximity of adjacent or existing foundations and

underground services when determining the level of the underside of the foundation.

4.6 Elevations and Levels

4.6.1 Minimum Depth

The underside of soil bearing foundations shall be at a minimum depth of 600 mm below
grade level.

4.6.2 Co-ordinate system

The relationship of Plant Datum Co-ordinates and Levels are to be shown on the
drawings in relation to Thai Oil Co-ordinate system.

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4.6.3 Minimum elevations of concrete paving

Minimum elevations of concrete paving, floors and plinths for steelwork and equipment
shall be as follows:-
a) Plant Datum level shall be the high point of paving (H.P.P.). All levels on the
drawings shall be in metres with respect to the Plant Datum level (H.P.P.).

b) Underside of base plate elevation for steelwork shall be a 150 mm above H.P.P.

c) Underside of base plate elevation for reciprocating pumps, centrifugal pumps, and
vertical vessels shall be 300 mm above H.P.P.

d) Finished floor level for enclosed buildings within paved areas shall be a minimum of
150 mm above the adjacent paving level.

e) Finished floor level for enclosed buildings in unpaved areas shall be a minimum of
150 mm above the adjacent finished grade level.

f) Floor slab of open structures and open buildings within paved areas shall have a
nominal fall to the periphery of the building, which shall be at the same level as the
external adjacent paving. The external paving shall fall away from the area of the
building to ensure that water or liquid spillage does not flow into the building.

g) Top level of a catchbasin located at the low point of paving shall not be greater than
200 mm below H.P.P.

h) Level to underside of base plates for steelwork on elevated floors shall be 150 mm
above the high point elevation of the floor. If required, kerbs around elevated floors
shall be 125 mm above the high point elevation of the floor.

4.7 Shape of Foundations

1) Vertical equipment with a base diameter of 1200 mm and larger shall have an
octagonal shaped pedestal or pier. Below 1200 mm base diameter, the pedestal/ pier
shall be square in shape.
2) Exposed edges of piers and pedestals above grade shall have a 25 mm x 25 mm
chamfer.
3) The top of a foundation pedestal supporting a skirted vertical vessel shall drain from
the centre of the pedestal plinth by means of a 2” diameter PVC pipe cast into the
plinth.

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4.8 Reinforcement

1) Main reinforcement shall be Hot Rolled deformed bars of Grade SD40 in accordance
with Thai Standard TIS 24. Reinforcement for links in beams, columns shall be Hot
Rolled deformed bars of Grade SD40 in accordance with Thai Standard TIS 24. The
specified characteristic strength of grade SD40 reinforcement is 390 N/mm 2 and that
of grade SR24 is 235 N/mm2. Machine and pump foundations shall be reinforced in
accordance with Project Standard R1116010-00000-CI-SPC-0007.
2) Machine and pump foundations shall be reinforced in accordance with Project
Standard R1116010-00000-CI-SPC-0007.
3) The minimum area of tension reinforcement required in other foundations shall be the
greater of:
a) That required for the economic depth of section due to bending, or that required
resisting shear at the critical section and resisting punching shear on the critical
perimeter.

b) The minimum allowable percentage of reinforcement in accordance with the

appropriate Code of Practice.
4) The range of available reinforcement bar diameters to be used is as follows:
Grade SD40: 10, 12, 16, 20, 25, 28, 32 mm
Grade SR24: 6, 9 mm

4.9 Cover to Reinforcement

Minimum concrete cover to all bars in reinforced concrete shall be as follows:

Items Nominal Concrete Cover (mm)
Foundations 75
Pile caps (side) 50
Pile caps (bottom) 100
Ground beams 50
0B
Ground slabs 50
Retaining walls 50
Water retaining structures 50
Structures – beams 40
Structures – columns 40
Structures – slab (top)* 40 (max)

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Structures – slab (bottom) 25

0B Plinths (above grade) 40
* this cover to be assessed depending on beam/slab interfaces.

4.10 Cathodic Protection of Reinforcement

Where reinforcement is to be cathodically protected, reference shall be made to ACI 222-

3R, Chapter 5, Clause 5.5.

4.11 Joints

The design and detailing of joints in concrete structures shall be in accordance with ACI
224.3R and ACI 504.R.

