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USERS’ MANUAL

DIGITAL INCLINOMETER SYSTEM

OVERVIEW AND INSTALLATION
MODEL EAN-26

Doc. # WI 6002.104 R02 | Nov 2018

ENCARDIO-RITE ELECTRONICS PVT. LTD.

A-7, Industrial Estate, Talkatora Road Lucknow, UP - 226011, India | P: +91 522 2661039-42 | Email: geotech@[Link] | [Link]
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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

Contents
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Displacement measurement 1
1.2 Casing storage 1
1.3 Conventions used in this manual 1
1.4 General information 1
1.5 How to use this manual 2

2 INCLINOMETER SYSTEM 3
2.1 Operating principle 3
2.2 General description - EAN-26 digital inclinometer system 3
2.2.1 Access casing and fittings 3
2.2.2 Digital inclinometer probe 5
2.2.3 Interconnecting cable with reel and cable holder 5
2.2.4 EAN-26CCJ Calibration check jig 6
2.2.5 Mobile phone datalogger 6

3 SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS 7
3.1 Probe 7
3.2 Cable reel 7
3.3 Mobile phone datalogger (minimum requirements) 7
3.4 Accessories (to be ordered separately) 7

4 TOOLS & ACCESSORIES REQUIRED FOR INSTALLATION 9

5 INSTALLATION OF CASING 10
5.1 Preparation of casing before installation 10
5.1.1 Fixed coupling 10
5.1.2 Telescopic coupling 11
5.2 Installation in borehole 13
5.2.1 Borehole drilling 13
5.2.2 Installation of inclinometer casing in borehole 13
5.2.3 Grouting in borehole 14
5.2.4 Top cover 16
5.2.5 After installation check 17
5.2.6 Marking of grooves (sign convention) 17
5.3 Installation in diaphragm wall or pile 17
5.3.1 Preparation for installation in D-wall – MS casing 17
5.3.2 Installation of inclinometer casing in MS casing (D-wall) 18
5.3.3 Grouting in MS casing (D-wall) 19
5.3.4 Top cover 19
5.3.5 After installation checks 19
5.3.6 Marking of grooves (sign convention) 19
5.4 Installation in dam embankment (fill) – core section 20
5.4.1 Precaution for installation in embankment fill (core) 20
5.4.2 Protection of installation in embankment fill (core) 20
5.4.3 Installation of casing in embankment fill (core) 20
5.4.4 Marking of grooves (sign convention) 21
5.4.5 Top protection 21
5.5 Installation in dam embankment (fill) – crest 21
5.5.1 Precaution for installation in crest/rockfill section 21
5.5.2 Protection of installation in crest/rockfill section 21
5.5.3 Installation of casing in crest/rockfill section 21
5.5.4 Marking of grooves (sign convention) 23

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

5.5.5 Top protection 23

6 PREPARATION FOR AND OBTAINING READINGS 25

6.1 Sign convention 25
6.2 Determine as-built elevation using prism target 25
6.3 Connecting probe to cable reel 25
6.4 Taking readings 26
6.5 Guidelines for correct readings 27

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

1 INTRODUCTION

The EAN-26 inclinometer system is used for reliable measurement of lateral movement in applications like:

 Earth movement in landslide zone.

 Detecting shear planes in hydraulic structures.

 Measuring stability during construction.

 Deflection of diaphragm/retaining walls and piles under load.

The inclinometer system provides significant quantitative data on magnitude of inclination and its variation
with time. It gives information on pattern of deformation and effectiveness of construction control measures.
It helps in monitoring behaviour after construction and indicates potentially dangerous conditions that may
adversely affect stability of the structure, its foundation and surrounding area. It also provides basic data
for design improvement that will promote safer and economical design and construction.
The EAN-26 digital inclinometer system is an accurate instrumentation system. Its readout has built-in data
storage facilities and capability of transferring stored data to a computer. The inclinometer probe operates
in a plastic grooved casing which may be “built-up” with embankment fill, inserted into boreholes or
attached externally to structures or hillsides. The inclinometer casing may be installed with telescopic
couplings as construction progresses providing opportunity for settlement measurements, or it may be
installed with butt joints in drill holes in abutments or completed embankments if no significant settlement
is anticipated.

1.1 Displacement measurement

For measurement of vertical displacement, magnetic targets may be fixed to access casing at selected
points. Measuring settlement by using inclinometer casing has largely replaced the earlier method using
separate settlement devices like the cross arm. The same installation is now used to measure settlement
as well as lateral movement. For details refer to data sheet 1098 “Magnetic Extensometer System”.

1.2 Casing storage

 Do not apply too much load or force on casing.

 Store all items in a proper place in a ventilated building under shade of a roof

 Do not warp or bend during storage.

 Avoid direct sunlight on plastic casing and accessories as it can cause deformation of casing.

1.3 Conventions used in this manual

WARNING! Warning messages calls attention to a procedure or practice, that if not properly followed
could possibly cause personal injury.
CAUTION: Caution messages calls attention to a procedure or practice, that if not properly followed may
result in loss of data or damage to equipment.
NOTE: Note contains important information and is set off from regular text to draw the users’ attention.
1.4 General information
This users’ manual is intended to provide you with sufficient information for installing and making optimum
use of ABS inclinometer casing. The manual also contains instructions on how to set-up for lowering
inclinometer probe into gage well for purpose of taking inclination readings.

NOTE: Installation personnel must have a background of good installation practices and knowledge
of the fundamentals of geotechnics. Novices may find it very difficult to carry on the installation
work. The intricacies involved in installation are such that even if a single essential but
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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

apparently minor requirement is ignored or overlooked, the most reliable of instruments will
be rendered useless.
A lot of effort has been made in preparing this instruction manual. However the best of instruction manuals
cannot provide for each and every condition in the field, which may affect performance of the sensor. Also,
blindly following the instruction manual will not guarantee success. Sometimes, depending upon field
conditions, installation personnel will have to consciously depart from the written text and use their
knowledge and common sense to find the solution to a particular problem.
This equipment should be installed, maintained and operated by qualified personnel. Any errors or
omissions in installation, data or data interpretation are not the responsibility of Encardio-Rite Electronics
Pvt. Ltd.
For details on how to operate the inclinometer readout unit (mobile phone), please refer to operating
manual # WI 6002.103.

To make this manual more useful we invite your valuable comments and suggestions regarding any
additions or enhancements. We request you to please let us know of any errors that are found while going
through the manual.

1.5 How to use this manual

The manual is divided into a number of sections. Each section contains a specific type of information. The
list given below tells you where to look for in this manual if you need some specific information.

For principle of operation: See § 2.1 ‘Operating principle’.

For inclinometer system manufactured by Encardio-rite: See § 2.2 ‘General description’.

For specifications of the probe and data logger: See § 3 ‘system specifications’.

For essential tools and accessories: See § 4 ‘Tools and accessories required for installation’.

For installation of PVC casing: See § 5 ‘Installation of casing’.

For taking readings: See § 6 ‘Preparation for and obtaining readings’

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

2 INCLINOMETER SYSTEM

2.1 Operating principle

The first step is to make a near vertical gage well by installing casing Vertical
in a borehole, embedding in an earth/rock fill or concrete structure
Deviation
during construction or fixing to face of a completed structure. The
inclinometer probe is then passed through entire length of gage well,
taking readings at fixed pre-determined depths from bottom to top. A
dual accelerometer probe senses inclination of casing in two planes
at right angles to each other. Voltage output from probe is directly
proportional to sine of angle of inclination of long axis of probe from
the vertical. A positive output voltage indicates a negative angle of Ø
inclination.

A set of initial base reading is taken at given depths within the gage

L
well. This forms the reference datum. Subsequent reading sets are

ngth
compared with this reference datum. All subsequent readings are

e le
taken over a period of time at identical depths, thereby indicating rate,

Gag
magnitude, and direction of lateral deformation. The inclination is
displayed in terms of angular or horizontal displacement (deviation)
on the electronic readout equipment at ground level with the operator.
Deviation = L Sin Ø
Provided that one end of access casing is known to be fixed, it is
possible to obtain a complete profile of the gage well by taking a
succession of readings. By comparing these profiles, the horizontal
displacement of gage well at different depths over a period of time is
Figure 2.1
determined.