4.12 Concrete Strengths

Reinforced Structural Concrete shall have a minimum cement content of 375 kg/m3. The
following table gives the Design Strength requirements for various applications.
Reference shall be made to Part 3 and 7 of ACI 318M-08 regarding durability of concrete
under various exposure conditions.

COMPRESSIVE CYLINDER MIN.

STRENGTH CEMENT WATER MAXIMUM
N/MM2 CONTENT CEMENT AGGREGATE
APPLICATION (KG/M3) RATIO SIZE (MM)
7 28
Days Days

25 35 All Water Retaining 375-400 (Max.) 0.4 20

Structures and Super-
structures, Beams,
Columns, Floors, Slabs
and attached Plinths.
All Foundations and
Concrete at and below
the ground, e.g. Pilecaps,
Plinths, Piers, Pedestals,
Paving.

9 14 Concrete blinding and 200 0.7 20

mass infill concrete.

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5. Paving

5.1 Design Codes

Heavy duty concrete paving in process units subject to vehicular access, loading from
minor equipment or pipe supports shall be 150 mm minimum thickness reinforced in the
top and bottom with welded steel fabric reinforcement to ASTM A704/A704M with 40 mm
cover unless otherwise noted. Thickness to be increased depending on subgrade CBR
and to accommodate depth of anchor fixings.
Paving for pedestrian access areas shall be 100 mm thick reinforced with one layer of
welded steel fabric reinforcement to ASTM A704/A704M placed in the centre of the slab.
All paving shall be finished with a light brush finish in the direction of fall of the slab.
Wherever practicable the paving panels shall be sized to suit the available welded mesh
fabric size of 6m x 2.4m.

5.2 Joints

1) Contraction joints shall be formed at intervals not exceeding 10 m in both directions.

A crack inducer shall be accurately located at the bottom of the slab and slot formed
above the crack inducer in the top of the slab, which is later sealed.
2) Expansion joints shall not exceed 30 m intervals. Expansion joints in heavy duty
paving shall be formed by providing plain round dowel bars with one half of their
length coated with a debonding compound and fitted with end caps which are filled
with compressible material to allow the slab to expand. The expansion joint shall be
20 mm wide for the depth of the slab, filled with flexible joint filler and sealed at the
top with a flexible joint sealant.
3) The debonding compound shall consist of 66% of Bitumen, blended hot with 14%
light creosote oil and, when cold, brought to consistency of paint by the addition of
20% solvent naptha or other approved compound.
4) Paving joints shall extend through kerbs and division walls.
5) Contraction and expansion joints in pedestrian access paving shall be similar to
those for heavy duty paving, but without dowel bars.
6) Movement joints 25 mm wide for the depth of the slab filled with flexible joint filler and
sealed flush with the top of the slab shall be provided where paving abuts building
walls, columns, piers, pits, manholes and catchbasins. Paving movement joints shall
be omitted at exchanger piers when paving is built tight against the pier and is
utilised to resist the bundle pulling force. However, polythene sheet shall be provided
in such joints to facilitate debonding in the event of differential/vertical movements.

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7) Joint sealants shall comply with the requirements of ACI 504R 90 (R1997) dependent
upon the use and location of the joint. Guidance is given in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

5.3 Kerbs

Inverted kerbs shall be provided at the external edges of paving which are not adjacent
to foundations. The kerb shall extend from the top of paving to 250 mm below grade and
shall be cast integrally with the paving.

5.4 Sub-Base

1) The sub-base for paving shall be selected and well graded granular material (not
exceeding 75 mm maximum size), fully compacted and the top surface blinded with
coarse sand or crushed fine material to form a smooth compacted level surface.
2) A 250 micron thick polythene membrane (1000 gauge) shall be provided between the
sub-base and the concrete paving with all joints lapped.

5.5 Plinths and Supports

1) Minor equipment, steel platforms and pipe supports may be supported directly on
paving. The allowable loading on the paving due to vertical load and applied
moments, will depend on the soil conditions, the sub-base, thickness of paving,
reinforcement and distance from the edge of paving.
2) Where minor equipment, steel platforms and pipe supports are supported directly on
the paving, the design of the plinths shall allow for their construction after the paving
has been laid. Details of pipe support plinths shall be shown on standard detail
drawings and located in the field by referring to the relevant piping drawings.

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