2.2 General description - EAN-26 digital inclinometer system

The EAN-26 digital inclinometer system basically consists of:

 Access casing and fittings

 Tilt sensing probe

 Interconnecting cable with reel and cable holder

 Mobile phone datalogger

2.2.1 Access casing and fittings
[Link] EAN-AT70 ABS access casing (70 mm)
ABS access casing has longitudinal keyways,
specially produced to close tolerances. Wheels of tilt
sensing probe can run smoothly inside these
keyways. It is self aligning ABS tubing, 70 mm o.d., 58
mm i.d., 3 m in length.
Two kinds of couplings are available to rapidly join
access casing. Fixed couplings are normal and
telescopic couplings are available in case settlement Figure 2.2 Inclinometer ABS
is expected to take place. The design of these casing
couplings ensures that correct alignment of keyways
is maintained throughout the depth of gage well.

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

[Link] EAN-FC70 ABS fixed coupling (70 mm)

77 mm o.d. ABS fixed coupling, 160 mm long, with four internal keyways at 90o to each other.

Figure 2.3 ABS casing with fixed coupling

[Link] EAN-TC70 ABS telescopic coupling (70 mm)

77 mm o.d. ABS telescopic coupling, 300 mm long, with four internal keyways at 90o to each other.
Displacement 150 mm.

Figure 2.4 ABS casing with telescopic coupling

[Link] EAN-EC70 ABS end cap for access casing (70 mm)
ABS cap to fit 70 mm o.d. casing at top or bottom.
[Link] EAN-TT70 ABS top cap for access casing (70 mm)
ABS top cap with locking arrangement to fit 70 mm casing at top.
[Link] Pop rivets and self-taping screws for ABS casing
Pop rivets packets of 100 numbers for fixed coupling. Self-tapping screws packets of 100 numbers for
telescopic coupling.

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

[Link] Pop rivet gun

Hand held manually operated.
[Link] Drill machine
Hand operated drill machine with two 3.2 mm diameter drill bits. Optionally a 230 V, 50 Hz operation power
drill can also be used.
[Link] Mastic tape
50/100 mm wide x 10/5 m long
[Link] BOPP tape
50 mm wide x 65 m long BOPP waterproof sealing tape.
[Link] EAN-PC Protective cover unit
A lockable protective cover unit made of MS sheet and angle is available with extended
Torr steel anchors for grouting at top of hole. The 150 x150 mm protective cover is
provided with a hinged cover with lock with an interchangeable key. The cover is painted
bright red in colour.
2.2.2 Digital inclinometer probe
[Link] EAN-26MV digital tilt sensing probe
The digital inclinometer (tilt sensig) probe measures angles of inclination from the vertical
in two planes oriented at 90° (orthogonal) to each other. The inclinometer probe of
stainless steel construction is fitted with two pairs of pivoted sprung wheels that can rotate
freely. The standard gage length between the wheels is 500 mm (or 2 feet). The spring-
loaded wheels help to accurately position the probe centrally inside the gage well at any
required depth. The precision grooved casing forms an integral part of the gage well. The
cylindrical portion of the probe has a diameter of 25.4 mm and a length of 685 mm.
The probe consists of two integral precision accelerometers, one with its axis in plane of
the wheels and other at 90o to it. The probe senses horizontal deviation between the probe
axis and the vertical plane, simultaneously in the ‘X’ and ‘Y’ directions.
A four pin connector is provided for connection to the cable.
[Link] EAN-DP Dummy probe
It has same dimensions as the actual
Figure 2.5
probe. It is used for checking the gage inclinometer
well. Cord length is same as cable probe
length in the actual probe.
2.2.3 Interconnecting cable with reel and
cable holder
[Link] EAN-26R Cable reel with probe
cable
A cable reel is available for the specified
length of cable. Figure 2.6 cable reel with read-out
A PU sheathed two core cable is clamped at
every 0.5m (or 2 feet) with copper ferrules. The ferrules are number engraved at every meter.

A four pin connector is provided for connecting read-out to probe.

[Link] EAN-26CB Cable suspension bracket
It is directly placed on casing at top of gage well to lower probe into borehole. It has a slot to hold the cable
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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

at the graduated marks (ferrules) for convenience in taking the readings (refer to figure 2.7).
2.2.4 EAN-26CCJ Calibration check jig
Calibration check jig enables verification of calibration of the inclinometer probe at known angles of tilt.
Please refer to Users manual # WI 6002.107 R01 on how to mount and use calibration check jig.
2.2.5 Mobile phone datalogger
The Digital Inclinometer system uses Mobile Phone as
a datalogger. Any mobile phone with minimum
required features can be used for this application.
Figure 2.7 is showing an example of Digital
inclinometer application running on HTC Desire mobile
phone. Phone is running on Android operating system
for providing powerful platform to manage applications
efficiently. It has so many features like phone calls,
SMS, MMS, GPRS/3G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, USB and
high resolution Camera. User can use it as mobile
phone for making calls.

It has GPRS/3G which enables user to access internet

from site to upload/download files and checking E-
mails. Wireless Bluetooth can be used to send files to
PC or any other Bluetooth device. High resolution
camera can be helpful to take site conditions
photographs and send them to the back office by
sending MMS. It has higher capacity external memory
card of 8GB which can store lots of data. Data backup
can be taken on regular basis by connecting phone
Figure 2.7 Read-out
with PC through USB cable.

The inclinometer software running on phone can take borehole readings and store them into memory.
Inclinometer software has ability to show borehole logs in tabular format and create plots of borehole data
instantly after borehole reading is complete. Borehole data files are created automatically while saving
borehole log. These files can be recreated from software database when needed. Borehole files can be
uploaded to remote server through GPRS/3G/Wi-Fi.

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

3 SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

3.1 Probe

Metric Imperial
Sensor Dual accelerometer Dual accelerometer
Distance between wheels 500 mm 24 inches
Probe Material stainless steel stainless steel
Probe Length 685 mm 31.3 inches
Probe Diameter 25.4 mm 1.0 inch
Measuring range ± 30 degrees ± 30 degrees
Data Resolution 0.007 mm per 500 mm 0.0004 inch per 24 inch
Axis Alignment Digitally Nullified Digitally Nullified
Operating temperature -20 to 70°C -20 to 70°C
Probe weight 1.4 kg 3.3 lbs

3.2 Cable reel

Outer sheath Polyurethane Polyurethane

Cable Diameter 6 mm 0.24 inches
Marking interval 0.5 meters 2.0 feet
Cable length 30 m, 50 m, 100 m, 150 m, 200 m, 100 ft, 150 ft, 200 ft, 300 ft
300 m
Battery 7.2V / 3000 mAh Li-ion 7.2V / 3000 mAh Li-ion
Weight 5.5 kg @ 30m cable 12 lbs @ 100 ft cable
Cable Weight 0.034 kg per meter 0.024 lbs per feet

3.3 Mobile phone datalogger (minimum requirements)

Due to continuous improvements and change in availability of models no specific recommendations can
be made about manufacturer and model number. However, any mobile phone that is intended for use as
readout unit for the digital inclinometer should have the following minimum features. If a mobile phone is
ordered and supplied with the system it shall have the following minimum features.
OS Android OS, v2.2 (Froyo) or above

Display 4.0 inches, LCD touch screen, 480x800 pixels

Bluetooth v2.1 with A2DP

Memory 512 MB RAM,8 GB or above expandable memory with microSD card

Mobile Network 2G Network: GSM850/900/1800/190

3G Network: HSDPA900/2100
(If the mobile phone readout will be used in an area covered by CDMA network
services only, then a mobile phone suitable for CDMA should be used or ordered)

3.4 Accessories (to be ordered separately)

 Dummy Probe

 Casing and fittings

 Installation accessories

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

 Probe calibration check frame

 Magnet assembly for inclinometer casing (if settlement measurement is also required)
 Magnetic settlement probe (if settlement measurement is also required)

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

4 TOOLS & ACCESSORIES REQUIRED FOR INSTALLATION

It should be ensured that following tools and accessories required for proper installation of the inclinometer
PVC casing and for taking readings are available:

1 Tool box

2 50 mm wide water proof sealing tape

3 Spanner 16/18
4 Screw driver 100 mm

5 Voltage tester

6 Pliers 150 mm

7 Flat file 150 mm

8 Safety line or tension cable in case hole is very deep

9 Clean water supply to clean casing

10 Hand saw with three 30 cm blades

11 Casing collar protection if required

12 Grout tube - requisite length

13 Acetone

14 Aluminium pop rivets - four per joint plus some extra

15 Pop rivet gun

16 Drill with a 3.15 mm spare drill bit.

17 Casing clamps - 2 sets

18 Plumb bob with 5 m chord

19 Casing cap with guy ropes (for embankment installations)

20 Casing ‘U’ clamps and grout bolts (For installation on concrete structures)

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

5 INSTALLATION OF CASING

Following general instructions for installing ABS casing are typical

practices in the field and may require modification to suit specific
conditions and applications at site.

Inspect casing to ensure that damage in transit or storage has not

occurred. See that ends and interior of casing are clean. Cracked
by axial load
Store casing horizontally, fully supported and out of sunlight. This will
prevent it from getting damaged or distorted. Number each length and
assemble numerically to avoid errors and confirm correct depth. Cracked by
dropping load
CAUTION: Do not apply too much axial load on casing as it may
damage casing by cracking. Also do not drop casing.
Casing may be installed in a borehole, embedded in an earth/rock fill
or concrete structure during construction or fixed to vertical face of a
completed structure. Installation on completed structure is not being
described in this manual, as it is easy with help of casing clamps that
Figure 5.1 Checking of
may be separately procured. casing
5.1 Preparation of casing before installation

NOTE: Pre-assembly and storage of inclinometer

casings should be done in shade as
prolonged exposure to direct sun light might
distort the tubes.
a. Clean inside of bottom cap and outside of lower
end of a casing with moist cloth (use isopropyl
alcohol if greasy).

b. Push bottom end cap over casing. Fix it to

casing with four pop rivets using 3.2 mm
diameter drill bit. Riveting should be done at
diametrically opposite points 90° apart.

c. Seal joint between bottom cap and casing with

mastic waterproof tape. One round of this tape
with 10 mm overlap is sufficient. Press tape
firmly after applying, to remove any air pocket.
d. Additionally wrap three to four rounds of BOPP
tape with a little force over mastic tape for extra
protection (refer to figure 5.2). Proper sealing is
necessary to prevent intrusion of backfill
materials inside casing.
5.1.1 Fixed coupling
a. Attach a fixed coupling each to one end of all
other casings to be installed. Clean mating
surfaces with moist cloth (use isopropyl alcohol
Figure 5.2 Preparation of casing
if greasy).

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

b. Push 160 mm long fixed coupling over end of casing up to maximum allowable depth of around 80
mm. Drill holes with 3.2 mm bit and pop rivet coupling to casing at four places (position for two pop
rivet holes are marked on coupling; other two holes should be symmetrically drilled).

c. Seal joint between fixed coupling and casing with mastic waterproof tape and BOPP tape as
described above in § 5.1 (c) and 5.1 (d).
5.1.2 Telescopic coupling
Telescopic couplings are mostly installed in embankments where settlement takes place during
construction. They are sometimes installed in boreholes also where settlement or heave may take
place. Telescopic coupling has two sets of diametrically opposite longitudinal grooves which
facilitate a total movement upto 150 mm (refer to figures 5.3 and 5.6). Coupling is secured to
adjacent casings with a set of four screws and nylon washers.

Casing

160 mm Fixed coupling

Casing

Casing

400 mm Telescopic Coupling

Casing
Figure 5.3 Fixed & telescopic couplings

a. Attach a telescopic coupling each to one end of all other casings to be installed excepting the one
with the bottom cap. Clean mating surfaces with moist cloth (use isopropyl alcohol if greasy).
b. For applications in which only settlement takes place push 400 mm long telescopic coupling over
end of casing upto maximum allowable depth of around 195 mm. Drill two holes with 2.5 mm bit at
end of slot of coupling as shown in figures 5.4 and 5.5. Fix coupling to casing with self-tapping
screws and washers at position A. (Position B is location where the other casing will be drilled
during installation at site).

c. Pull casing out so that screw comes to position C as shown in figure 5.6. Tighten screws. Do not
over tighten. When the other casing is finally assembled at site, a space of 150 mm will be left
between the casing ends to take care of settlement.

d. In case settlement/ heave are both possible at location where casing is to be installed, adjust
position of screws in groove for an appropriate length of travel as shown in figure 5.6. If such a
casing is required to be lowered from top into a borehole, aluminium pop rivets may have to be
used to keep coupling in position (refer to figure 5.7). Seal joint between telescopic coupling and
casing with mastic waterproof tape and BOPP tape as described in § 5.1 (c) and 5.1 (d).
e. The casing assemblies are now ready for installation. Carefully transport them to site when
required.

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

Screw

Washer

400 mm coupling

200
mm

Figure 5.4 Do not over tighten screw

Casing

Casing Screw

Washer

B
400 mm coupling

Figure 5.5 For settlement monitoring 2.5 mm holes

will be required to be drilled at A and B Casing

Pull

150
mm

C Pull
Casing
Screw with washer

D
400 mm coupling

Figure 5.6 Installation positions of casing ends & Casing

telescopic coupling for settlement monitoring

Rivet

Figure 5.7 Telescopic casing preassembly for

heave/settlement applications

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

5.2 Installation in borehole

5.2.1 Borehole drilling
a. Drill 125 mm diameter hole as vertical as
possible around 0.5 m more than planned
depth of inclinometer casing. The drill hole
diameter should facilitate grouting around
outside of casing. A mobile rotary drilling
rig using rotary wash boring technique may
be used to perform the drilling. Wash
borehole clean and verify that it is not
blocked anywhere upto bottom. To prevent
sidewalls of borehole from collapsing,
casing along with bentonite slurry may be
used.

NOTE: If necessary, use suitable steel casing

to prevent sidewalls of borehole from
collapsing. In such a case, steel
casing will have to be gradually
withdrawn as grout is pumped into
borehole.
NOTE: In case spider magnets are used
around casing for settlement
monitoring, drill hole diameter should
preferably be 150 mm.
5.2.2 Installation of inclinometer casing in
borehole
a. Lower casing with bottom cap into borehole
gripping it with safety clamp secured
around 500 mm from top.

NOTE: Maintain one pair of casing grooves

perpendicular to direction in which
lateral movement is to be measured.
If no such direction is known, maintain
one set of grooves parallel to N-S
direction.
b. Take a casing pre-assembled with fixed
coupling. Secure a safety clamp around
500 mm from its top end and mate coupling
end with casing already lowered. Pop-rivet
fixed coupling to casing at four places.

c. Seal joint with mastic waterproof tape and

BOPP tape, as described in § 5.1 (c) and
5.1 (d).
Figure 5.8 checking of casing
d. Remove safety clamp from first casing and
lower jointed casings into guide
pipe/borehole.

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

e. To counteract buoyancy, if required fill casing

with clean water to lower it into guide
pipe/borehole.

f. Repeat above procedure for all casings to be

installed in borehole.

NOTE: Casing will be buoyant if borehole is water

or mud filled and must be filled with water
to install it in borehole. When grout is
pumped into borehole, water-filled casing
becomes buoyant again, because grout is
denser than water: To counter this
buoyancy, a down force should be applied
at bottom of casing by lowering a steel pipe
to bottom of casing or suspending a non-
retrievable weight from bottom of the
casing.
Down force applied at the top of the
casing is likely to distort the casing
profile. Do not park a drill rig over the
casing or apply any other top-down
method of counteracting buoyancy.

CAUTION: Do not accidentally drop casing into

borehole. During insertion of casing
sections, clamps should be used at top of
hole to prevent lower casing sections
from falling to bottom of hole. For very
deep installations, a tension cable may
be attached to bottom of casing to relieve
tension on upper casing couplings.
During process of lowering, casing
grooves should be kept aligned to final
configuration desired so that later turning
of casing is minimized.
CAUTION: When casing reaches correct depth;
check proper installation with dummy
probe. If probe will not pass or jumps
track, pull casing out and rectify problem.
5.2.3 Grouting in borehole
a. Grout casings as directed by project authorities.
Ideally, grout should be mixed to match strength
and deformation characteristics of material around
borehole. In practice, main consideration is to use Figure 5.9 Casing installation
a grout that allows casing to move with
surrounding material. For information, grout mixes
used by some authorities are as follows:

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

Hard and medium soils

Cement 50 kg
Bentonite 15 kg
Water 125 litres

28-day compressive strength was about 350 kPa.

Soft soil

Cement 50 kg
Bentonite 20 kg
Water 325 litres

28-day compressive strength was about 30 kPa.

NOTE: Please verify above values yourself in actual

conditions before use. Encardio-rite takes
no responsibility for correctness of above
information at your site as the compressive
strength values are dependent upon
geology of site and environmental
conditions.
b. For mixing grout use a grout mixer or circulation
method (figure 5.10), in case a mixer is not available.
In the circulation method, a rig pump or a trash
pump coupled to a gasoline engine (refer to figure
5.10) is used for mixing the grout components i.e.
water, cement and bentonite. Subsequently, the
same pump can be used for pumping the grout to the
bottom of the borehole. It is to be noted that pressure
grouting is not required as the grout flows down under
gravity.

c. Add cement to water first and mix/circulate. Add

bentonite in small quantities slowly during the
mixing/circulation process such that lumps of
bentonite are not formed. Adjust amount of bentonite
to produce a grout within consistency of heavy Figure 5.10 Circulation method of
cream. If grout is too thin, the solids and water will pumping grout
separate. If the grout is too thick, it will be difficult to
pump.
d. Pull out and dismantle grout pipes one by one as the hole is being filled with grout.

NOTE: Use a mixer, a grout pump, a pipe or hose for delivering grout. Do not mix grout by hand. Also
do not use a water pump to place grout, since pumping grout would damage it.
Properly mixed grout should be free of lumps. It has to be thin enough to pump but thick
enough to set in a reasonable length of time. If mixture is too watery, it will shrink excessively,
leaving upper portion of the borehole un-grouted. Avoid use of admixtures and grouts that
cure at high temperature since these may damage the casing.

The use of hydrated lime rather than cement is sometimes recommended to provide for a
more responsive, somewhat weaker backfill.

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

For plastic casing, heat of Grout Pump

Coupling Mixer
hydration of grout or excess grout Water
pressure can deform the plastic.
This problem can be eliminated
by maintaining casing full of water
until grout has set or by grouting
hole in stages.
Casing
CAUTION: Experience shows that sand or
pea gravel should not be used as
backfill material unless it is
Bentonite
absolutely necessary. These Bottom cement
backfill tend to mask movement, cap grout

not allowing a rigid shear plane to

reach the casing.
e. For grouting the inclinometer casing in the
borehole use of tremie method is
recommended (figure 5.11). Lower 20 mm
nominal diameter rigid PVC pipe lengths
jointed using threaded sockets to around
0.5 m above the bottom of the borehole.
Figure 5.13 Installation of casing in
NOTE: To overcome buoyancy due to diaphragm wall
grout which is having a density of
1280 kg per cubic meter, a two
stage grouting process should be
carried out. In the first stage, 1 2 3 4
bottom 10 m should be grouted
and left for at least 12 hours to
set. During this stage a clamp has
to be installed at the topmost
casing of the installation and tied
to a firm object to overcome the
uplift force of around 14 kg due to
the first stage grouting. Rest of
the hole to be grouted using
tremie method.
NOTE: Pre-grouting is sometimes done
in case of a shallow borehole. It is
also useful when there is not Figure 5.11 Grouting by tremie method
enough space for the grout pipe
in the annulus between the casing and the borehole wall.
f. Flush inside of casing with clean water after grouting to prevent any leaked in grout from sticking to
inside of casing and impairing movement of probe.
5.2.4 Top cover
a. Fix protective cover in concrete platform on top of borehole. Protective covers feature a universal key
and dust protection for lock (always put back dust protection after locking to avoid lock jamming).
Typical dimensions for concrete platform are given in figure 5.8. These may vary depending on local site
conditions.

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

Top of upper most casing should be kept below final ground level and protected by top cap and lockable
manhole cover. Cut top of pipe suitably by a hacksaw. Use flat file to make pipe end smooth.
5.2.5 After installation check
a. Check installed access tubing by dummy probe (EAN-26/2.2) for smooth movement upto bottom
of borehole.

NOTE: Top of uppermost casing should be 125 mm above base of niche as shown in figure 5.8. The
niche is around 200 mm deep. This is necessary for fixing pipe extension jig over casing for
taking readings.
b. When not taking readings, gage well should be protected by top cap and manhole cover should
be kept locked.
c. Mark tag no. of the installation with paint on inner side
of hinged cover.

NOTE: Plying of heavy machinery such as cranes,

loaded trucks etc. near protective cover should
not be allowed and if required proper fencing
with warning flags should be provided. In case it
is not possible to avoid movement of heavy
machinery over protective cover, specially Figure 5.12 Protection for inclinometer
procure heavy duty covers from factory and
embed in a heavy concrete platform.
NOTE: If telescopic coupling is used, settlement sections must be inserted appropriately extended or
collapsed. Grease telescopic joint and use mastic and BOPP tape to keep telescopic section at
required opening and also to prevent intrusion of grout or backfill materials inside casing.
5.2.6 Marking of grooves (sign convention)
a. Mark casing grooves as ‘A+’, ’B+’ ,’A-’ and ‘B-’ with permanent ink marker pen. If uppermost probe
wheel is pointed in direction of major principle plane of movement, casing groove pointing in this
direction is marked as ‘A+’. Looking down the well, directions ‘B+’, ’A-’ and ‘B-’ are clockwise from
‘A+’.

5.3 Installation in diaphragm wall or pile

5.3.1 Preparation for installation in D-wall – MS casing
Direct installation of inclinometer casing in diaphragm wall or a pile is problematic. It should be
avoided. Inclinometer casing will get distorted and stressed when firmly tied to steel structure from
bottom to top.
It is also not good to directly expose the casing to heat of hydration and stresses generated during
the concreting process. Casing may distort and even get cracked.

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Users’ Manual EAN-26 Digital inclinometer overview and casing installation

a. Fix a 150 mm nominal bore diameter steel guide pipe vertically within reinforced bar cage as shown
in figure 5.13. The pipe length to be installed should be worked out in such a way that its top
remains around 0.5 m above the existing ground level after cage is fully lowered to bottom of the
slurry trench. Bottom of guide pipe should be around 0.5 m above bottom level of cage. It should
be sealed at bottom with a concrete plug/plastic cap.
Make sure that jointing of tube lengths is water proof to prevent any grout/concrete from entering into it,
while cage is being concreted. Use of dented or distorted pipes shall not be done as this will make
installation of inclinometer access tube difficult or even impossible.

Inclinometer
casing in D-wall

MS casing in D-
wall cage

Figure 5.14 Installation of MS casing Figure 5.15 Inclinometer casing installed in

in diaphragm wall cage diaphragm wall

NOTE: It is recommended that an auxiliary guide pipe be installed adjacent to the main guide pipe at
1.25 m approx. centre to centre distance at critical monitoring locations. This auxiliary pipe
can be used in case main pipe gets choked and becomes useless due to any reason.
b. Weld guide pipe firmly to cage. Ensure that it remains vertical and is least distorted during lowering
of cage.
c. Concrete cage after covering mouth of guide pipe.

d. Flush guide pipe clean with water and verify depth with help of a suitable depth measuring device
(e.g. a sounding chain) that it is fully open up to the bottom.

NOTE: Ensure that heat of hydration of mass concrete has dissipated before installing access casing
in guide pipe. Use a temperature probe for this purpose. Temperature should not exceed
40oC. The heat of hydration, if present may warp access casing and render installation
useless.
5.3.2 Installation of inclinometer casing in MS casing (D-wall)
a. Lower casing with bottom cap into guide pipe gripping it with the safety clamp secured around 500
mm from top.

NOTE: Maintain one pair of casing grooves parallel to the direction in which lateral movement is to
be measured i.e. perpendicular to the diaphragm wall.

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